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I replicated a nesting study carried out 40 years ago in southern Utah to assess reasons for long-term population declines of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) in the western United States. I compared current nesting patterns to similar data collected in 1952. I saw little difference in nest success and nest predation, but reproductive output and nest density decreased dramatically. The number of young fledged per pair of adults was only 64% of that estimated in 1952. A 1-2 week delay in the nesting season contributed to this decrease, but cannot explain it entirely. Nest density was about 20% of that in 1952 and total reproductive output for the study area about 12-19%. Underlying causes for these changes are uncertain, but patterns of delayed nesting, high nest abandonments, and low reproductive output are similar to those seen in stressed bird populations (e.g., food/nutrient limitation or increased toxicant levels). Finally, highest nest density occurred in a habitat type (i.e., Chalk Creek) considered unimportant for doves in 1952. Nests in Chalk Creek suffered higher predation and abandonment rates than those in irrigation ditches. I also examined the effect of perch sites on nest density and distribution in two ways. First, I demonstrated a significant correlation between nest density and perch s:te density in riparian plots. Second, I erected artificial perch sites in the second year of the study and recorded changes in nest densities. For the year of the study only, nest density was higher in the experimental plots, but the difference was not statistically significant. From the levels recorded the previous year, however, nest densities increased in the experimental plots and decreased in the control plots. This difference was statistically significant, suggesting that mourning doves use the presence of perch sites as cues for habitat selection. Finally, in comparing the presence of other avian species, I found significantly more blackbirds (Aqelaius phoenicus and Euphaqus cyanocephalus) and western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta) in experimental plots than in control plots.

The western mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) population has been declining since 1966. Data collected in 1951-52, in Fillmore, Utah, provided us a baseline for comparison with our study in the same area. Our approach was to determine whether a local population decline had occurred since the original data were collected, assess if trichomoniasis has impacted the local population, determine if changes in habitat structure affect foraging site selection, quantify changes in habitat, identify which habitats doves preferred, ascertain whether doves had responded to habitat change by changing food habits, and assess if changes in habitat were responsible in part for the local population decline. We found that population counts declined 72% and 82% from 1952 to 1992 and 1993, respectively. We determined that trichomoniasis was not an factor. in the decline. We observed that doves preferred foraging habitat characterized by a short and open structure and will not forage in the taller, denser vegetation that now dominates the study area. The most dramatic change in habitat was an 82% decline of land in winter wheat production. In 1951-52 and 1992-93, doves consumed wheat in greater frequency and volume than any other food item. Habitats selected for foraging were wheat fields following harvest, feedpens, hay storage yards, and weedy patches. Of these habitats, area in wheat fields and number of feedpens had changed extensively. The decline in wheat availability, either at harvested fields or feedpens, appears to have contributed to the local population decline. We used regression analysis to test the statewide relationship between the decline in the mourning dove population index, area in winter wheat production, and the number of farms with cattle and obtained significant results (R2 = .42, P = 0.001).

In this thesis I attempt to trace the origins of spectrality in Jacques Derrida’s philosophy. While it is true that the spectral is introduced properly in The Specters of Marx, published in 1993, Derrida indicates, in The Specters of Marx and elsewhere, an affinity between spectrality and deconstruction and explains that this affinity pertains to a form of disjointed temporality which is characteristic of haunting as well as the deconstructivistic understanding of a constitutive deferral and delay. The challenge is then, firstly, to show how concepts that are central to deconstruction such as difference, trace and the other, all of which arise in and through the deconstruction of Husserls concept of temporality, anticipate the appearance of the spectral in later texts by Derrida. The affinity between the spectral and deconstruction is rarely recognized, much less elaborated upon. Even less recognition is given to the fact that his understanding of concepts such as responsibility, legacy, inheritance and the ethics of mourning is heavily influenced by his interpretations of the work of Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, published around the same time as La voix et le phènomene, L’écriture et la difference and De la grammatologie, published in 1967, in which deconstruction is first introduced. The introduction of the spectral, in The Specters of Marx, is sometimes considered a turning point towards a more ethically oriented philosophy than in his earlier work. If deconstruction is haunted by the spectral from its moment of conception, then the notion of such a turn is jeopardized since the ethicality of mourning, responsibility, legacy and inheritance adhere to the spectral. In this thesis I argue that deconstruction has always been haunted by the concept of spectrality. The question then is not if deconstruction has an ethical aspect but how we should understand the implication that deconstruction has always been an ethical endeavor.

[pt] Na atualidade, prevalece uma cultura pautada no ideal de consumo e bem-estar, onde o reconhecimento social está associado à ideia de sucesso e felicidade. Portanto, não convém ao sujeito falar sobre o seu sofrimento. Logo, se a morte gera sofrimento, ela deve ser silenciada. Tal olhar sobre a morte é atestado por Ariès (2003), que diz que na sociedade contemporânea falar sobre a morte é um tabu. O interdito da morte ingressou no processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos profissionais de saúde, sobretudo dos médicos. Esta interdição faz parte do processo civilizador moderno e está atrelada às conquistas do iluminismo científico, que criou socialmente a solidão dos moribundos e enlutados. Houve um enfraquecimento dos rituais públicos em torno da morte e, consequentemente, um fortalecimento da medicalização pela ciência. A morte passou a ser medicalizada, por meio de tecnologias, assim como o luto. Contudo, não há como negar a tristeza gerada pela morte de um familiar. Freud (1996j/1917) entoa a relevância do exame de realidade e o fator tempo. O autor aponta que é justamente entrando em contado com os sentimentos que envolvem a perda de um ente querido que se possibilita a elaboração do luto. Diante disso, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de problematizar como a morte e o luto são retratados nos dias atuais e nas instituições hospitalares e seu impacto sobre as pessoas que vivenciam uma experiência de perda de um ente querido. A pesquisa consiste em um estudo teórico sobre o tema, pautado na bibliografia disponível sobre o assunto, tendo como eixo teórico principal a teoria psicanalítica. / [en] Today, a culture based on the ideal of consumption and well-being prevails, where social recognition is associated with the idea of success and happiness. Therefore, it is not convenient for the subject to talk about his suffering. If death generates suffering, it must be silenced. This look at death is attested by Ariès (2003), who says that in contemporary society talk about death is a taboo. The ban on death enters the teaching-learning process of health professionals, especially doctors. This interdiction is part of the modern civilizing process and linked to the achievements of scientific enlightenment that socially created the loneliness of the dying and mourning. There was a weakening of public rituals around death and, consequently, a strengthening of medicalization by science. Death became medical, through technologies, as well as the self. However, there is no denying a sadness generated by the death of a family member. Freud (1996j/1917) refers to the examination of reality and the time factor. The author points out that it is only entering the content with the feelings that involve the loss of a loved one that allows the elaboration of grief. Given this, the present work aims to problematize how death and grief are portrayed today and in hospital institutions and their impact on people who have an experience of losing a loved one . The research consists of a theoretical study on the subject, based on the available bibliography on the subject, with psychoanalytic theory as its main theoretical axis.

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