L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier, dans une approche critique et interventionniste, l’aménagement lexical du berbère. L’étude critique des actions glottopolitiques, de la fragmentation dialectologique ainsi que la réflexion sur la revitalisation et la normalisation linguistique ont brossé l’essentiel de la berbérophonie. Cette thèse est organisée en trois parties. La première partie présente une étude critique des actions glottopolitiques concernant le berbère et la sociolinguistique étudiant ces questions. La deuxième partie explore la diversité linguistique et la configuration dialectale de cette langue. Dans une perspective de revitalisation et de normalisation linguistique, nous avons développé une réflexion sur l’adoption du concept de la langue polynomique au berbère, en nous basant en premier lieu sur sa situation dialectologique et sa vitalité. La dernière partie met en pratique les réflexions théoriques, présentées dans les deux parties précédentes, dans le domaine de l’aménagement lexical. C’est une illustration de l’aménagement du vocabulaire commun et spécialisé. Elle comprend également une réflexion sur l’aménagement terminologique, la normalisation linguistique et leur mise en pratique dans le cadre d’un processus d’aménagement à la fois polynomique et convergent. En conclusion, nous suggérons, pour la normalisation du berbère, un aménagement polynomique permettant à la fois d’intégrer la variation dialectologique et d’engager un processus de convergence. Celui-ci doit nécessairement s’appuyer sur l’étude de la dialectalisation de cette langue ainsi que sur la vitalité de ses différents groupes. / The objective of this research is to study, in a critical and interventionist approach, the lexical planning of Berber. Critical studies of glottopolitical actions and dialectological fragmentation, as well as reflections on revitalization and linguistic normalization, have brushed the great majority of the Berber-speaking world. This dissertation is organized into three parts. The first part presents a critical study of glottopolitical actions concerning Berber and sociolinguistics studying these questions. The objective is to establish an inventory of theoretical research and the implementation of glottopolitical actions in the Berber area. The second part explores the linguistic diversity and dialectal configuration of Berber. In a perspective of revitalization and linguistic normalization, we have developed a reflection on the adoption of the concept of the polynomic language to Berber, basing ourselves first and primarily on its dialectological situation and its vitality. The last part puts into practice the theoretical reflections presented in the two preceding parts in the field of lexical planning. This is an illustration of the planning of common and specialized vocabulary. It also includes a reflection on terminological planning, linguistic standardization and their application in a polynomic and convergent planning process. In conclusion, we suggest, for the “normalization” of Berber, a polynomic planning allowing both to integrate the dialectological variation and to initiate a process of convergence. This must necessarily be based on the study of the dialectalization of this language as well as on the vitality of its different groups.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux activités créatrices et de conformisation sollicitées dans des dispositifs de serious gaming et à leur impact sur les situations réelles de travail des cadres. Pour explorer cet impact, nous sommes intervenus dans un programme de formation utilisant un simulateur d’hélicoptère de l’armée qui a été adapté pour former des cadres au management d’équipe. La recherche a duré deux ans et nous avons observé 16 sessions de jeu, rencontré 44 cadres de la même entreprise, tous volontaires. La recherche a analysé l’écart entre le travail prescrit et réel. En anglais, contrairement au français, deux mots définissent le mot jeu : « play » et « game ». Winnicott (1971) s’appuie sur le jeu en train de s’élaborer spontanément (play), plutôt que sur le jeu organisé et défini selon des règles précises (game). Ce « play » est considéré par Winnicott, comme un espace transitionnel : espace de développement où la créativité est prépondérante. La compréhension de ce qui se joue dans cet espace intermédiaire est essentielle pour explorer la relation entre le « jeu sérieux » et le travail réel. Nos observations et analyses des sessions de jeu et des entretiens nous conduisent à souligner le peu d’inventivité, de créativité à la fois pendant l’activité du jeu et ensuite dans le travail réel. La réorganisation du travail, le changement de rôles, la renormalisation du temps et le sentiment de décisions sont rares. Ceci nous a amenés à analyser ce qui a empêché les cadres d’entrer dans cette aire intermédiaire où la créativité est sollicitée. Ces empêchements concernent la quête du « bien faire », la pression temporelle, la culture d’entreprise, les contraintes matérielles et la compétitivité. De plus, une autre activité vient empêcher celle du jeu : la plupart des cadres se sont sentis évalués, et s’auto-évaluent, en tant que managers. Notre recherche tend à démontrer que le jeu suspend la réflexion, la délibération entre pairs, ce qui favorise une conformisation aux prescriptions. La suspension de la réflexion permettrait, notamment, de s’affranchir d’éventuels conflits de valeurs et de culpabilité quand les prescriptions supposent de faire du « sale boulot » (c’est-à-dire de commettre des actes que la morale ou l’éthique peuvent réprouver). Enfin, nous interrogeons l’impact de cette expérience dans l’environnement virtuel du dispositif de formation sur les pratiques des managers en situations réelles : le transfert des apprentissages dans l’expérience du jeu opère par la médiation de la réflexivité suscitée par le changement de place dans la communication au sein de l’équipe (récepteur et non plus émetteur de consignes) et par les affects éprouvés lors de l’exercice simulé. L’éprouvé devient alors un instrument de travail pour réévaluer la manière dont ils tiennent leur rôle de manager et les activités associées. / This thesis speaks about the creativity and conformity in serious gaming and the link with real work situations of executives. To explore this link, we conducted a training program using an army helicopter flight simulator that had been redesigned to train executives in teamwork. The study was conducted over two years in 16 game sessions with 44 volunteer participants from the same company. The research analyzed the gap between prescribed and real work. In English, contrary to French, there are two words for games: "play" and "game". Winnicott (1971) is inclined more towards spontaneously developed games (play), rather than on games organized and defined according to precise rules (game). He considers "play" to be a transitional space. This transitional space is a third area, a paradoxical space, because it is situated between the interior and exterior of the player. It is a space of development where creativity is dominant. Understanding what takes place in this intermediate space is essential to explore the relationship between serious gaming and real work: a space in which group dynamics can enhance or inhibit individual creativity. From observation and analyses of game sessions and associated interviews, we identified several instances of creativity during the game and afterwards at work, including: reorganization of the work, exchanging roles, negotiating the length of games, and virtual empowerment leading to real-world decision-making. Then, we analyzed what prevented the executives from entering this intermediate area and from "play" with the equipment: the "pursuit of excellence", the temporal pressure, the corporate culture, equipment limitations, self-consciousness, and competitiveness. Furthermore, most participants were concerned that their competence as managers was being evaluated and they self-evaluated their skills. Afterwards, we analyzed the contention that lack of deliberation before executing the game prescriptions. Our research demonstrates that suspension of reflection allows freeing itself from possible value conflicts and guilt when the prescriptions lead to performing "dirty work" (that is, to commit morally or ethically questionable acts). At a minimum, we observe that executives see themselves acting in situ and become aware of the impact of their transmitters' role in communication with the team. Executives use this experience to revitalize their thinking about professional practice, which thus becomes a tool to gain a different view of their managers’ role.

The Company X has a database that continuously increasing which causes the response time when retrieving data from the database increases the more data that is retrieved. Therefore, the company want an analysis of the database structures and stored procedures to see if there is a more efficient way to store and retrieve large datasets. Performance can have different meanings. Within the subject of computer systems, it could be factors such as transaction throughput, response time and storage space. But within the scope of this work performance is limited to the response time. One of the tables in the database is normalized and a few techniques are implemented for stored procedure that the company has not implemented to see if there have been any improvements in performance when retrieving data. The respond time for the various techniques implemented was measured in order to make a comparison on performance. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse database tables and how stored procedure can be improved to find a sustainable solution for the database in the future. Question to the work are: How can the database structure be improved with the aim of increasing performance of data retrieval? Which techniques can improve stored procedure performance when it comes to retrieving large amount of data? The result of this work was that normalization has reduced the respond time for large data retrieval. One of the stored procedure techniques which is called sp_executesql was one of the best techniques which improved the performance of execution time the most when it came to retrieve large amount of data. / Företaget X har en databas som kontinuerligt ökar i storlek vilket detta leder till att svarstiden vid hämtning av data från databasen öka ju mer data som hämtas. Därför vill företaget X att databasstrukturen och stored procedure skulle analyseras för att se om det fanns ett effektivare sätt att lagra samt hämta stora mängder data på. Prestanda kan ha olika betydelser; inom databassystem handlar det om olika faktorer som transaktionsgenomströmning, svarstid och lagringsutrymme. I detta arbete begränsas prestanda till svarstiden. En av tabellerna i databasen normaliseras och sedan implementeras ett antal tekniker för stored procedure som företaget inte har implementerat. Detta för att kunna se om det har skett förbättringar i prestanda vid hämtning av data. Därefter mätes svarstiden för de olika teknikerna som implementerades för att kunna göra en jämförelse på prestanda. Syftet med arbetet är att analysera databastabeller samt analysera hur stored procedure kan förbättras för att hitta en hållbar lösning för databasen i framtiden. Frågeställningar till arbetet är: Hur kan databasstrukturen förbättras i syfte att öka prestanda vid hämtning av data? Samt vilka tekniker kan förbättra prestanda för stored procedure vid hämtning av stora datamängder? Resultatet av arbetet blev att med hjälp av normalisering har svarstiden minskat för hämtning av stora datamängder samt att sp_executesql är den teknik inom stored procedure som är överlägset bäst av de tekniker som har implementerats när det gäller prestanda vid hämtning av stora datamängder.

The ability to count people from video is a challenging problem. The scientific challenge arises from the fact that although the task is pretty well defined, the imaging scenario is not well constrained. The background scene is uncontrolled. Lighting is complex and varying. And, image resolution, both in terms of spatial and temporal is usually poor, especially in pre-stored surveillance videos. Passive counting of people from video has many practical applications such as in monitoring the number of people sitting in front of a TV set, counting people in an elevator, counting people passing through a security door, and counting people in a mall. This has led to some research in automated counting of people. The context of most of the work in people counting is in counting pedestrians in outdoor settings or moving subjects in indoor settings. There is little work done in counting of people who are not moving around and very little work done in people counting that can handle harsh variations in illumination conditions. In this thesis, we explore a design that handles such issues at pixel level using photometry based normalization and at feature level by exploiting spatiotemporal coherence that is present in the change seen in the video. We have worked on home and laboratory dataset. The home dataset has subjects watching television and the laboratory dataset has subjects working. The design of the people counter is based on video data that is temporally sparsely sampled at 15 seconds of time difference between consecutive frames. Specific computer vision methods used involves image intensity normalization, frame to frame differencing, motion accumulation using autoregressive model and grouping in spatio-temporal volume. The experimental results show: The algorithm is less susceptible to lighting changes. Given an empty scene with just lighting change it usually produces a count of zero. It can count in varying illumination conditions. It can count people even if they are partially visible. Counts are generated for any moving objects in the scene. It does not yet try to distinguish between humans and non-humans. Counting errors are concentrated around frames with large motion events, such as a person moving out from a scene.

<p>This study aims to explore purposes of daily workshops for persons with disabilities. The method used was qualitative interviews. An inductive research strategy was used. Half-structured interviews with six managers of daily workshops were carried out, wherein they expressed their intentions with the daily workshops and the reasons for people to participate. The interviews were analysed with Antonovsky´s salutogenetic perspective,<strong> </strong>in which Sense of Coherence, SOC is a main concept, and with the normalisation principle. The study indicates that the managers aim to create a good, rather than a normalizing work situation for their participants. The main result is that the managers want the work to be meaningful, appreciated and for the benefit of others.</p>

<p>The aim of this study is to illustrate and unfold the dynamic interaction between conditions of integration and patterns of integration, in other words the structural conditions related to processes of integration and normalization of every day life. This is done with concrete reference to Bosnian refugees living in Malmö and Umeå during 1996-1997, having received permanent permission to stay in Sweden during 1992-1995. How do refugees under different conditions arrange their lives, perceive their own life situation, manage the course of daily life and develop individual life patterns? The study shows that processes of integration and normalisation depend on and has an impact on involvement and participation in social, economic, political and cultural life in general. Background statistics, official documents and local daily press material together with intense interviews with Bosnian refugees and key-informants constitute the empirical base of the study. The theoretical base consists of a holistic perspective on integration, including aspects of ethnicity, culture and gender. The focus is on the double-sided processes of integration among refugees in relation to the established population. Refugees’ processes of integration and normalization are described and discussed with reference to patterns of living conditions, patterns of integration, patterns of action and patterns of attitudes. The general conclusion is that refugees’ life patterns are very fragile. Processes of integration and normalization depend on conditions of involvement and of participation as well as the openness of the society at large and specifically on how civil, political and social rights are supplied for. This in turn raises the question of the importance of not only formal but also substantial citizenship rights. Integration is also closely related to possible changes towards more flexible gendered spaces of action. The more equal gender relations in the family become the more it opens up for possibilities of integration and normalization for both women and men. Encompassing possibilities to integration into the society at large combined with increased potentials of altering conventional power relations between women and men are vital for the processes of integration and normalization among refugees.</p>

In the middle of the 1990’s the microarray technology was introduced. The technology allowed for genome wide analysis of gene expression in one experiment. Since its introduction similar high through-put methods have been developed in other fields of molecular biology. These high through-put methods provide measurements for hundred up to millions of variables in a single experiment and a rigorous data analysis is necessary in order to answer the underlying biological questions. Further complications arise in data analysis as technological variation is introduced in the data, due to the complexity of the experimental procedures in these experiments. This technological variation needs to be removed in order to draw relevant biological conclusions from the data. The process of removing the technical variation is referred to as normalization or pre-processing. During the last decade a large number of normalization and data analysis methods have been proposed. In this thesis, data from two types of high through-put methods are used to evaluate the effect pre-processing methods have on further analyzes. In areas where problems in current methods are identified, novel normalization methods are proposed. The evaluations of known and novel methods are performed on simulated data, real data and data from an in-house produced spike-in experiment.

The aim of this study is to illustrate and unfold the dynamic interaction between conditions of integration and patterns of integration, in other words the structural conditions related to processes of integration and normalization of every day life. This is done with concrete reference to Bosnian refugees living in Malmö and Umeå during 1996-1997, having received permanent permission to stay in Sweden during 1992-1995. How do refugees under different conditions arrange their lives, perceive their own life situation, manage the course of daily life and develop individual life patterns? The study shows that processes of integration and normalisation depend on and has an impact on involvement and participation in social, economic, political and cultural life in general. Background statistics, official documents and local daily press material together with intense interviews with Bosnian refugees and key-informants constitute the empirical base of the study. The theoretical base consists of a holistic perspective on integration, including aspects of ethnicity, culture and gender. The focus is on the double-sided processes of integration among refugees in relation to the established population. Refugees’ processes of integration and normalization are described and discussed with reference to patterns of living conditions, patterns of integration, patterns of action and patterns of attitudes. The general conclusion is that refugees’ life patterns are very fragile. Processes of integration and normalization depend on conditions of involvement and of participation as well as the openness of the society at large and specifically on how civil, political and social rights are supplied for. This in turn raises the question of the importance of not only formal but also substantial citizenship rights. Integration is also closely related to possible changes towards more flexible gendered spaces of action. The more equal gender relations in the family become the more it opens up for possibilities of integration and normalization for both women and men. Encompassing possibilities to integration into the society at large combined with increased potentials of altering conventional power relations between women and men are vital for the processes of integration and normalization among refugees.

The purpose of this research is to determine the average energy intensity of multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Toronto, and evaluate whether certain building characteristics influence energy intensity. This information is particularly important in the Toronto market. Relative to the city’s population, Toronto has an unusually high proportion of MURBs with more than half of residential dwellings in apartment buildings. Additionally, Toronto MURBs are significant consumers of energy and produce an estimated 1.3M tonnes of CO2e each year. The ultimate goal is to assess the most efficient building retrofit measures. Energy consumption data for Toronto MURBs were collected and weather normalized. Correlations between the energy data and the building characteristics were examined. Window characteristics and heating system type were found to have the most significant influence on energy intensity. Establishing energy consumption characteristics of MURBs is the first step towards improving the energy efficiency of Toronto’s MURBs stock.

The purpose of this research is to determine the average energy intensity of multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) in Toronto, and evaluate whether certain building characteristics influence energy intensity. This information is particularly important in the Toronto market. Relative to the city’s population, Toronto has an unusually high proportion of MURBs with more than half of residential dwellings in apartment buildings. Additionally, Toronto MURBs are significant consumers of energy and produce an estimated 1.3M tonnes of CO2e each year. The ultimate goal is to assess the most efficient building retrofit measures. Energy consumption data for Toronto MURBs were collected and weather normalized. Correlations between the energy data and the building characteristics were examined. Window characteristics and heating system type were found to have the most significant influence on energy intensity. Establishing energy consumption characteristics of MURBs is the first step towards improving the energy efficiency of Toronto’s MURBs stock.