Nous proposons d'exploiter la convection thermomagnétique, phénomène caractéristique des Ferro fluides, pour améliorer les transferts de chaleur dans les transformateurs. Les équations régissant le système se composent des équations de Navier-Stokes dans l'approximation de Boussinesq, de l'équation de la conservation de l'énergie et des équations de la magnétostatique. Les simulations sont menées avec notre code de recherche parallélisé SFEMaNS (Spectral/Finite Element for Maxwell and Navier-Stokes) pour des géométries axisymétriques, utilisant une décomposition spectrale dans la direction azimutale et des éléments finis de Lagrange dans le plan méridien. Afin de résoudre ce problème spécifique, divers développements sont apportés à SFEMaNS, tels que l'implémentation des forces magnétiques de Kelvin et de Helmholtz. Le code est d'abord appliqué au refroidissement d'un solénoïde dans une cuve cylindrique contenant de l'huile de transformateur ou un ferrofluide à base d'huile de transformateur. Les résultats montrent que l'utilisation du ferrofluide diminue la température maximale du système grâce à la convection thermomagnétique et au changement des propriétés thermophysiques du fluide. L'influence de différents paramètres (fraction volumique de nanoparticules, présence d'un cœur ferromagnétique, propriétés magnétiques des nanoparticules) est étudiée. En particulier, les simulations confirment l'intérêt des nanoparticules magnétiques à faible température de Curie. Nous montrons également sur cet exemple que deux densités de force magnétique égales à un gradient près, telles que les forces de Kelvin et de Helmholtz, donnent le même écoulement. Un bon accord qualitatif est trouvé entre les résultats numériques et expérimentaux utilisant de l'huile de transformateur ou du ferrofluide. Le code est ensuite appliqué au refroidissement d'un système proche d'un transformateur de 40 kVA (20 kV/400 V). Les résultats montrent à nouveau une réduction de la température maximale grâce au ferrofluide. / We propose to make use of thermomagnetic convection, a characteristic phenomenon of ferrofluids, to improve heat transfer in transformers. The governing equations consist in the Navier-Stokes equations under the Boussinesq approximation, the energy conservation equation and the magnetostatics equations. The simulations are performed with the in-house parallel code SFEMaNS (Spectral/Finite Element for Maxwell and Navier-Stokes) for axisymmetric geometries, using a spectral decomposition in the azimuthal direction and Lagrange finite elements in the meridian plane. In order to solve this specific problem, various developments are brought to SFEMaNS, such as the implementation of the Kelvin and Helmholtz magnetic forces. The code is first applied to the cooling of a coil in a cylindrical tank containing either transformer oil or transformer oil-based ferrofluid. The results show that the use of the ferrofluid reduces the maximum temperature in the system due to thermomagnetic convection and the change of the fluid thermophysical properties. The influence of different parameters (volume fraction of nanoparticles, presence of a ferromagnetic core, nanoparticle magnetic properties) is investigated. In particular, the simulations confirm the benefit of magnetic nanoparticles with a low Curie temperature. We also show on this example that two magnetic body forces equal up to a gradient, such as the Kelvin and Helmholtz forces, give the same flow. A good qualitative agreement is found between the numerical and experimental results using transformer oil or ferrofluid. The code is then applied to the cooling of an electromagnetic system close to a 40 kVA (20 kV/400 V) transformer. The results show again a reduction of the maximum temperature when using ferrofluid.

In 2018, the City Architect's Office prepared an idea urban design competition that outlined the direction of the overall solution of Mendl Square. The winning proposal is based on an overall change in transport organisation. The intention was therefore to plan the revitalization at the same time as the planned repair of the steam pipe, which will take place from April to September 2021. And as if fate wanted it 2021 is the anniversary of 200 years since J. G. Mendel – the founder of genetics, after whom the square is named. The aim of revitalization is to minimize the unattractiveness and dysfunction of the space. In this way, significantly change the comfortable conditions of the transfer node. The aim of this thesis is to break down critical points from the point of view of pedestrian traffic and subsequently to establish effective steps leading to their optimisation. The thesis also deals with the new Smart City field and its use for the collection of experimental data that could be used to improve input data in the creation of numerical models of public spaces.

The main goal of this research is to quantitatively assess the resilience and vulnerability of geotechnical infrastructure to extreme events under a changing climate. In the first part, pertinent facts and statistics regarding California’s extreme drought and current status of its levees are presented. Weakening processes such as soil strength reduction, soil desiccation cracking, land subsidence and surface erosion, and oxidation of soil organic carbon are comprehensively evaluated to illustrate the devastating impacts that the California drought can have on earthen structures. In the second part, rainfall-triggered slope instabilities are analyzed using extreme precipitation estimates, derived using the historical stationary and a proposed future nonstationary approach. The extremes are integrated into a series of fully coupled 2D finite element simulations. The final part of this study investigates the impact of simultaneous variations in soil moisture and temperature changes in the California region on soil strength through a proposed thermo-hydro-mechanical framework.

Several hydraulic loadings impose earthen levees to time-dependent variably saturated seepage conditions. The main objective of this study is to improve the analysis of levees under transient seepage with the use of unsaturated soil mechanics. An extensive set of laboratory testing, field monitoring and numerical modeling are performed to analyze a silty sand setback levee located near Seattle, WA. In-situ data obtained from field monitoring are used to monitor suction and effective stress within the levee’s embankment and foundation over the past two years. Soil samples taken from the site are used to perform index, water retention, and unsaturated multi-stage triaxial tests in the laboratory. A finite element model of transient seepage under saturated-unsaturated conditions is then developed and calibrated to reasonably match the field data. The results highlight the need to consider unsaturated soil mechanics along with climatic variables and soil-atmosphere interaction when analyzing levees under transient seepage conditions.

Studying the behavior of hydraulic structures under various extreme conditions is far beyond the reach of traditional build-test experimental methods. Following the typical method, it is necessary to provide the downscaled model to be used in the laboratory and determine various structural parameters against unforeseen scenarios, which should be mimicked in the laboratory. Usually, human and instrument errors as well as scale effects are some of the causes of inaccurate results; therefore, substitute methods have always been sought to determine the stability and efficiency of various hydraulic devices. The implementation of computer models, also referred to as numerical simulation, is one of the most efficient ways to reduce time and cost, and at the same time, add to the degree of confidence in the design process. Improvements in computational power of supercomputers in recent decades have led researchers and engineers to become familiar with these numerical models and implement them in various studies. One of the basic hydraulic structures that is widely used to measure the flow for open channels is the Parshall flume. Although the Parshall flume is simple to use, the application of various rating equations for different sizes highly affects the output value, which is the flowrate. To avoid this, appropriate rating equation must be developed for various sizes that are not listed in the standard Parshall flume size chart. With the help of the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) techniques, numerous turbulence models i.e., standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε, k-ω, k-ω SST, k-ω SST DES, Smagorinsky and Dynamic k equation, have been used to simulate different geometric setups for different sizes of Parshall flumes. The result from various families of turbulence models, i.e., Reynold Average Navier-Stokes (RANS), Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), used in this study, provide promising values with acceptable margins of error, which were found to be less than 3% in all cases except one. The application of numerical modeling to simulate the flow in Parshall flumes is used to verify the reliability of applying OpenFOAM as the open-source CFD used for all the simulations in this study. The data obtained from the numerical simulations are considered a reliable source to adjust the rating equation for any future non-standard Parshall flume. Overall, it should be pointed out that the quality of non-linear turbulence models, i.e., Shih-Q, LC, and v²-f, were considerably higher than those obtained using linear turbulence models.

No description available.

The accuracy of numerical models analyzing hydrologic and hydraulic processes depends largely on how well the input terrain data represents the earth's surface. Modelers obtain terrain data for a study area by performing surveys or by gathering historical survey data. If a modeler desires to create a predictive model to simulate the addition of man-made features such as channels, embankments and pits, he must modify the terrain data to include these features. Doing this by hand is tedious and time consuming. In 2001 Christensen implemented a tool in the Surface-water Modeling System (SMS) software package for integrating man-made geometric features into surveyed terrain data. He called this process feature stamping. While Christensen's feature stamping algorithms decrease the time and effort required to integrate geometric features into existing terrain data, they only function on centerline-based features having a constant trapezoidal cross-section. In addition to placing geometric limitations on the features they stamp, Christensen's feature stamping algorithms also possess several instabilities. These instabilities arise when stamping features that leave the bounds of the terrain data, and when modifying and re-stamping features that have already been stamped. This thesis presents changes and enhancements made to Christensen's feature stamping algorithms. These changes and enhancements completely eliminate the instabilities found in Christensen's feature stamping algorithms and make it possible for numerical modelers to stamp more complex geometric features having compound slopes, asymmetric cross-sections and varying cross-sections along their length. Finally, additional feature stamping algorithms make it possible to stamp radial features such as mounds and pits.

<p>Many future satellite applications in cislunar space require repeating, periodic transfers that shift away from some operational orbit and eventually return. Resonant orbits are investigated in the Earth-Moon Circular Restricted Three Body Problem (CR3BP) as a mechanism to enable these transfers. Numerous resonant orbit families possess a ratio of orbital period to lunar period that is sufficiently close to an integer ratio and can be exploited to uncover period-commensurate transfers due to their predictable periods. Resonant orbits also collectively explore large swaths of space, making it possible to select specific orbits that reach a region of interest. A framework for defining period-commensurate transfers is introduced that leverages the homoclinic connections associated with an unstable operating orbit to permit ballistic transfers that shuttle the spacecraft to a certain region. Resonant orbits are incorporated by locating homoclinic connections that possess resonant structures, and the applicability of these transfers is extended by optionally linking them to resonant orbits. In doing so, transfers are  available for in-orbit refueling/maintenance as well as surveillance/communications applications  that depart and return to the same phase in the operating orbit.</p>

<p>The last decade has seen a significant increase in activity within cislunar space. The quantity of missions to the Lunar vicinity will only continue to rise following the collab- orative effort between NASA, ESA, JAXA and the CSA to construct the Gateway space station. One significant engineering challenge is the design of trajectories that deliver space- craft to orbits in the Lunar vicinity. In response, this study employs multi-body dynamics to investigate the geometry of two-maneuver transfers to Earth-Moon libration point or- bits. Zero-Momentum Points are employed to investigate transfer behavior in the circular- restricted 3-body problem. It is found that these points along stable invariant manifolds indicate changes in transfer geometry and represent locations where transfers exhibit limit- ing behaviors. The analysis in the lower-fidelity model is utilized to formulate initial guesses that are transitioned to higher-fidelity, ephemeris models. Retaining the solution geometry of these guesses is prioritized, and adaptations to the transition strategy are presented to circumvent numerical issues. The presented methodologies enable the procurement of desir- able trajectories in higher-fidelity models that reflect the characteristics of the initial guess generated in the circular restricted 3-body problem.</p>

[pt] Desenvolveu-se estudo teórico e numérico para simular o comportamento tensão-deformação de solos e rochas. Procurou-se estabelecer modelagem constitutiva apta a representar as peculiaridades inerentes ao comportamento destes materiais sob grandes deformações e degradação da estrutura. Dentro do contexto geotécnico brasileiro, o objetivo da pesquisa foi, também, investigar uma nova abordagem constitutiva para modelar o comportamento de solos moles, solos residuais e rochas sedimentares. O trabalho está dividido nos seguintes tópicos: revisão bibliográfica; estudo de medidas de deformações e taxas objetivas de tensões; definição e desenvolvimento dos modelos constitutivos a serem testados; definição dos algoritmos de retorno para integração das equações constitutivas; implementação em elementos finitos; simulação do comportamento observado em ensaios de laboratório. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o comportamento viscoso da argila mole do Sarapuí pode ser reproduzido corretamente adotando-se modelo constitutivo viscoplástico. A abordagem de solo estruturado está condizente com o comportamento do arenito de Vila Velha. Por fim, para modelar o comportamento de solos residuais dentro de um novo quadro constitutivo, foi proposta uma separação das deformações irreversíveis. / [en] A theoretical and numerical study was developed to simulate the stressstrain behavior of soils and rocks, formulating constitutive models able to catch the peculiarities inherent to the behavior of these materials under large strains and structure degradation. Within the Brazilian geotechnical context, the objective of the research was also to investigate constitutive approaches to model the behavior of soft soils, residual soils and sedimentary rocks. The work is divided into the following topics: literature review; study of strain measurements and objective stress rates; definition and development of the constitutive models to be tested; definition of the return mapping algorithms for integrating the constitutive equations; finite element implementation; and simulation of the behavior observed in laboratory tests. Results indicate that the viscous behavior of the Sarapuí soft clay can be correctly reproduced by adopting a viscoplastic constitutive model. The structured soil approach appears to be consistent with the behavior of Vila Velha sandstone. Finally, a decomposition of irreversible strains was proposed to model the behavior of residual soils within a novel constitutive framework.