This master's thesis analyzes the impact of euro implementation on corporation finance of a particular company. Czech Republic's accesion to the monetary union will entail positive and negative changes that will affect all entities in the economy. In this thesis, these impacts are analyzed and their expected net effect on the company is determined. The conclusion is focused on the evaluation of the impact of the single currency on the company, identification of the main risks associated with the necessary transformations and suggestion of the recommendations that will help the company to a successful transition to the euro.

Yes / After Brexit, EU national leaders can no longer escape the need to implement structural reforms and improve Eurozone governance. Since the start of the crisis, considerable progress has been made to stabilise EMU, but the current status quo is not an adequate answer to the challenges ahead. As in other domains of European interest, lack of initiative and reform is only fuelling populism. The ECB has contributed greatly to making up for the lack of policy coordination, insufficient structural reforms, and lack of progress in Eurozone economic governance. But its policy impact has been limited by these shortcomings and it has frequently been under fire for having had to take extraordinary measures. This paper, first, considers the initial flaws of the monetary project and the progress made since an EMU a minima was launched in 1999. Second, it examines the measures needed to make the long-term functioning of the euro area sustainable, and analyses the range of issues and choices that policymakers and political leaders need to face to stabilize EMU whilst addressing the often structural lack of competitiveness encountered among Eurozone members. Finally, it formulates recommendations on how to improve the workings of EMU without further postponing action.

The submitted thesis focuses on the Economic and Monetary Union and its stability or instability with respect to theory of optimal currency areas. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate whether the current euro area is the optimal currency area, what possible ways of reducing the costs of the common currency exist and what are the economic consequences of a potential breakdown of the Economic and Monetary Union. The analysis of the theory of optimal currency areas is the subject of the first part of this thesis and its criteria are evaluated in the second part. The second part then deals with the economic implications of this theory in practice.

The study deals with the theory of optimal currency areas complemented with the EU's Maastricht criteria in order to investigate how today’s Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union can be divided into smaller unions with countries that are more homogeneous based on said criteria compared to the current larger currency union. To investigate this, we use cluster analysis as the method easily enables analysis of similarities and differences between countries. The results show that the optimal number of clusters for the nations in the EU in 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2015 is ten and that the optimal number of clusters in 2019 is seven. We also observe a relatively distinct division between western and eastern countries, which splits the countries in two clusters. These two clusters are consistent over the studied years, however not considered the most optimal according to cluster analysis. Nonetheless, with respect to political, geographical, and cultural aspects, we conclude that having two different currencies within the European Union being the most realistic. / Studien behandlar teorin om optimala valutaområden, kompletterat med EU:s Maastrichtkriterier för att undersöka hur den nuvarande ekonomiska och monetära unionen i EU kan delas in i mindre unioner med länder som är mer homogena utifrån nämnda kriterier jämfört med dagens större valutaunion. För att undersöka detta använder vi oss av klusteranalys eftersom metoden på ett enkelt sätt möjliggör analys av likheter och skillnader mellan länder. Resultatet visar att optimalt antal kluster för länderna i EU under åren 2007, 2008, 2010 och 2015 är tio och att optimalt antal kluster under år 2019 är sju. Vi observerar också en relativt tydlig uppdelning mellan de västra och östra länderna, som delar länderna i EU i två större kluster. Dessa två kluster är enhetliga över de undersökta åren, men inte helt optimala enligt klusteranalysen. Trots detta, så bedömer vi att dela in den Europeiska unionen i två valutaunioner är den mest realistiska slutsatsen utifrån politiska, geografiska, och kulturella skillnader. / Die Studie behandelt die Theorie der optimalen Währungsräume, ergänzt durch die Maastricht-Kriterien der EU, um zu untersuchen, wie die heutige europäische Wirtschafts-und Währungsunion in kleinere Unionen aufgeteilt werden kann. Diese Unionen sollten auf der Grundlage dieser Kriterien homogener als die heutige größere Währungsunion sein. Um dies zu untersuchen, verwenden wir Clusteranalyse, da diese Methode die Analyse von Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschieden zwischen den Ländern leicht ermöglicht. Die Studie zeigt, dass die optimale Anzahl von Clustern für die EU-Länder in den Jahren 2007, 2008, 2010 und 2015 bei einer Größe von zehn liegt und dass die optimale Anzahl von Clustern im Jahr 2019 bei sieben liegt. Wir finden auch eine ziemlich deutliche Aufteilung zwischen westlichen und östlichen Ländern. Diese zwei Clustern sind über den studierten Jahren durchgängig, aber laut der Klusteranalyse nicht völlig optimal. Dennoch finden wir, die Europäische Union in zwei Währungsunionen verteilen, die am meisten realistische Schlussfolge laut politische, geographische, und kulturellen Aspekten ist.

This paper investigates a new category of influential factors on business cycle synchronization (BCS), so far hardly regarded in the BCS literature: It provides an empirical assessment of the impact of macroeconomic imbalances, as monitored by the European Commission by the scoreboard indicators since 2011, on BCS in the Euozone. We use a quarterly data set covering the period 2002-2012 and estimate the direct and indirect effects of macroeconomic imbalances in the pre- and post-crisis period in a simultaneous equations model. Business cycle correlation between EA members is measured by the recently proposed dynamic conditional correlation of Engle 2002 which can better identify synchronous and asynchronous behaviour of BC than the commonly used measures. We find that appearing differences between EA members in the current account, in government deficit and public debt, in private debt and unit labor cost developments have reduced BCS in the EA, even more in the post-crisis period than before. Moreover, these explanatory factors of BCS, generally reinforce each other and are also influenced by other critical macro imbalances. Since BCS is essential in a monetary union, this paper provides clear support that a stronger, common economic governance would be important for the functioning and survival of the Eurozone. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

In October 1999 the European Commission published the second progress report on the state of convergence of the Central- and Eastern European candidate countries (CEECs). The report encompasses an assessment, which is based on the three Copenhagen criteria. From an economic point of view, a country must have a functioning market economy and be able to withstand the competition on the European single market. In this paper we present a synthetic performance measure which helps to assess the economic preparedness of the ten Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) to become members of the European Union (EU). With the aid of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) we construct a best practice frontier, which is supported by the best performing EU-countries and which serves as a benchmark for the candidate countries. The preparedness of any CEEC is measured as the relative distance to this frontier. The results confirm that the macroeconomic performance of most of the CEECs lies far behind the EU standards, in foreign trade some of the CEECs already perform better than some EU countries. Interestingly, we find out that some CEECs are already better prepared for the EMU than many EU member states. (authors' abstract) / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

This diploma thesis deals with the nominal convergence and adoption of the single currency in Slovakia and Czech Republic. The first chapter briefly describes the formation of the Economic and Monetary Union. The second chapter concentrates on the Slovak and Czech Republic and their fulfilling of nominal convergent criteria. The third chapter describes and evaluates Slovak process of euro adoption. The forth chapter deals with the Czech Republic and euro and provides also opinion of various subjects on euro introduction.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-21T13:51:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline Soares do Nascimento.pdf: 1854549 bytes, checksum: 599702a42b67bce2e9c182b8cc815b48 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-21T13:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaqueline Soares do Nascimento.pdf: 1854549 bytes, checksum: 599702a42b67bce2e9c182b8cc815b48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar comparativamente as integrações econômicas do Mercosul e da União Monetária Europeia. A metodologia é baseada na análise de estatística descritiva, com dados secundários relacionados à taxa de crescimento, taxa de desemprego, inflação, bem como às taxas de câmbio, no intuito de avaliar o desvio e correlação dessas variáveis nas integrações. De 1999 a 2011, os resultados apontaram significativa volatilidade nas economias do Mercosul e as flutuações observadas na taxa de crescimento, no emprego, preços e taxas de câmbio são minimamente correlacionadas dentro da região do Mercosul, os níveis de correlação no período de 2000 a 2011 foram muito inferiores aos verificados na década de 90. Os resultados indicaram um grau de abertura da economia baixo na União Monetária Europeia e um pouco maior no Mercosul neste mesmo período, o que indica maiores custos em abandonar a política cambial doméstica e ingressar em uma união monetária; a diversificação setorial no ano de 2011 foi verificada tanto nas economias do Mercosul quanto na UME; e a plena mobilidade do fator trabalho ainda é uma realidade distante para as integrações econômicas diante da baixa mobilidade na União Monetária Europeia e redução do percentual de migrantes intra sul-americanos no bloco latino. O Mercosul apresentou nítidos retrocessos quanto as excessivas medidas restritivas adotadas pelos países participantes e a dificuldade em implementar a livre circulação de bens e serviços entre os países. Na UME, a rigor os critérios de convergência não tem sido sistematicamente cumpridos pelos países aderentes à unificação monetária no ano de seu ingresso e essa flexibilização no que tange a convergência monetária da integração europeia permanece no período recente, pois as economias europeias ainda não conseguiram se recuperar. / The main goal of this master dissertation is analyzing the economical integration between Mercosur and European Monetary Union. The methodology selected is descriptive statistics using secondary data, which are related to growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation as well as exchange rate in order to evaluate the deviation and correlation among these variables in the economical integration. From 1999 to 2011 the results have shown significantly volatility in the Mercosur’s economies. The observed flotation on growth rate, employment, prices as well as exchange rates were minimally correlated within Mercosur’s region and the correlation level from 2000 to 2011 were lower than the nineties. The results indicated a lower grade of economic openness in the European Union and slightly better in the Mercosur during 2000- 2011 period, indicating higher costs to abandon the domestic cambial policy and commence in a monetary union; the sectorial diversification in 2011 was verified in both economies and the full labor mobility still is a distant reality for economic integration considering the lower mobility presented by European Union and the reduction of South American immigrants in the Latin bloc. The Mercosur has presented regression regarding restrictive measures adopted by the participating countries and the obstacles to implement the free circulation of goods and services among the countries. In the European Union, the convergence criteria have not been systematically fulfilled bythe countries, which adhered the monetary unification in the year of their admission. This flexibility in the monetary convergence in the European Union remains until nowadays, because the European economies could not retrieve from the financial crisis.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-16T12:25:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Emelson Macedo Martins Pereira.pdf: 1309491 bytes, checksum: e34a0b2ff56ad35bf4992da520243e1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T12:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emelson Macedo Martins Pereira.pdf: 1309491 bytes, checksum: e34a0b2ff56ad35bf4992da520243e1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / There is a turbulence in the recent history of the common European currency. The public debt crisis in the Eurozone has caused discussions about the monetary integration process. Until then, the Economic and monetary european union served as a reference for agreements such as Mercosur and NAFTA. In recent years, as an effect of the global economic crisis of 2008, a strong deficit increase has occurred in the Eurozone’s countries due to the need to stimulate demand and prevent bankruptcy of large private banks. Consequently, the public debt crisis in Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain creates uncertainty about the euro’s future. The public expenditure cuts, freezing of salaries, pensions and tax increment were immediate alternatives to contain deficits. Political and economic differences re-emerged on the continent, undermining the pact resulting from attempts to integrate the continent economically and politically. Thus, the European Union is experiencing the most controversial situation in its history. The main objective of this research is to understand the roots of the European economic crisis and investigate instruments for its containment, permeating the orthodox, keynesian and marxist paradigms / Há uma turbulência na história recente da moeda comum europeia. A crise da dívida pública na zona do euro vem ocasionando debates acerca do processo de integração monetária. Até então, a União econômica e monetária europeia (Ueme) servia como fonte de referência para acordos como o Mercosul e o NAFTA. Nos últimos anos, como efeito da crise econômica mundial de 2008, notou-se grande elevação dos déficits nos países da zona do euro em decorrência da necessidade de estímulo à demanda e de impedir que houvesse falência de grandes bancos privados. Consequentemente, a crise da dívida pública na Grécia, Itália, Irlanda, Portugal e Espanha gera incerteza com relação ao futuro do euro. Os cortes de gastos públicos, o aumento de impostos e congelamento de salários e aposentadorias foram alternativas imediatas para a contenção dos déficits. As divergências políticas e econômicas reemergiram no continente, abalando o pacto resultado de décadas de tentativas para integrar econômica e politicamente a Europa. Dessa forma, a União Europeia atravessa a situação mais controversa de sua história. O objetivo central da pesquisa é entender as raízes da crise econômica europeia e investigar os instrumentos para sua contenção, permeando os paradigmas ortodoxo, keynesiano e marxista

What explains IMF behavior in Europe between 2008 and 2012? Harshly criticized in Greece, yet tentatively praised in Hungary, the institution found itself playing different roles as it responded to a string of financial crises. Its programs varied substantially in terms of conditionality, financing, and private sector involvement. This thesis explores why, highlighting the changing global financial safety net, which is both expanding and becoming more decentralized due to the spectacular rise of regional financing arrangements (RFAs). Existing theories of IMF behavior assume the Fund to be a stand-alone institution and analyse financial assistance as the outcome from the interplay between creditors, borrowers, and staff. By focusing on dynamics within the IMF, however, they miss how developments outside the institution are increasingly shaping its behavior. This thesis brings in the role of changes in the institutional environment by drawing on the literature on regime complexity. The proliferation of RFAs alters the outside options of all actors, which affects their bargaining power. This opens the way for new strategies, through which creditors can entangle institutions by creating overlaps, borrowers can engage in confrontation between alternative financing institutions, and the IMF can find means to co-work with RFAs. These in turn affect whose preferences shape program design. This argument is tested empirically through process-tracing and comparing three cases of IMF-RFA cooperation in Europe. In Hungary, the IMF led the way in shaping a surprisingly 'generous' program with little constraint from the EU. However, in Latvia, the Fund found itself a 'junior partner' in a program driven by local authorities with the support of an European RFA. In Greece, the interests of creditors were paramount, securing IMF acquiescence through the threat of exclusion. These findings point to significant challenges for the Fund going forward. As RFAs continue to proliferate around the world, the IMF needs to avoid the temptation of striking even more Faustian bargains that keep it at the table of financial assistance at the cost of becoming a junior partner.