EU is today one of the largest aid donors in the world and the debate regarding their intentions is well nuanced. This study’s main focus lies in examining the motives within the action plan between the EU and Morocco, and was conducted with the intention to contribute to the debate of EU’s external actions. By using key-terms from neoliberalism and neoliberalism and applying it on the actions by using a motive-analysis, they can be defined and tied to one of the theories state, as well as represent the generalized idea of the theories external action. The results of the study shows that EU, in cooperation with Morocco, though the ENP acts with the means of absolute gain.

The purpose of this thesis is to provide a critical evaluation of the neorealist theory of international relations and its soft balancing variant through the use of case studies referring to transatlantic relations in the post-Cold War era. Each case study indicates a specific category of power. These are: i) Military - the European attempt to create a common military arm from 1991 to 2003. ii) Diplomatic - the EU's involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from 1991 to 2003. iii) Economic the EU-USA steel dispute in 2002/03. In particular, the thesis undertakes to analyse whether the EU balanced the USA in the post-Cold War period either as a result of the altered structural distribution of capabilities within the international system (unipolarity) or of a set of deliberate plans to do so. After introducing the concepts of unipolarity, hard and soft balancing, the thesis outlines three comprehensive answers that neorealist scholars have generated as to whether the USA can or cannot be balanced in the post-Cold War international system, namely the structural, the soft balancing, and the alternative structural options. Then, drawing on a defensive realist perspective, this research goes on to consider the creation of the EU as a great power in the post-Cold War era. In light of this, the thesis aims to find out whether the rise of the EU as a great power has had an impact upon unipolarity either because of structural incentives or because of a predetermination to frustrate the aggressive policies of the unipolar state. The thesis then proceeds to investigate whether throughout the case studies series the EU has balanced the USA. The case studies highlight that the EU, freed from the rigid bipolar stalemate it had been locked into during the Cold War, undertook to exert greater influence on the world stage in the post-Cold War period. To some extent the EU has accomplished this in all of the power dimensions analysed in this thesis. Nevertheless, the EU's efforts to hold sway within the international system were not aimed at addressing the relative power imbalance created by unipolarity, and there were no deliberate plans harboured by the EU to frustrate the influence of any aggressive unipolar state. Overall, this thesis found the causal logic outlined by neorealism to be convincing to the extent that the EU emerged as a great power in the post-Cold War era and had greater freedom of action under unipolarity. However, with the partial exception of the economic dimension of power, there was no persuasive evidence uncovered to support the anticipated outcome of the neorealist theoretical slant, namely that great powers tend to balance each other. Moreover, while the soft balancing claim is considered to have promise as an attempt to understand how the EU can respond to US power under unipolarity, this study did not find sufficient evidence of the EU's deliberate intentions of doing so.

EN The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the process of secularization in the post-war era in Italy. The study is focused on lower social classes. The aim of my thesis is to show the complexity of the process such as secularization; on the one hand there are statistic numbers showing the trend of falling religiosity, on the other hand we know Italians as believers in God and Italy as a country with catholic symbols appearing openly in public. To understand this ambivalence, it is necessary to distinguish church, religion and faith. As a primary source for my thesis I have chosen novels of the neorealist writers. As neorealism tries to capture predominantly the social reality and the writers show greater capability of uncovering the motivation of historical figure than any other possible sources, selecting the works of the neorealist writers proves to be more than suitable. The main methodology chosen for my thesis is typification, through which I tried to define the social stereotypes. The thesis is composed of nine chapters. Chapters one to three describe the political, economic and social situation of post-war Italy and define the social segment on which the thesis is focused. Presented is a characterization of neorealism and the authors as well as the most important theories of secularization...

Partindo dos romances Vidas secas, de Graciliano Ramos (1938), Os flagelados do vento leste, de Manuel Lopes (1959) e Famintos, de Luís Romano (1962), buscamos investigar as estratégias discursivas dos autores de nosso corpus que se debruçaram sobre a fatia social menos favorecida daquele momento histórico. Nos dedicamos, em especial, às denúncias dos autores que trouxeram à luz temas que atravessavam as três prosas de ficção: a fome, o banditismo e a opressão. Encontramos em Josué de Castro uma rica pesquisa que permitiu que analisássemos a fome não apenas como flagelo, mas também como fato social passível de desdobramentos mais complexos. O historiador Eric Hobsbawm e o filósofo Louis Althusser fundamentaram nossa investigação de tais desdobramentos. Destacamos que nossa perspectiva tem como horizonte o comparatismo de solidariedade proposto pelo crítico Benjamin Abdala Junior. / Starting from the novels Vidas secas by Graciliano Ramos (1938), Os flagelados do vento leste by Manuel Lopes (1959), and Famintos by Luís Romano (1962), we investigated the discursive strategies of the authors of the corpus, who dedicated their work to the socially less advantaged groups in their historical moment. We investigated the narrative perspectives of each author and the discursive strategies they selected to bring to light themes that went through the three pieces of prose fictions hunger, banditry, and oppression. We found in Josué de Castros work a rich research that allowed us to analyze hunger not only as a flagellum, but also as a social fact capable of more complex unfolding. The historian Eric Hobsbawm and the philosopher Louis Althusser founded our investigation of such unfoldings. We enphasize that our perspective has as horizon the comparatism of the solidarity suggested by the critic Benjamin Abdala Junior.

Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de uma análise do filme La terra trema (1947), dirigido pelo italiano Luchino Visconti. Considerando a feição política da obra, procuramos evidenciar o modo como Visconti articula temática e formalmente em seu filme as contradições históricas da Itália do pós-guerra. Para refletirmos a concepção de realismo na cinematografia de Visconti, analisamos alguns artigos que Visconti, Mario Alicata e Giuseppe De Santis publicaram na revista italiana Cinema, no início da década de 1940. Por meio desses artigos, apresentamos o empenho dos autores em retomar a narrativa de Giuseppe Verga para a criação de um novo cinema. Também apresentamos uma leitura do ensaio Alguns temas da questão meridional (1926), de Antonio Gramsci. Com essa leitura, indicaremos linhas de convergências entre pensamento do marxista sardo, e os problemas figurados pelo filme. Através do diálogo com a crítica italiana, e da análise de algumas cenas do filme, refletimos a forma como essa constelação de problemas se configurou no filme La terra trema. / This dissertation presents the results of an analysis of La Terra Trema (1948), directed by Luchino Visconti. Considering the political particularity of the movie, we tried to underline how Visconti articulates in his films thematically and formally the historical contradictions of the post-war Italy. In order to speculate the idea of realism in Viscontis filmography, we analyze articles written by Visconti, Mario Alicata e Giuseppe de Santi published in the Italian magazine Cinema, in the early 1940s. Through these articles, we present the effort of the authors to resume Guiseppe Vergas narrative for the creation of a new cinema. We also present a reading of Antonio Gramscis essay Some Aspects of the Southern Question (1926). With such a reading, we will indicate lines of convergence between Sardian Marxist thought and the problems figured by the film. Through the dialogue with the Italian criticism, and the analyzes of some scenes from the movie, we speculate the form how this constellation of problems have been set in the film La Terra Trema.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-07-13T21:11:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O Carla Vers?o Final- PDF.pdf: 730252 bytes, checksum: 8f7b5c94bb0682c60e27ee7d4821d8be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T21:11:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O Carla Vers?o Final- PDF.pdf: 730252 bytes, checksum: 8f7b5c94bb0682c60e27ee7d4821d8be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / The present study proposed the reading of some of the short stories in Aldeia Nova (1942) and O Fogo e as Cinzas (1953) from the Portuguese writer Manuel da Fonseca. These analysis were developed under two principal interpretative plots: the representation of landscape and childhood. To do so, we had as pretension evaluate how the landscape, in the author?s narratives, acquires symbologies that link to the inseparable relation between the man and environment, his subjectivity and the physical space that surrounds him, relation that says much about the imaginary and the identity of these individuals. In a similar way we attend to the symbolic weight attributed to the infant characters and how they conceive the transit from childhood to grown up life, as well as the losses, the fears and frustrations. With this intention, we localize the production of Manuel da Fonseca in the social-historic context of Portugal in the beginning of the Twentieth century, having as initial point the imaginary of heroic greatness that borders all the Lusitanian history, until we come to the context of the Salazar dictatorship and its issues. Among them, the abandonment of small rural communities and the muting of these communities? individuals, aspects that show up in Manuel da Fonseca?s writing as commitment, placing him in the context of Portuguese Neorealism intentions, with denunciations that, imbricated in his productions that distance the plots of his authorship from the problematic propagandistic writing. / O presente estudo prop?s leituras de alguns contos das colet?neas Aldeia Nova (1942) e O Fogo e as Cinzas (1953) do escritor portugu?s Manuel da Fonseca. Essas an?lises foram desenvolvidas sob dois motes interpretativos: a representa??o da paisagem e da inf?ncia. Para isso, tivemos como pretens?o avaliar como o cen?rio, nas narrativas do autor, ganha simbologias que apontam para a rela??o indissoci?vel entre o homem e o meio, sua subjetividade e o espa?o f?sico que o rodeia, rela??o que diz muito sobre o imagin?rio e a identidade desses indiv?duos. De modo semelhante atentamos para a carga simb?lica atribu?da ?s personagens infantis e como elas concebem o tr?nsito da inf?ncia para a vida adulta, assim como as perdas, os medos e as frustra??es. Com essa inten??o, localizamos a produ??o de Manuel da Fonseca no contexto s?cio-hist?rico de Portugal no in?cio do s?culo XX, tendo como ponto de partida o imagin?rio de grandeza heroica que margeia toda a hist?ria lusitana, at? chegarmos ao contexto da ditadura salazarista e suas problem?ticas. Dentre elas, o abandono das pequenas comunidades rurais e o silenciamento dos discursos dos indiv?duos do campo, aspectos que aparecem na escrita de Manuel da Fonseca como um comprometimento, localizando-o no contexto das inten??es do Neorrealismo portugu?s, com den?ncias, que, imbricadas em suas produ??es distancia os enredos de sua autoria da problem?tica escrita panflet?ria.

Este trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa sobre a estrutura celular da família, percebida como uma corrente, em que a fragilidade de um dos elos (desgaste ou rompimento) pode fazer ruir toda a sua poderosa estrutura. Foram objeto de análise as obras Pequenos burgueses, Casa na duna e Uma abelha na chuva, de Carlos de Oliveira. Estudaram-se, separadamente e em conjunto, as relações familiares: pai, mãe, filhos, marido e mulher, e o papel representado por cada um, no seio de uma família tradicional de modelo judaico-cristão, que, no advento da modernidade, vê seus valores contestados, fragilizados e, pouco a pouco, desmoronando. Patriarcalismo e Marialvismo, submissão da mulher, desconstrução do masculino, desejos insatisfeitos, comportamentos sexuais tidos como modelares, são alguns dos aspectos discutidos em Estranhamento, desencontros e solidão: a representação da família na ficção de Carlos de Oliveira. Foi possível detectar, nos romances, a ausência de afetividade entre parceiros, talvez provocada por uniões firmadas em bases de interesses que não levam em consideração o amor, mas a manutenção de um status social no qual o casamento é um movimento inercial que permite a homens e mulheres manterem o patrimônio herdado, ou se torna uma mercadoria em que se troca sangue por dinheiro. Carlos de Oliveira, numa perspectiva temporal, desconstrói e desmistifica a família de modelo tradicional, revelando suas mazelas e os comportamentos hipócritas, tecidos de falso moralismo, percebidos na moral dúbia de seus elementos humanos. / This work is a result of a research on the cellular structure of the family, seen as a chain, in which the fragility of one of the links (consuming or breakage) can drop all its powerful structure. The dissertation analyzes Casa na duna, Pequenos burgueses e Uma abelha na chuva, novels by Carlos de Oliveira. We studied, separately and in set, the familiar relations: father, mother, children, husband and wife and the role played by them in the family circle of a traditional Jewish-Christian family, that, in the advent of modernity, sees its values contested and, little by little, pulling down. Patriarchal System and Marialvismo, submission of women, unsatisfied desires, deconstruction of the male, patterned sexual behaviors, are some of the aspects argued in Estranhamento, desencontros e solidão: a representação da família na ficção de Carlos de Oliveira. It was possible to detect, in the novels, the lack of affection between partners, perhaps caused by unions signed on bases of interests that do not take in consideration the love, but the social maintenance of one status in which the marriage is an inertial motion that allows to the men and women to keep the inherited patrimony, or becomes a merchandise in which it exchanges blood for money. Carlos de Oliveira, in a secular perspective, deconstructs and demystifies the family of traditional model, disclosing to its wounds and the hypocritical behaviors, made of false value judgment, perceived in the dubious morality of its human elements.

<p>The Taiwan issue has been regarded as the most sensitive question between China and the Unites States (U.S.). Although China-U.S. relations have made much progress, the Taiwan question has arrested the concerns of Chinese and American decision-makers for many years. Why is the Taiwan issue so important for the relationship between China and the U.S.? How is the future trend of development of China-U.S.-Taiwan? The different views of the governments in Washington and Beijing on the Taiwan issue, what result could it lead to? This study intends to answer these questions. To analyze this issue, I empirically examine the cases of Nixon’s visit to China in 1972 and Lee Teng-hui’s visit to the United States in 1995. By combining security complextheory and neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism I find that the Taiwan issue influenced the relationship between China and the U.S., and whether the Taiwan issue is settled properly will affect the normal development of China-U.S. relations directly.</p>

The Taiwan issue has been regarded as the most sensitive question between China and the Unites States (U.S.). Although China-U.S. relations have made much progress, the Taiwan question has arrested the concerns of Chinese and American decision-makers for many years. Why is the Taiwan issue so important for the relationship between China and the U.S.? How is the future trend of development of China-U.S.-Taiwan? The different views of the governments in Washington and Beijing on the Taiwan issue, what result could it lead to? This study intends to answer these questions. To analyze this issue, I empirically examine the cases of Nixon’s visit to China in 1972 and Lee Teng-hui’s visit to the United States in 1995. By combining security complextheory and neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism I find that the Taiwan issue influenced the relationship between China and the U.S., and whether the Taiwan issue is settled properly will affect the normal development of China-U.S. relations directly.

In this essay i argue that there are three different variables that may be able to control the outcome of certain foreign policy choices. These three variables are External Threats, government division and public opinion. The Essay also tries to identify former president Bush motives behind the 2003 Iraqi War. It is partly argued that the three variables had a certain amount of influence on Bush decision making process. But the main focus lies on the motives behind the attack. There are several official motives identifies through different types of statements from different members of the elite group, the main motives being the threat that the Bush administration felt the former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was responsible for and of course weapons of mass destruction, as you will notice while you read this essay there are more but in some way smaller motives that doesn't take as much place as the threat and WMD aspects.