Ideofoner i svenska har inte studerats i någon större utsträckning. Fenomenet ideofoner har uppmärksammats mer i andra språk, främst i språk i delar av Asien och Afrika. Traditionellt har de betraktats som en underkategori till interjektioner. Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på hur ideofoner används i det svenska språket. För detta ändamål sammanställdes en lista på 20 vanliga svenska ideofoner. Därefter genomfördes en korpusundersökning på dessa ideofoner i korpusar bestående av skönlitterär text. Det totala antalet förekomster för varje ideofon noterades, samt antalet förekomster inom tre olika användningskategorier: Substantiv, Interjektioner och Övrigt. En likadan undersökning genomfördes därefter i en korpus bestående av barnbokstext och litteratur på lättläst svenska, för att se huruvida användningen av ideofoner skiljde sig åt här jämfört med i skönlitterär text. En majoritet av de undersökta ideofonerna förekom mer som substantiv i båda undersökningarna. Fördelningen av förekomster i de olika kategorierna var dock ojämnare i den skönlitterära korpusen, med en större andel substantivförekomster jämfört med korpusen med barnbokstext och litteratur på lättläst svenska. / Ideophones in Swedish have not been studied to any great extent. The phenomenon of ideophones has received more attention in other languages, mainly in languages in parts of Asia and Africa. Traditionally, they have been regarded as a subcategory of interjections. The purpose of this study is to find out how ideophones are used in the Swedish language. For this purpose, a list of 20 common Swedish ideophones was compiled. Subsequently, a corpus survey in corpora consisting of fiction literature was performed of the 20 ideophones. The total number of occurrences for each ideophone was noted, as well as the number of occurrences within three different groups of use: Nouns, Interjections and Other. A similar survey was then conducted in a corpus consisting of children's literature and literature in simple Swedish, to see whether the use of ideophones differed here compared to in fiction literature. It turned out that a majority of the examined ideophones occur mostly as nouns in both surveys. The distribution of occurrences in the different categories, however, was more uneven in the literary corpus, with a larger proportion of nouns compared to the corpus with children's literature and literature in simple Swedish.

A presente pesquisa foi elaborada com o objetivo de verificar empiricamente se o processo de criação de onomatopeias segue as regras das estruturas fonológica, silábica e grafemática do idioma alemão, além de determinar possíveis peculiaridades do processo de criação e uso de onomatopeias referentes às formas de realização oral e escrita. Apesar de utilizadas há muito tempo tanto na linguagem oral quanto na linguagem escrita, as onomatopeias ganharam um novo status quando passaram a ser utilizadas na linguagem das histórias em quadrinhos no século XX. A fim de compilar um corpus de onomatopeias orais e escritas, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa empírica para a coleta de dados e uma metodologia para analisar as onomatopeias. A metodologia proposta para a constituição do corpus e para a análise dos dados atendeu aos objetivos da pesquisa. As onomatopeias analisadas foram elicitadas de falantes da língua alemã a partir de quadros de histórias em quadrinhos em que estão representadas ações que produziriam um ruído. As onomatopeias originais não figuram nas cenas que foram apresentadas aos informantes tendo sido retiradas com a utilização de um editor digital de imagens. As onomatopeias sugeridas foram analisadas comparativamente em relação a cada um dos quadros, bem como em relação às formas oral e escrita para cada um dos quadros. Através da análise foi possível a constatação de tendências relativas à utilização de determinados fones para a representação de determinadas características sonoras, de acordo com a posição desses sons nas onomatopeias, corroborando as observações de NOGUEIRA (1950). Também constatamos tendências ao emprego de onomatopeias consagradas no idioma alemão, utilizadas com frequência quando havia a chance. Foi possível identificar aspectos do processo de imitação sonora através de meios linguísticos, além de peculiaridades referentes aos meios de realização oral e escrito. Constatou-se uma tendência à conformidade com os padrões linguísticos nas onomatopeias sugeridas de forma escrita, em relação àquelas sugeridas de forma oral. Também foi perceptível a utilização de recursos extralinguísticos, como a variação tonal, para a sugestão de movimentos realizados rapidamente ou de um corpo se movimentando rapidamente. Exceções e onomatopeias peculiares foram destacadas e discutidas ao longo da análise. / This research was conducted in order to verify empirically if the process of onomatopoeia creation follows the rules of the phonological, syllabic and graphematic structures of the German language, and to determine possible peculiarities of the processes of creation and use of onomatopoeia relating to oral and written media. Although used for a long time both in oral and written language, onomatopoeia gained a new status in the language of comics in the twentieth century. In order to compile a corpus of oral and written onomatopoeia, an empirical research to collect data was conducted, and a methodology was developed to analyze it. The proposed methodology and analysis of the data has met the research objectives. German speakers provided examples of onomatopoeia after being presented comics panels, in which were represented actions that would produce noises. The original onomatopoeia were not present in the panels shown to the informants. They were removed from the panels with a digital image editor. The thus provided onomatopoeia have been analyzed comparatively regarding each one of the comic panels, as well as concerning the oral and written media. Through the analysis, it was possible to evidence trends regarding the use of certain phones for the representation of specific sound characteristics concerning the position of these sounds in the onomatopoeia, thus endorsing the observations from NOGUEIRA (1950). There was also a tendency to the use of already established German onomatopoeia, when possible. It was possible to identify certain aspects of sound imitation process on basis of linguistic resources, as well as peculiarities related to oral and written media. A tendency towards conformity to the linguistic patterns was verified in the onomatopoeia provided in writing form, compared with those provided in oral form. It was also noticed the use of extra linguistic expressions, such as pitch variation for suggesting movements performed quickly or the quick moving of an object or a person. Exceptions and peculiar onomatopoeia were characterized and discussed along the analysis.

<p>The focus of this essay is on examining the meanings of the <em>onomatopoeia</em> (sound imitating words) <em>snap, crack</em> and <em>pop</em>. Previous studies on onomatopoeia and sound symbolism are used to define the terms and create a model for an alternative categorization of these meanings. This model is then applied in a corpus study, conducted on the COCA (Corpus Of Contemporary American English) and BYU-BNC (The British National Corpus) corpora, to find a way to more accurately describe the meanings and functions of these words.  For this purpose the context in which <em>snap, crack</em> and<em> pop</em> are used is also addressed by observing how frequently they occur in formal and informal texts and which adjectives and adverbs frequently modify them. In the study it was discovered that these three words took on many different meanings that would be hard to list separately in a dictionary. These meanings did follow a pattern linked to the properties associated with the word. The study found <em>snap, crack and pop</em> to be informal words with a tendency to add emotion or effect to a statement. It is therefore concluded that sorting onomatopoeia by sound and non sound-related meaning and describing the informal characteristics of these words leads to a greater understanding of how they are used.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Arbitrariness, <em>crack</em>, emotive, ideophones, mimetics, mimes, non-arbitrariness, onomatopoeia, phenomimes, phonomimes, <em>pop</em>, psychomimes, register, semantics, <em>snap</em>, sound symbolism and style.</p>

A presente pesquisa foi elaborada com o objetivo de verificar empiricamente se o processo de criação de onomatopeias segue as regras das estruturas fonológica, silábica e grafemática do idioma alemão, além de determinar possíveis peculiaridades do processo de criação e uso de onomatopeias referentes às formas de realização oral e escrita. Apesar de utilizadas há muito tempo tanto na linguagem oral quanto na linguagem escrita, as onomatopeias ganharam um novo status quando passaram a ser utilizadas na linguagem das histórias em quadrinhos no século XX. A fim de compilar um corpus de onomatopeias orais e escritas, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa empírica para a coleta de dados e uma metodologia para analisar as onomatopeias. A metodologia proposta para a constituição do corpus e para a análise dos dados atendeu aos objetivos da pesquisa. As onomatopeias analisadas foram elicitadas de falantes da língua alemã a partir de quadros de histórias em quadrinhos em que estão representadas ações que produziriam um ruído. As onomatopeias originais não figuram nas cenas que foram apresentadas aos informantes tendo sido retiradas com a utilização de um editor digital de imagens. As onomatopeias sugeridas foram analisadas comparativamente em relação a cada um dos quadros, bem como em relação às formas oral e escrita para cada um dos quadros. Através da análise foi possível a constatação de tendências relativas à utilização de determinados fones para a representação de determinadas características sonoras, de acordo com a posição desses sons nas onomatopeias, corroborando as observações de NOGUEIRA (1950). Também constatamos tendências ao emprego de onomatopeias consagradas no idioma alemão, utilizadas com frequência quando havia a chance. Foi possível identificar aspectos do processo de imitação sonora através de meios linguísticos, além de peculiaridades referentes aos meios de realização oral e escrito. Constatou-se uma tendência à conformidade com os padrões linguísticos nas onomatopeias sugeridas de forma escrita, em relação àquelas sugeridas de forma oral. Também foi perceptível a utilização de recursos extralinguísticos, como a variação tonal, para a sugestão de movimentos realizados rapidamente ou de um corpo se movimentando rapidamente. Exceções e onomatopeias peculiares foram destacadas e discutidas ao longo da análise. / This research was conducted in order to verify empirically if the process of onomatopoeia creation follows the rules of the phonological, syllabic and graphematic structures of the German language, and to determine possible peculiarities of the processes of creation and use of onomatopoeia relating to oral and written media. Although used for a long time both in oral and written language, onomatopoeia gained a new status in the language of comics in the twentieth century. In order to compile a corpus of oral and written onomatopoeia, an empirical research to collect data was conducted, and a methodology was developed to analyze it. The proposed methodology and analysis of the data has met the research objectives. German speakers provided examples of onomatopoeia after being presented comics panels, in which were represented actions that would produce noises. The original onomatopoeia were not present in the panels shown to the informants. They were removed from the panels with a digital image editor. The thus provided onomatopoeia have been analyzed comparatively regarding each one of the comic panels, as well as concerning the oral and written media. Through the analysis, it was possible to evidence trends regarding the use of certain phones for the representation of specific sound characteristics concerning the position of these sounds in the onomatopoeia, thus endorsing the observations from NOGUEIRA (1950). There was also a tendency to the use of already established German onomatopoeia, when possible. It was possible to identify certain aspects of sound imitation process on basis of linguistic resources, as well as peculiarities related to oral and written media. A tendency towards conformity to the linguistic patterns was verified in the onomatopoeia provided in writing form, compared with those provided in oral form. It was also noticed the use of extra linguistic expressions, such as pitch variation for suggesting movements performed quickly or the quick moving of an object or a person. Exceptions and peculiar onomatopoeia were characterized and discussed along the analysis.

The aim of this essay is to examine whether language is iconic or arbitrary in the issue of onomatopoeia, i.e. whether animal sounds are represented in the same way in different languages. In addition, I will also look at onomatopoeical words which have been conventionalised, when the meaning broadened and they finally became part of ordinary language. It can be stated that arbitrary signs have slowly taken over as different languages have developed, but the reason why is a topic for discussion – is there a scientific cause, based on the theory of evolution, or an explanation found in religious myths? Whatever the reason is, it is not likely that iconicity will vanish totally. It is connected to human neurophysiology and an ancient part of language, a natural resemblance between an object and a sign which can exist in different forms. Onomatopoeia is one example of iconic signs, an object named after the sound it produces, and according to one theory conventionalised imitations is actually the origin of language. Nevertheless, there are two main categories – language being either iconic or arbitrary. Regarding onomatopoeia, my results suggest that language is only iconic to a limited extent. English and Swedish have some common representations of animal sounds, but the languages also differ in many ways. Conventionalising seems common in both languages and many of the words in my survey have been incorporated in dictionaries, representing more than only the sound of a certain animal.

Japanese is a language rich in onomatopoeic and mimetic words, words that mimic sounds and other phenomena with their form. They are an integral part of the language and are used in nearly all situations, they also pose their own peculiar challenge to both learners and translators of Japanese. This study examines the Japanese onomatopoeic and mimetic words in the novel Sensei no kaban by Hiromi Kawakami, and their translations in its Finnish translation, to determine what techniques are most commonly used and why? As Finnish is also said to have a rich onomatopoeic and mimetic vocabulary, the frequency at which these terms are translated into equivalent onomatopoeic or mimetic words is also examined. The results show that the majority of the Japanese onomatopoeic and mimetic words, most of which function as adverbs, are translated as adverbs or verbs or they are completely omitted. Exactly a quarter of the examined cases have been translated using onomatopoeic or mimetic words, most of which are verbs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reginaldo Donizetti dos Santos.pdf: 786409 bytes, checksum: 6c63a792a77a93121a18446591ea7d71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / Oral communication reigned absolute since the dawn of civilization until, with the cultures development, the emergence of writing revolutionized the way knowledge was recorded and preserved. In the quest to better understand the dichotomy between oral communication and writing, this paper discusses the linguistic peculiarities present in hinterland spontaneous language. Thus, it was decided to use as the corpus of the analysis in this thesis the tale Meu tio o Iauaretê, from the author João Guimarães Rosa (JGR), a natural of Minas Gerais, whose protagonist Tonho Tigreiro supposed metamorphoses into a jaguar that kills enemies merging revenge, hatred and regret, making use of an oral blending linguistic phenomena characterized by neologisms and onomatopoeia. From the review of the production of scholars on the subject as Preti, Bakhtin, Marcuschi, Ullmann among others, the objective of this study could be summarized in the following question: Which signs of orality present in the analyzed text feature the ordinary and everyday speech of the countryman and what are the most frequent linguistic peculiarities in there? Among the findings, it is observed that JGR celebrates cultural diversity and combat, by the language used in the text treatment, the possible biases in ordinary speech so common in the free use of orality and writing in everyday language practice, which also proposes a review of concepts like right , wrong , appropriate for the use of the language in certain communicative moments / A oralidade reinou absoluta desde os primórdios da civilização, até que, com o desenvolvimento das culturas, o surgimento da escrita revolucionou a forma como o conhecimento passou a ser registrado e preservado. Na busca de melhor compreender a aparente dicotomia entre a modalidade oral e a escrita, este trabalho discute as peculariedades linguísticas orais presentes na linguagem espontânea sertaneja. Assim, decidiu-se utilizar como corpus de análise desta dissertação o conto Meu tio o Iauaretê, do mineiro João Guimarães Rosa (JGR), cujo protagonista Tonho Tigreiro supostamente se metamorfoseia em onça mesclando vingança, ódio e arrependimento, valendo-se de uma oralidade que mistura fenômenos linguageiros caracterizados por neologismos e onomatopeias. A partir da revisão da produção de estudiosos do tema como Preti, Bakhtin, Marcuschi, Ullmann entre outros, o objetivo do estudo pôde ser sintetizado na seguinte indagação: Quais marcas de oralidade presentes no texto analisado caracterizam a fala cotidiana e corriqueira do sertanejo e quais são as peculiaridades linguageiras mais frequentes? Entre os achados, verifica-se que JGR exalta a diversidade cultural e combate, mediante o tratamento linguístico utilizado no texto, possíveis preconceitos à fala corriqueira tão frequente nos usos livres da oralidade e da escrita na prática cotidiana da língua, o que faz rever posicionamentos acerca de conceitos como certo , errado , apropriado quanto ao uso da língua em determinados momentos comunicativos

La littérature chinoise contemporaine, presque inconnue il y a une trentaine d’années en France, commence aujourd’hui à occuper une place que l’on ne peut plus ignorer. Notre étude, qui présentera d’abord un panorama de la traduction et de la réception de cette littérature en France (1981-2012), s’efforcera ensuite d’explorer en détail des aspects techniques de la traduction : étudier les stratégies mises en place, mettre en valeur les efforts tentés par les traducteurs et analyser des difficultés et problèmes de traduction existants. Une telle recherche descriptive et analytique portera sur six objets de traduction, qui constituent toutes des défis traductologiques : “graphie et dessin des caractères chinois’’, “jeux de mots’’, “proverbes’’, “xiehouyu’’, “onomatopées’’ et “discours direct sub-libre’’, ceci dans le cadre de trente-quatre traductions de sept écrivains contemporains : Mo Yan 莫言, Su Tong 苏童, Yu Hua 余华, Bi Feiyu 毕飞宇, Chi Li 池莉, A Cheng 阿城 et Jia Pingwa 贾平凹. L’exploration des stratégies s’effectuera dans une approche dialectique qui va bien au-delà des dichotomies théoriques opposant radicalement l’auteur et le lecteur. En étudiant convergences, diversités et complexités de pratiques, nous tenterons d’apporter un éclairage sur des facteurs qui influencent ou régissent l’agir du traducteur, et ceci de façon ciblée selon chacun des six objets étudiés. Loin de vouloir dresser une liste des inadéquations, pertes ou erreurs de traduction, ou encore donner des injonctions, nous espérons attirer l’attention sur les réelles contraintes ou difficultés que les traducteurs du chinois rencontrent durant leur travail, et susciter des occasions de réflexion. / Chinese contemporary literature, while almost unknown thirty or more years ago in France, begins to occupy a place we can non longer ignore. In the present work, after presenting a panorama of the translation and the reception of this literature in France (1981-2012), we will try to explore in detail some technical aspects of its translation : strategies used by the translators and the efforts they make when facing translation problems. Being a descriptive and analytical research, it will deal with six translation objects : “spelling and image of Chinese characters’’, “wordplay’’, “proverbs’’, “xiehouyu’’, “onomatopoeia’’ and “sub free direct discourse’’, taking into account thirty four translations of seven Chinese contemporary writers : Mo Yan 莫言, Su Tong 苏童, Yu Hua 余华, Bi Feiyu 毕飞宇, Chi Li 池莉, A Cheng 阿城 and Jia Pingwa 贾平凹. The analysis of different strategies will be done in an dialectic approach which aims to overcome theoretical dichotomies opposing radically the author and the reader. While studying convergences, diversities and complexities of methods, we will try to shed light on factors that influence or govern the choices of the translator, in a targeted manner, according to each of the six studied objects. Far from establishing a list of unsuitable choices, losses and translation mistakes or issuing instructions, we wish to draw attention to the real constraints or difficulties that translators of the Chinese language come across during their work, and offer opportunity for thought.

本計畫擬於優選理論 (Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004) 框架下，探討現代華語擬聲詞在音韻上的特點與表現，並分析優選理如何論操作單音節及雙音節輸入項所衍生出的雙音節擬聲詞，進而完全或部分重疊成三音節及四音節華語擬聲詞。擬聲詞為模仿自然界中的聲音形成的詞彙，但並非隨意衍生形成，仍然需要遵循語言的構詞及音韻規律，才能衍生成為合法詞彙並順暢地使用。在華語音韻研究方面，歷來學者對於擬聲詞的討論並不豐富詳盡，因此本碩士論文便嘗試探討華語雙音節、三音節及四音節擬聲詞在音韻分析中的樣貌。 重疊在漢語擬聲詞中為極為常見的現象。如現代華語中單音節的「咕」與雙音節的「咕咕」；雙音節的「滴答」與四音節的「滴滴答答」。故擬聲詞衍生中的重疊機制為本計畫中主要討論議題，此外由於華語擬聲詞結構在音段選擇中展現一致性，故另聚焦於固定音段， 如邊音/l/及前元音/i/在現代華語擬聲詞中高度頻繁地出現，我將對其起源提出假設並分析，如現代華語「劈哩啪啦」的/l/及/i/。而華語雙音節擬聲詞的來源二分為單音節輸入項及雙音節輸入項亦為討論對象。 最後預期華語擬聲詞大致符合現代華語成詞的語法，但進行重疊時與實詞相異，語意因素不會成為衍生動機；經由優選理論分析，從音韻結構角度切入，不僅可了解華語擬聲詞衍生的制約排序，亦更加了解其音韻構詞規範，且與實詞如形容詞進行重疊時的制約排序進行比較，說明華語擬聲詞在衍生過程中傾向遵循邊緣音韻規則，與其他實詞多依據核心音韻 規則的狀況大異其趣。以此為基石去了解其他漢語方言對於擬聲成詞的標準，甚或研究日語、韓語中豐富的擬聲詞，便能構擬出擬聲成詞更具體且具有說服力的語法規則。 / In this thesis, the generation of Modern Mandarin disyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic onomatopoeia under phonological viewpoint via Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004) approach will be discussed. In my M.A. Thesis ‘An OT analysis of Mandarin Onomatopoeia’, four factors motivated this study. First, the different sources of Mandarin disyllabic onomatopoeia which I thought there are monosyllabic and disyllabic inputs aroused my interests. Second, there are some similarities of Mandarin onomatopoeia between Mandarin core lexicons. Third, the reduplication mechanism in Mandarin onomatopoeia will be taken as a main point in this study. For example, in Modern Mandarin ‘gu’ (Sound of bird sing once) will extend into ‘gugu’ (Sound of birdsong) under total reduplication. Finally, the issue concerning what will be the best choice when Mandarin onomatopoeia is reduplicated with fixed segmentism also plays an important role in this study. For instance, the /l/ and /i/ in Modern Mandarin’s ‘pilipala’ (Sound of many things falling). Onomatopoeias have their special function as sound-imitating icons. They are not the words which are formed by arbitrary but by the rules. They sometimes violate phonological structures of the language in which they occur; hence they belong to the peripheral phonology rather than core one. The Mandarin onomatopoeia is different from Mandarin content words; they are not motivated by semantic factors. So the Chinese onomatopoeia generation analysis via OT approach supplies not only the morpho-phonological constraints but also the comparison of peripheral words between content words. I would like to assume that the Mandarin onomatopoeia generation follows the peripheral phonological rules. This study will provide as a basement to study on other Chinese language’s onomatopoeia or even onomatopoeia in Tibetan, Japanese and Korean.

This dissertation examines the relationship between phonetic sound and content in Latin poetry, with a focus on Books 1-3 of Horace's Odes. The central argument is that a relationship exists between sound and content in poetry, that this can be analysed and described more thoroughly and systematically than is usually the case, and that the appreciation of poetry can be enhanced by doing so. Part 1 presents a scheme for describing the sound-content relationship, and argues that this accurately reflects the perceptions of poetic audiences and is psychologically valid. The scheme begins with the concept of the 'sonance', defined as any set of sounds that renders a passage sonically noteworthy. Sonances that relate to content are classified either as 'harmonic sonances', which relate to content due to the properties of the relevant sounds, or 'repetitive sonances', which relate to content purely due to the repetition (including patterning or contrasting) of sounds, regardless of their properties. Harmonic sonances, it is argued, may relate to content through four 'harmonies', depending on whether acoustic or articulatory properties are involved and whether the relationship is one of similarity between property and content or a more distant 'metaphor'. Repetitive sonances may relate to content by several different means, or 'modes of repetition'. Part 2 presents a simple method of numerical analysis which may be applied to the text by computer to extract passages that are relatively likely to contain a sonance, and briefly discusses the process of assessing these results, identifying further sonances by more natural means, and relating each sonance to the relevant content. As an essential preliminary to such matters, Latin phonetics and phonology are also discussed in detail. Parts 3 and 4 present the results of applying these resources of assessment and description to the text, to demonstrate the type of poetic appreciation which may thus be gained. Part 3 consists of two catalogues of harmonic and repetitive sonances taken from the whole of Odes 1-3. Part 4 is a specific examination of two entire odes in much greater detail. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Humanities, 2004.