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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Graziela França Alves Panacioni - 2012.pdf: 1418695 bytes, checksum: f28499603cc15ba3137713a5a8457b8f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-31 / Stress is a part of people’s daily lives and is influenced by many factors. Entering academic life can increase stress levels and generate physical and/or psychological symptoms that affect students’ quality of life and health. The aim of this research, which used qualitative and quantitative methodology, was to investigate the effect of music therapy in stress management for a group of undergraduate and graduate students and investigate the effect of music therapy on the quality of life of these subjects. We included undergraduate and graduate students at UFG, aged 18 years and older, who showed some level of stress on Lipp’s Stress Symptoms Inventory - LSSI (Lipp, 1996),. The subjects were referred to the research program through UFG’s Saudavelmente Program linked to the Social Service Division of PROCOM – the Office of the Dean of Academic Affairs, after approval by the university’s Ethics Committee. Qualitative data were collected using socio-demographic questionnaires, music therapy forms, semi-structured interviews, reports and audios and videos of the sessions. LSSI and WHOQOL-Bref (for assessment of quality of life), were used for collecting quantitative data. Both were administered by a psychologist involved in the research before and after the music therapy sessions. We established a closed group of nine students who participated in ten music therapy sessions lasting from sixty to ninety minutes and used the musical experiences described by Bruscia (2000). In the music therapy process, it was possible to work on strategies for coping with stress such as increasing self-esteem, decreasing anxiety, time management, life goal setting and improving intra-and interpersonal relationships. For music therapy sessions, songs related to the participants’ sound and musical identity were used. Music therapy analysis of the sessions was carried out leading to a discussion from the phenomenological point of view of the therapeutic process which went on, excerpts from interviews and the quantitative results. The results show that music therapy can contribute to health promotion, stress management and to an improvement in students’ the quality of life. In conclusion, the participation of a music therapist in multidisciplinary programs for students can help build a healthier university. / O estresse está inserido no cotidiano das pessoas e é influenciado por multifatores. O ingresso na vida acadêmica pode aumentar o nível de estresse e gerar sintomas físicos e/ou psicológicos que afetam a qualidade de vida e a saúde dos estudantes. Esta pesquisa, com metodologia quali e quantitativa, teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da Musicoterapia no controle do estresse de um grupo de graduandos e pós-graduandos e verificar o efeito da Musicoterapia na qualidade de vida desses sujeitos. Foram incluídos graduandos e pós-graduandos da UFG, com idade acima de 18 anos e que, após a aplicação do Inventário de Sintomas de Stress - ISSL (Lipp, 1996), apresentaram algum nível de estresse. Os sujeitos foram encaminhados para a pesquisa através do Programa Saudavelmente da UFG, vinculado à Coordenação de Serviço Social da PROCOM – Pró-Reitoria de Assuntos Acadêmicos, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética da universidade. Os instrumentos para a coleta de dados qualitativos foram: questionários sócio-demográficos, fichas musicoterápicas, entrevistas semi-estruturadas, relatórios, áudios e vídeos das sessões. Para a coleta de dados quantitativos foram utilizados o ISSL e o WHOQOL-Bref (para avaliação da qualidade de vida), ambos aplicados pela psicóloga colaboradora da pesquisa, antes e após os atendimentos de Musicoterapia. Foi estabelecido um grupo fechado de nove acadêmicos, que participaram de dez sessões de Musicoterapia, com duração de sessenta a noventa minutos, sendo utilizadas as experiências musicais descritas por Bruscia (2000). No processo musicoterapêutico foi possível trabalhar estratégias de enfrentamento ao estresse, tais como: fortalecimento da auto-estima, diminuição da ansiedade, organização do tempo, definição de metas de vida e melhora nas relações intra e interpessoais. Para as sessões de Musicoterapia utilizou-se músicas relacionadas à identidade sonoro-musical dos participantes. Realizou-se a análise musicoterapêutica das sessões e conduziu-se a discussão, tendo em vista a abordagem fenomenológica e relacionando o processo terapêutico desenvolvido, as falas apreendidas das entrevistas e os resultados quantitativos obtidos. Os resultados evidenciam que a Musicoterapia pode contribuir para a promoção da saúde, controle do estresse e para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos acadêmicos. Conclui-se que a inserção do musicoterapeuta em programas multiprofissionais voltados para o atendimento de acadêmicos pode colaborar para a construção de uma universidade mais saudável.

Neste estudo foram investigadas as imagens mentais decorrentes da audição musical erudita em mulheres com dor crônica músculo-esquelética. Noventa mulheres divididas em três grupos com diagnósticos de fibromialgia, lesão por esforços repetitivos/doenças osteoarticulares relacionadas ao trabalho (LER/DORT) e afecções relacionadas à coluna vertebral foram submetidas à audição individual de três peças musicais (Ravel Música A; Wagner Música B e diversos trechos agrupados num Mix Música C). As pesquisadas foram divididas em três sub-grupos que ouviram as seqüências ABC; BCA e CAB. Os dados sócio-demográficos foram obtidos por meio de entrevista e a intensidade da dor foi avaliada pela escala numérica verbal (0-10) antes e após a audição de cada peça musical. As imagens mentais foram categorizadas simbolicamente mediante análise de desenhos realizados durante cada audição e seus respectivos relatos verbais. A intensidade da dor mais elevada foi observada no grupo de fibromialgia, que apresentou, também, menor número de desenhos. Os três grupos apresentaram redução estatisticamente significativa dos escores de intensidade da dor ao final da audição musical (p<0,001), não associada à etiologia, à utilização ou não de medicamentos, à preferência musical ou à seqüência musical ouvida. Menor redução da intensidade da dor foi observada somente para o Mix no grupo de coluna. As imagens mentais não diferiram quantitativamente, entre Ravel e Wagner, nem simbolicamente para as principais categorias observadas. Potencial evocativo musical diferenciado foi observado no que se refere às sensações de desprazer entre Ravel e Wagner, não sendo observado para as reações de prazer. O Mix apresentou resultados simbólicos e estéticos, quantitativamente inferiores em relação a Ravel e a Wagner, com predomínio de imagens descritivas. A forma e conteúdo musicais se relacionaram à produção de imagens e o efeito terapêutico observado, sugerindo, portanto, que análises estruturais, simbólicas e estéticas podem contribuir para a compreensão e utilização da música pela Enfermagem. / In this study, mental images originating from classical music listening in women with muscle skeleton chronic pain. Ninety women divided in three groups with fibromyalgia diagnosis, repetitive strain injury RSI/osteoarticular diseases related to (RSI/DORT) and diseases related to the spinal column were submitted to individual listening of three musical pieces (Ravel-Music A; Wagner - Music B, and several gathered in Mix mode - Music C). The research was divided in three subgroups that listened to the sequences ABC, BCA, and CAB. The socio-demographic data have been obtained by interview and the intensity of pain has been evaluated by the verbal numeric scale (0-10) before and after the listening of each musical piece. The mental images have been symbolically ranked by analysing the drawings during each listening and their respective verbal reports. The intensity of heavier pain has been observed in a group of fibromyalgia that showed the smallest number of drawings too. The three groups presented a statistic significant decrease of the pain intensity scores at the end of the musical listening (p<0,001) not associated to etiology, if there was the use of drugs or not, the musical preference or musical sequence listened. Lower decrease of pain intensity has been noted only for Mix in the column group. The mental images did not differ in quantity, between Ravel and Wagner, neither symbolically for the major categories observed. Evocative musical potential has been noted concerning the unpleasant sensations between Ravel and Wagner, and not observed for pleasure reactions. The Mix has shown lower results in quantity in relation to Ravel and Wagner, both symbolically and aesthetically, with predominance of descriptive images. The musical form and content related to the production of images and the observed therapeutic effect, therefore, suggests that aesthetic and symbolic structural analyses may contribute to the understanding and use of music by Nursing.

Musicoterapia é a ciência que utiliza elementos sonoro-ritmico-musicais no tratamento, reeducação, reabilitação e recuperação de indivíduos com diversas patologias ou ainda na área preventiva. Muitas vezes, pacientes com deficiência física grave, necessitam de adaptações nos instrumentos musicais para realizar o fazer musical musicoterapêutico. Algumas adaptações são feitas sob encomenda pelo musicoterapeuta e, portanto, em pequenas quantidades para o setor. Algumas vezes, um recurso adaptador de prática instrumental atende apenas às necessidades de uma determinada incapacidade física, sendo que para outras, este mesmo recurso pode ser desconfortável. Para alguns pacientes pode ser interessante colocar em prática algumas orientações recebidas na sessão de Musicoterapia em ambiente domiciliar. Entretanto, a situação econômica de alguns pacientes associada ao elevado preço de alguns instrumentos musicais adaptados, dificulta ou inviabiliza a continuidade do tratamento em ambiente domiciliar. Neste trabalho, buscou-se investigar se seria possível conceber um sistema eletrônico interativo capaz de apoiar e ampliar as estratégias de intervenções musicoterapêuticas. A metodologia da pesquisa seguiu a estratégia exploratória, de natureza tecnológica aplicada, tendo como objetivo a geração de um produto com finalidades imediatas, com base em conhecimentos prévios, capaz de viabilizar testes e estudos em situações reais de uso. Colaboraram nesta pesquisa musicoterapeutas, terapeutas ocupacionais e pacientes em tratamento de reabilitação motora. A partir do levantamento e estudos sobre o estado da arte, bem como de observações de sessões de Musicoterapia, foi concebida uma proposta de sistema de Realidade Aumentada musical para reabilitação. A partir desta proposta, foram implementadas e avaliadas três versões do sistema. A primeira avaliação foi realizada com uma especialista em Musicoterapia a fim de verificar a aplicabilidade do sistema. A segunda avaliação foi realizada durante uma intervenção de Musicoterapia na Associação de Assistência à Criança Deficiente (AACD) e, em outro momento, durante uma intervenção de Terapia Ocupacional em domicílio. A terceira avaliação foi feita em intervenções de Musicoterapia na AACD e na Associação Brasileira de Distrofia Muscular (ABDIM). A análise dos dados coletados permitiu constatar que este sistema traz os seguintes benefícios para apoiar intervenções de reabilitação motora: aumento da motivação e satisfação dos pacientes e facilitação do fazer musical de pessoas com deficiência física que possuem dificuldades em manusear os instrumentos musicais convencionais. / Music therapy is the science of using sound-rhythmic-musical elements in treatment, reeducation, recovery and rehabilitation of individuals with various diseases or in preventive activities. Often, patients with severe physical disability need to adapt musical instruments to perform \"music making\" activities in music therapy. Some adaptations are made by music therapists and, therefore, in small quantities. Sometimes, a resource adapter for instrumental practice serves only the needs of a particular disability, and for others, the same feature can be uncomfortable. Also, may be interesting for some patients to put practice some guidelines received at the music therapy session in their home environment. However, the economic situation of some patients associated with the elevated price of some adapted musical instruments hampers or prevents the continuation of care in home environments. In this study, we sought to investigate whether it would be possible to design an interactive electronic system able to support and expand the music therapist intervention strategies. The research methodology followed the exploratory strategy of applied technological, aiming to generate a product with immediate goals, based on prior knowledge, capable of delivering tests and studies in real use. Contributors to this research included music therapists, occupational therapists and patients under motor rehabilitation treatment. From the survey and studies on the state of the art, as well as observations of music therapy sessions, a proposal for an augmented reality musical system for rehabilitation was designed. Based on this proposal, were implemented and evaluated three versions of system. The first evaluation was performed with a specialist in Music Therapy to verify the applicability of system. The second evaluation was carried out during a Music Therapy intervention in the Assistance Association for Children with Disability (AACD) and, on another occasion, during an occupational therapy intervention at home. The third evaluation was performed in Music Therapy interventions in the AACD and the Brazilian Association of Muscular Dystrophy (ABDIM). The data collected analysis allowed us to observe some benefits that this technology brings to support motor rehabilitation interventions: increased morale and satisfaction of patients and facilitation of \"music making\" activities along people with physical disabilities who have difficulty handling conventional musical instruments.

Background: By 2050, it is estimated that 14 million older Americans will live with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive form of dementia with unknown cause or cure. Persons with AD and related dementias (ADRD) become increasingly dependent on others as they experience cognitive decline, which concomitantly undermines individuals’ functional skills, social initiative, and quality of life. The Alzheimer’s Association advocates for interventions that address cognition, mood, behavior, social engagement, and by extension, quality of life – goals music therapists often address. Although a small but growing body of literature suggests that clinical music therapy may be effective, the evidentiary support for the use and appropriate application of music as a form of treatment with this population is currently limited. Objectives: This thesis consisted of the development of a Clinical Practice Model of music therapy for persons with ADRD. It also examined the effectiveness of a specific, protocol-based music therapy intervention, grounded in this model, relative to a verbal discussion activity. Methods: The Clinical Practice Model is theoretically grounded in the biopsychosocial model of healthcare (Engel, 1980) and Kitwood’s (1997) personhood framework, and I developed it through extensive literature review and expert input. It includes an organizational schema for applying intervention strategies, per six themes: cognition, attention, familiarity, audibility, structure, and autonomy. The initial model predicts that an intervention built upon this schema will influence social-affective responses, quality of life, and in turn, psychosocial symptoms of ADRD. I tested a singing-based music therapy intervention, grounded in this model, through a randomized clinical crossover trial. I compared participants’ responses to music therapy to a non-music verbal discussion activity, and both conditions followed a protocol. Dependent variables included: (1) affective responses (self-reported feelings, observed emotions, and observed mood), (2) social engagement, and (3) observed quality of life. Thirty-two individuals with ADRD (n = 6 men, n = 26 women) ages 65-97 years old (μ̂ = 84.13) participated in this study. I randomly assigned treatment order; each treatment occurred in small-group format, three times per week in the afternoon (25 minutes each session), for two consecutive weeks. A two-week “wash-out” period occurred between conditions. Credentialed music therapists led both study conditions. This study followed recommendations from the National Institutes of Health Behavior Change Consortium (Bellg et al., 2004) to enhance quality assurance in protocol administration and data collection. Results and Significance: I used a linear mixed model approach to analysis. Music therapy exacted a significant, positive effect on self-reported feelings, observed emotions, and constructive engagement, particularly for individuals with moderate dementia. Results also suggested that men’s feelings improved in response to music therapy only, whereas women responded positively to both conditions. Weekly observations failed to indicate a significant change in mood or quality of life across the eight-week study. Based on these findings, I revised the Clinical Practice Model to include wellbeing (an outcome more concordant with psychosocial change in response to music intervention) rather than global quality of life (affected by numerous aspects of the care milieu). In addition to the Clinical Practice Model to the music therapy profession, contributions of this thesis include a rigorous clinical study and practical implications for music therapy practice, including the importance of considering patient characteristics and careful selection and implementation of music in a music therapy intervention.

The purposes of this study were to research the current inclusive practices in primary school music education in the Republic of Korea (ROK), identify issues that hamper optimal inclusion, and develop instructional strategies and recommendations to assist general educators in the accommodation of students with disabilities in their music classes. Analyses of public documents from the government of the ROK reveal that since the enactment of the Special Education Promotion Law (1977), there has been an increase in the number of students with disabilities educated inclusively. The current curricular requirements of the universities of education regarding general educators' music instruction and special education are limited. Furthermore, the government-mandated "Seventh Music Curriculum" (used in every ROK primary school) indicated no accommodation for use with students who have disabilities. Consequently, primary school general educators, while often expected to provide inclusive music instruction, have little preparation or resources available to assist them in making appropriate instructional modifications. Because of the limited pedagogical or research information available within the ROK, additional information regarding the accommodation of students with disabilities was obtained from special education and music education resources in the United States. These resources provided the basis for pedagogical strategies developed for adapted lesson plans for grades three through six. As these findings suggest, initiatives such as improved pre-service and in-service training are needed to prepare general educators in effective instructional methods and accommodations for inclusive music education. In-service training for such teachers could possibly be provided by music therapists if the therapists are fully conversant with the instructional difficulties faced by the teachers. The current development of the Eighth Curriculum by the South Korean government provides an excellent opportunity to include information on students with disabilities within the teacher's manuals. Additional resource materials for the teachers would also be beneficial. Future studies are needed regarding teacher competencies, pre-service preparation, in-service training, and needs assessment regarding inclusive music education.

The population of people experiencing homelessness has decreased less than 15% in the last ten years, but issues like mental illness and substance use are rising. There are many misconceptions about race, gender, location and age of people experiencing homelessness. Music therapy research about the homeless population is minimal and often focused on just one setting or treatment location. The purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between music therapists and people experiencing homelessness. A survey of 365 music therapists in the United States revealed just under half of working clinicians provide services to people experiencing homelessness. Results from the survey revealed the most common settings where music therapists provided service to people experiencing homelessness were mental health, medical, and school systems. Additionally, the results discussed people experiencing homelessness’ demographic differences in clinician’s experiences versus annual reports. Results are not to be generalized but to be used as a tool to better understand people experiencing homelessness.

Lorinda Jones, MT-BC, is the longest practicing music therapist in Kentucky. She began her work as a music therapist in 1995 and built a private practice, which expanded over the course of the next 20 years to include services in 16 counties. Ms. Jones’ perspective on the growth of music therapy, both within the state and nationwide, as well as her extensive knowledge of Appalachian folk music, makes her an invaluable resource to Kentucky music therapists. The purpose of this study was to present a historical account of the life and career of Lorinda Jones, to gain her perspective on the field of music therapy in Kentucky, and to learn about how she incorporates Appalachian music into her work with clients. The researcher found that Ms. Jones’ impact on the field of music therapy in Kentucky goes far beyond the individuals with whom she has personally interacted and that her role as a teacher to students of music therapy continues to influence the profession.

The purposes of this 3-phase study were 1) to identify salient individual variabilities and music characteristics associated with music therapy interventions for pain management, 2) to explore current pain management practices of music therapists, 3) to delineate any differences in general musical taste (trait) and context-specific music preference (state), as well as preferred music characteristics in healthy adults and cancer patients, 4) to investigate the contributions of individual variabilities, personality, behavioral coping styles, and pain levels in predicting changes from trait to state preferences and preferred music characteristics under various pain conditions, and 5) to investigate any differences in music preference patterns between healthy adults and cancer patients. In Phase I, 97 music therapists completed an online questionnaire to provide quantitative and qualitative data regarding the saliency of individual variabilities and music characteristics in determining the choice of music for pain management interventions, as well as their current practices with adult populations in clinical settings. In Phase II, 50 healthy adults (33 females, 17 males) ranging in age from 40 to 70 years (M = 57.04 ± 7.99) completed a battery of tests and questionnaires, including a Participant Intake Form (demographic information, music background, listening habits), an adapted Short Test of Music Preference – Revised (STOMP-R-A), a Music Characteristics Test, the Miller Behavioral Style Scale – abbreviated (MBSS-abbreviated), and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory-3 (NEO-FFI-3). The STOMP-R-A measured the participants’ trait and state preferences for 23 music genres. The Music Characteristics Test involved a music listening portion for participants to rate their preferences for various music characteristics. The MBSS-abbreviated measured behavioral coping styles and the NEO-FFI-3 measured the five dimensions of personality. In Phase III, 35 cancer patients (24 females, 11 males) ranging in age from 42 to 70 years (M = 57.71 ± 7.07) completed the same measurement tools as the ones used in Phase II, as well as the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire–2 (SF-MPQ-2), which measured ratings for chronic, acute, and neuropathic pain. A one-way analysis of variance was used to test for response bias amongst the music therapists in Phase I. No response bias was found. Responses were reported as sums and converted to percentages of respondents for each selected response. Qualitative responses were analyzed using open coding and thematic development techniques. An intercoder was recruited to authenticate reliability for the qualitative findings. Music therapists identified age, ethnicity, culture, and religious preferences as important individual variabilities, and tempo, rhythmic complexity, and dynamics as salient music characteristics in their ratings. The results from Phase I informed the methodology for the next two phases of this study. Participants in Phases II and III were tested individually. The paired t-test was used to determine differences between trait and state music preferences across all 23 genres. The results indicated significant decreases from trait to state music preferences across music genres in both healthy adult and cancer patient groups. Calculations of the chi-square statistic and the McNemar’s test were used to detect differences between trait music preference and state music preference specific to each of the 23 genres. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the contributions of demographic factors, personality, behavioral coping style, and pain to changes from trait to state preferences and preferred music characteristics under four pain conditions. In Phase II, age, gender, and neuroticism predicted changes in trait-state preference for music genres; and gender and behavioral coping styles predicted changes in preferences for music characteristics under low-acute, high-acute, low-chronic, and high-chronic pain conditions. In Phase III, neuroticism predicted changes in trait-state preference for music genres; and age predicted changes in preferences for music characteristics under the four pain conditions. The independent t-test was used to determine differences between healthy adults’ and cancer patients’ ratings of the importance of music, music background, and music listening habits. No significant differences were found between the two groups. Healthy adults and cancer patients were most familiar with country music and rated oldies and rock as their most preferred music genres. Healthy adults reported familiarity with and preferences for greater number of genres compared to cancer patients. In general, both groups indicated decreased preferences for music under pain conditions. The findings from this study emphasized the importance of considerations for the interactions of trait-state music preferences, individual variabilities, and music characteristics as a paradigm for context-specific pain management in adult clinical settings.

Purpose: To determine whether choir singing compared to reminiscence could reduce depression in people with dementia. Methods: A randomised controlled mixed methods trial was conducted with residents of an aged care facility between May and August 2007. Qualitative data was examined for related themes which enhanced the quantitative analysis. There were 41 participants (age range: 74-93 years) all with a medical diagnosis of dementia. Informed consent and ethical approval was obtained. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Choir Therapy, Reminiscence Therapy or Control Group. The study was single blind as the researcher conducted the sessions with research assistants. Fifteen sessions of choir and reminiscence therapies were conducted twice weekly. Symptoms of depression were measured before and after the treatments using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. The Mini Mental State Examination was used to gauge the levels of cognitive functioning at baseline. Participants’ responses to the therapy sessions were concurrently collected and analysed for related themes as qualitative data. Results: Average depression scores declined significantly for all groups over time. When the choir group was compared with the control group over time, there was a significant difference (p= 0.027), indicating that the choir group was more effective in reducing depression over time. The reminiscence group scores were also compared with the control group scores over time, revealing a reduction in depression which was less significant than the choir group scores (p = 0.111). Themes from the qualitative data showed improvements in the following areas: safety and security needs; increased communication and social interaction; increased positive moods; increased motivation; and, expanded attention spans. Conclusion: All three groups showed decreased depression with the greatest fall in the choir group. This indicated that choir when compared to reminiscence has higher efficacy in mitigating symptoms of depression in people with dementia. Both therapies were shown to be effective and safe. / M.Arts (Hons.)

<p>Då befolkningen blir allt äldre ökar andelen personer som drabbas av demenssjukdom. Att drabbas av demens innebär att kognitiva funktioner försämras. Kommunikationsproblem och problem med daglig livsföring, personlighetsförändringar, brister i empatisk förmåga och svårigheter att kontrollera känslor kännetecknar sjukdomsbilden. Det är av betydelse att finna icke-farmakologiska behandlingar då medicinering inte ger önskat resultat. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att få ökad kunskap om hur musik påverkar personer med demenssjukdom. Artiklar söktes i databaserna MedLine (via PubMed), Blackwell-synergy samt Cinahl. Detta resulterade i 21 artiklar varav 14 inkluderades efter granskning. Resultatet visade att musik används för att lugna, öka kognitiv förmåga samt öka välbefinnandet hos personer med demenssjukdom. Föreliggande studie påvisade att musik har en positiv inverkan oavsett kognitiv förmåga. Musik är en kostnadseffektiv, icke-farmakologisk behandling som är enkel att implementera.</p> / <p>As the population are getting older the number of people suffering from dementia is increasing. To be diagnosed with dementia means that cognitivie abilities are decreasing. Communication problems, problems with activities in daily living, changes in personality, lack of empathic ability and difficulties in controlling feelings are the characteristics of the disease. There is a need for non-pharmacological treatment when medication does not give the wanted effect.</p><p>The aim of this literature review was to get an increased knowledge about how music effects elderly persons with dementia. The search of scientific articles was carried out through the databases MedLine (via PubMed), Blackwell-Synergy and Cinahl. The search resulted in 21 articles of which 14 was included in the study result. The result showed that music was used to calm, increase cognitive ability and well-being in persons with dementia. This study showed that music has a positive influence regardless of cognitive ability. It is a costeffective, non-pharmacologic treatment which is easy to implement.</p>