L’efficacité de la stimulation cérébrale profonde subthalamique dans certains cas de maladie de Parkinson est maintenant bien établie. Toutefois, des progrès restent possibles, à la fois en terme de contrôle du geste chirurgical et en terme de définition de la cible chirurgicale. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’optimisation du contrôle de l’implantation des électrodes de stimulation cérébrale profonde. Nous avons tout d’abord analysé rétrospectivement les résultats obtenus en réalisant une imagerie tridimensionnelle per-opératoire pour le contrôle de positionnement des électrodes. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à la possibilité d’utiliser un repère de visée radiologique per-opératoire. Nous avons revu pour cela une série de patients ayant subi une réimplantation d’électrodes, pour lesquels l’électrode déjà en place était utilisée comme point de repère à la fois pour définir la cible de la réimplantation et pour contrôler radiologiquement l’implantation de la nouvelle électrode. Dans la seconde partie, nous avons travaillé à l’optimisation de la cible subthalamique. Nous avons tout d’abord évalué la pertinence du repérage du faisceau mamillo-thalamique sur des coupes IRM axiales comme marqueur de la coordonnée y du bord antérieur du noyau subthalamique. Ensuite, nous avons tâché de proposer une normalisation tridimensionnelle de l’espace stéréotaxique à partir de données recueillies dans une série de volontaires sains. Enfin, pour une série de patients opérés avec un bon résultat, nous avons cherché à corréler la position des contacts actifs en stimulation chronique avec des points de repères profonds visibles en IRM. Nous avons pu proposer ainsi une cible normalisée dont les coordonnées sont : x = 0,44xbord latéral du V3 + 10,71mm; y = 0,69xfaisceau mamillothalamique + 1,62 mm ou 0,34 distance CACP + 2,52 mm; z = 0,72 hauteur du thalamus – 16 mm. Cette cible sera évaluée dans une future étude prospective. / The clinical efficacy of subthalamic deep brain stimulation is now well established. Nevertheless, progress is possible, regarding especially (1) the accuracy of electrodes implantation and (2) the definition of the surgical target. In the first part of this work, we worked on the optimization of DBS electrodes implantation. First, we analyzed retrospectively the results obtained by using intra-operative 3D imaging for the control of microelectrodes and definite leads placement. Thereafter, we considered the possibility to use a radiological landmark for intraoperative controls. To this end, we studied the cases of patients who underwent reimplantation of DBS electrodes. The initial electrode (still implanted) was used as a landmark: (1) for the deifntion of the reimplantation target and (2) for the radiological control of the new lead positioning. In the second part, we worked on the optimization of the surgical target. First, we assessed the interest of the mamillothalamic tract as a landmark of the anteroposterior coordinate of the anterior border of the STN in MR axial images. Thereafter, we tried to identify MR landmarks for tridimensionnal normalization of the stereotactic space. Finally, we tried to correlate the coordinates of active contacts with MR-defined landmarks in a series of patients that had been operated with good clinical results. Based on our results, we can propose the following coordinates for a new normalized subthalamic target : x = 0.44xlat edge 3rd ventricle + 10.71mm; y = 0.69xmamillo-thalamic tract + 1.62 mm or 0.34 ACPC length + 2.52 mm; z = 0.72xthalamus height – 16 mm. We will assess this target in a future prospective study.

This dissertation gives a comprehensive picture of the press organs of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in the district of Pardubice during the so-called normalization. The first chapter describes the historical contexts of this era, particularly changes in policy after the onset of Gustáv Husák at the head of the Communist Party in April 1969. With this change is related to another topic: extensive purges in the Communist Party, which took place in 1970. The second chapter focuses on changes in the media at the beginning of normalization, in particular the abolition of some periodicals and restoring censorship, and changes in the cultural field, especially strengthening the focus on the Soviet Union, the emergence of new artists' unions and various legal regulation in order to strengthen ideological supervision of the this sphere . The third and fourth sections are devoted East Bohemian press: daily newspaper Pochodeň, published in Hradec Králové, and Pardubice district newspaper Zář. It briefly describes the history of these newspapers and their effect during the Prague Spring and subsequent developments in normalization. Attention is then focussed mainly on their cultural sections and their scope, content and authors of articles. Analysis of the articles from the cultural sections provides...

The thesis "Czech music journalism focused on rock music during the period of normalization" reflects the position and importance of Czech rock music journalism within the structure and development of normalization of the media system. It is brought back through the oral historical research based on authentic evidence of their protagonists. It defines the initial prerequisites (ideological, political and socio-cultural) which are important to understand the circumstances under which rock music could be created and developed into an institution. It all depended on the confrontational attitude of communist power towards rock music generally. The next methodic element how to fulfill the defined goals is descriptive and comparative perspective. On this basis there is confronted official and samizdat's area of magazine production on the example of chosen periodicals. There also belong other qualitative aspects of music journalism (personalization, professionalization and every day editorial job). At the end the accepted conclusions are supported by the analysis and interpretation of chosen cultural and music events. They are divided by the method of their media coverage from official and samizdat periodicals.

Thesis The Image of the Lifestlyle in the Period of Normalization according the Chatař Journal deals with the lifestyle in Czechoslovakia from the viewpoint of magazine Chatař. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the cottage dwelling, its development and expansion in the so-called normalization period, with particular impact on the daily lives of Czechoslovakian citizens. Part of the thesis describes the development and theoretical backround of the leisure time. The thesis also emphasizes the role of media in the Prague Spring process, as well as the role in the period of so-called normalization in social-polical area. Answering of research the research questions is based on quantitative content research and historical approach to particular thematic units. Part of the research also refers to the questionnaire survey. The magazine was an extraordinary source of informations in the period of normalization.

This thesis deals with the life and work of two pastors of the Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren, Alfréd Kocáb and Jiří Doležal, between 1968-1989. For this research the oral history method was used. The thesis contains a selection of interviews, which the author conducted with the pastors in spring 2013, and an interpretation of them according to the rules of the discipline of oral history. Preceding to the interviews available materials related to both pastors were studied, which are mainly documents in church and state archives, but also interviews with contemporaries of both pastors. The aim of this thesis is to create a platform to the pastors to speak, so that they can present their life and work according to their memories and comment various events, which constituted them. The two pastors represent two different wings in the ECCB in that period. In this way, these two concepts and accents of life and theology are entering into a mutual dialog. Through two life testimonies we can pars pro toto observe the life of the church and the country in the difficult years 1968-1989. The second aim of the work was to create new historical sources in the form of recordings of interviews and transcriptions of them.

The diploma thesis "Media Construction of the Past: Image of the Period of Normalization in the Czech Non-fiction Television Shows after the Year 2006" looks into media construction during normalization period in television shows, which mark themselves as journalistic. The two following methods are used to analyze chosen thematic units broadcasted between the years 2007-2012: quantitative content analysis and semiotic analysis. Content analysis besides other things provides information about the frequency of occurrence of specialists in the field of social sciences, both movies and period footage as well as Slovak speaking people in non- fiction television shows such as Retro, Historie.cs, Víkend and Střepiny. Semiotic analysis notices denotative meaning of two examined units as well as opening jingle of Retro and Historie.cs shows and subsequently interprets used components. Based on this interpretation myths associated with construction of both normalization and the past are deciphered. Chapters dedicated to research are complemented by methodological part, which familiarizes with the technique of researches and explains differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as the theoretical part, which brings insight into media representation, media construction, and relationship...

Master thesis Zlatý máj - Magazine about Children's Literature and Art and the Personality of Z. K. Slabý follows foundation and history of Czechoslovak literary journal Zlatý máj. It has been published from September 1956 till December 1997, when 391 issues came out in forty one volumes. The magazine experienced its golden era in 1960s, when it participated not only in domestic, but also in international discussions about children and youth literature. But it also endured through the time of so called normalization (1969 - 1989), when most of literary or cultural magazines perished, and its final end was brought by lack of finance after formation of democratic Czech Republic. The name of writer and literary critic Zdeněk Karel Slabý has been tied to Zlatý máj for the most of its existence. He acted at first as the redactor, in two periods as editor in chief (1968 - 1971, 1990 - 1992) and at last as a member of board of editors. As a part of his job, but also because of his active and creative nature he shaped or co-shaped the image of Zlatý máj. His authorial signature is visible in his texts, his opinions and preferences formed the sections and content of the magazine. Master thesis analyses the work of Z. K. Slabý and defines its place and importance in context of the literary theory and critique.

Alors que les politiques de santé sont passées au cours des dix dernières années d'un traitement de la procréation en contexte VIH comme une « exception » à un discours de « normalisation », la thèse vise à comprendre les conditions et les effets de cette évolution. L'enquête ethnographique a été conduite sur une période de dix ans auprès de personnes vivant avec le VIH sous thérapie antirétrovirale, de femmes vivant avec le VIH ayant eu une expérience de procréation, et de professionnels de santé intervenant en PTME dans deux structures de santé de la reproduction au Sénégal. Cette étude met en lumière un « système moral » de la prévention du VIH, contradictoire à certains égards, qui offre aux femmes peu de moyens socialement acceptables pour se protéger du risque VIH. La procréation peut être perçue comme une stratégie pour réaffirmer une identité féminine, tester la capacité d'un corps « normalisé » par les ARV à enfanter sans transmettre le VIH, raffermir les liens conjugaux en souffrance et réduire les risques de stigmatisation sociale. Ces logiques ne sont pas toujours comprises par des professionnels de santé « spécialistes du VIH » souvent débordés dans la prise en charge médicale et psychosociale des PvVIH, qui soutiennent peu ces processus. Les hommes vivant avec le VIH apparaissent isolés, fragiles, voire « oubliés » . Ce travail montre les multiples usages sociaux de la procréation : objet d'émulation, de résistance, de souffrance et de rivalité pour les femmes VIH et leurs conjoints. Parallèlement à la normalisation « décrétée » par les instances de santé publique, les femmes vivant avec le VIH se sont réapproprié la possibilité de procréer. / Since the last decade has seen a transition from treating childbearing in the context of HIV as an “exception” to a discourse of “normalization,” this dissertation aims to understand the conditions and effects of this change. This ethnographic survey was conducted over a period of ten years among people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy, women living with HIV who experienced childbearing and healthcare professionals working in PMTCT in two reproductive health facilities in Senegal. This study sheds lights on a “moral system” for HIV prevention, contradictory in some respects, that provides women few socially acceptable means to protect themselves from the risk of HIV. Childbearing may be perceived as a strategy to reaffirm female identity, test the capacity of a body made “normal” by ARVs to give birth without transmitting HIV, strengthening strained marital bonds, and reducing the risk of social stigmatization. Men living with HIV appear isolated, fragile, unsupported, and even “forgotten” relative to childbearing while they themselves are suffering or are affected by the situations of their wives or families. Health professionals now integrate HIV counseling and testing in their practices but continue to project attitudes of “exception” about treating PLHIV and pregnant HIV-Positive women. This study shows the various social uses of childbearing : a subject leading to emulation, resistance, suffering, and rivalry for women living with HIV and their spouses. Alongside the normalization “decreed” by public health officials, women living with HIV have reclaimed the possibility to procreate.

The thesis "The Party of the Expelled" in the Český Krumlov and Prachatice district 1970-1980 through the research of regional context deepens the knowledge of the process of establishment and legitimization of Normalization in the periphery of the Czech borderland. On the basis of archival materials, mainly from the District Committees of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) in Český Krumlov and Prachatice and other sources within the Party hierarchy, it tries to map the course of the consolidation process and party purges in 1970. Compared to nationwide data, it attempts to capture the specifics of the Czechoslovakian periphery. The main task of the thesis is to analyze various fate of excluded members of the KSČ: the so-called "Party of the Expelled." The analysis focuses on their diverse life trajectories and ways of dealing with separation from the party collective, with special regard to the various loyalties that these people were tied to the party, to the society, workplaces and, last but not least, to each other. Through this analysis, the role of this segment of the population in establishing the legitimacy of the Normalization regime is shown. Since the purges resulted in the disadvantagement of a significant number of qualified workforce, they are interpreted as a process of...

The diploma thesis deals with forms and strategies of interference of Secret police and opposition during 1970s and 1980s. Strategies are monitored both from the side of dissent and Secret police. In the first chapter the opposite manuals for contact with Secret police are introduced. These form basic relationship delimitation of dissent and Secret police from the view of opposition. In the second part of the first chapter the manuals are embedded into wider context of legal consciousness, which represented basic element of mutual interference of these two groups. In the second chapter the strategies and methods of Secret police, which were used in the battle against "the enemy within", are introduced. Besides specific precautions used against dissidents the material and technical superiority of Secret police, which was used in the conflict against opposition, is noticeable. The final chapter represents categorization of strategies and approaches, which were chose by dissidents in contact with Secret police. The categorization originated on the basis of several factors - the character of dissidents, their experience with security authorities but also the activity, which was practised in the framework of opposite environment, belonged among them. Resulting text shows how much the worlds of dissent...