Résumé non transmis / Summary not transmitted

Discrimination and inequality encountered by gays and lesbians in the United States is profuse. A cornerstone of the gay rights movement, equality in the workplace has been a pivotal struggle for gays and lesbians. This study examined the attitudes and opinions of registered nurses (RNs) regarding homosexuals in general and the protection of homosexuals in the workplace through a nondiscrimination policy. The author measured overall homophobic and discriminatory beliefs of the sample using the Attitudes Toward Lesbian and Gay Men (ATLG) Scale; the demographic questionnaire was infused with questions regarding a protective workplace policy. Using T-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and structural equation modeling (SEM), correlations between independent variables (gender, age, religious association, belief in the "free choice" model of homosexuality, education level, exposure to homosexuals through friends and/or family associations, race/ethnicity, and support or non-support of a workplace nondiscrimination policy protective of gay men and lesbians) with the dependent variable of homophobia were explored.

The principle of equality is one of the common principles of law which serves as a foundation for the entire legal system. In order to protect every individual’s right to dignity and economic independence, it is important to apply this principle also when estimating the remuneration. For this study, the following questions were analysed: What are the premises of the equal pay principle in Lithuania? When do employees have the right to equal pay? What are the circumstances in which the pay disparity is justified? How and why should the issue of occupational segregation be resolved? And how can a more effective application and implementation of this principle be achieved. Though the equal pay principle is anchored in legal provisions, its substance can only be disclosed by studying case law. Since there are no such practices in Lithuania, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice must be taken into consideration. On the other hand, the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman, established in 1998, partially addresses the lack of such practices with regard to the equal pay principle in Lithuania. With reference to the case law of the European Court of Justice, it may be concluded that in order to enforce the right to equal pay, it is necessary to put a stop to both direct and indirect forms of discrimination. Particular attention needs to be paid to the remuneration of part-time female workers and employees working in female-dominated economic sectors. Various job... [to full text]

This research paper deals with the phenomenon of corruption as a crime not only from the perspective of criminal law, but as the cause of violations of fundamental rights. The article explains the concept of corruption and places this phenomenon in the international legal framework. Likewise, the content of the right to equality and the prohibition of discrimination is developed in this article. It exposed, with the help of examples, how that corruption violates Human Rights, affecting vulnerable groups in a particular and special way, and how well it ends up being a mechanism of structural discrimination in Peru. / El presente artículo de investigación versa sobre el fenómeno de la corrupción no solo como delito, desde la perspectiva del derecho penal, sino como la causa de vulneraciones de derechos fundamentales. El artículo explica el concepto de corrupción y sitúa este fenómeno en el marco jurídico internacional. De igual manera, se desarrolla el contenido del derecho a la igualdad y la prohibición de discriminación. Se expone, con la ayuda de ejemplos, cómo es que la corrupción vulnera derechos humanos, afectando en mayor medida y de manera particular a grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad, y cómo así termina siendo un mecanismo de discriminación estructural en Perú.

[pt] Existe um conflito de direitos entre homossexuais e indivíduos que seguem religiões que pregam que a homossexualidade é contrária às leis divinas e que o casamento é uma união sagrada entre um homem e uma mulher. Esse conflito foi potencializado a partir da legalização do casamento homoafetivo. Por um lado, indivíduos homossexuais têm o direito à igualdade, o que significa que não devem ser discriminados por causa de sua orientação sexual; por outro lado, indivíduos religiosos têm a liberdade de crer em determinada religião e adotar condutas que estejam de acordo com suas crenças. Dentre as situações que podem gerar conflito, três são analisadas neste trabalho: a recusa de um indivíduo religioso a celebrar ou contribuir para uma cerimônia de casamento homoafetivo, com base na perspectiva religiosa sobre o conceito de casamento; a recusa por parte de um psicólogo a atender um paciente homossexual ou casal homoafetivo, sob o fundamento de que suas crenças religiosas o impedem de manifestar aprovação em relação à homossexualidade ou auxiliar uma união homoafetiva durante o atendimento; a recusa religiosamente motivada a fornecer produtos que manifestam apoio ao casamento homoafetivo ou alguma causa LGBT. Além do estudo de doutrina estrangeira sobre o tema, são examinadas dez decisões judiciais referentes a casos concretos ocorridos nos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Canadá, com o objetivo de auxiliar na elucidação de parâmetros claros para a melhor resolução da controvérsia em questão, ante a razoável expectativa de que, em breve, conflitos semelhantes surgirão no Brasil. / [en] There is a conflict of rights between homosexuals and individuals who follow religions that preach that homosexuality is contrary to the laws of God and marriage is a sacred union between one man and one woman. This conflict was intensified after the legalization of same-sex marriage. On the one hand, homosexual individuals have the right to equality, which means they must not be discriminated on basis of sexual orientation; on the other hand, religious individuals have the right to believe in a religion and act according to their beliefs. This paper will examine three situations that might cause conflict: the refusal to celebrate or contribute to a same-sex wedding, because of one s religious views on marriage; the refusal to assist a homosexual patient or a same-sex couple, by a psychologist or counselor whose religious beliefs prevent them from affirming homosexuality or assisting a same-sex union; the religiously motivated refusal to print materials that promote same-sex marriage or other LGBT interests. This dissertation will look at foreign studies on the matter, and will examine ten judicial decisions on cases that occurred in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, in order to help create clear parameters to resolve the controversy, which is likely to soon arise in Brazil.

El presente informe versa sobre un caso en específico -y originado en el departamento de Madre de Dios- que ha trascendido en la legislación peruana, toda vez que a través del Pleno Sentencia 641/2021, se le exhorta al Congreso de la República a la modificación del artículo 20 del Código Civil Peruano recalcando que dicho texto legal no impone un orden de prelación sobre los apellidos que se le asignará al hijo. Este caso se remonta al año 2019, cuando Marcelina Rudas Valer a favor de su hija, Jhojana Rudas Guedes, acuden ante el Tribunal Constitucional con el fin de interponer un Hábeas Corpus contra el jefe institucional del Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil (RENIEC) solicitando que el apellido materno de la representada se consigne primero que el paterno; y así, se le emita su DNI con el nombre por el cual esta se identifica tanto socialmente como legalmente: Jhojana Rudas Guedes. Ante ello, el objetivo del presente informe es analizar la importancia del derecho a la igualdad y no discriminación (de género) en la sociedad actual y cómo este influye en el derecho a la identidad de nuestros hijos. ¿Cómo debería de interpretarse el artículo 20° del Código Civil Peruano? Por un lado, desde siempre se asumió “estrictamente” que el orden de los apellidos es: primero el paterno y posteriormente, el materno; por otro lado, se discute que esta disposición legal no impone un orden de prelación de apellidos, sino por el contrario, debería de entenderse como una fuente de igualdad. Asimismo, se brindará un breve alcance sobre los derechos fundamentales, las diferentes posturas y pronunciamientos de los magistrados peruanos con respecto al caso de Jhojana Rudas Guedes y cómo es que esta última logra obtener un fallo favorable en el máximo órgano de interpretación, dando un giro a la historia del Perú. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional