Background: Lack of trained staff is the most important issue during the pandemics. In addition, nurses need adequate training sessions to act efficiently. Literature show that nurses in various parts of the world were not prepared for Covid-19 pandemic even those who had experienced other pandemics before. Pandemic management strategies like continuous training and education for health care staff can be a success factor. Nurses also need soft skills like interpersonal skills, stress management and problem solving to care for patients in an emergency like pandemic. All health care staff need to receive latest information about the new disease, and they need to have enough knowledge bout infectious diseases, personal protective equipment and infection control. Considering previous research, it is crucial to recognize knowledge and skills needed for care in a pandemic situation especially based on the perceptions of nurses who have experience of working in a pandemic. Aim: This study aimed to identify knowledge and skills that nurses with experience of working with hospitalized Covid-19 patients in Sweden perceive as crucial to be prepared for a pandemic. Method: Individual in-depth interviews were used to collect data from 7 nurses who had the experience of working with hospitalized covid-19 patients and qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Result: Data analysis led to three categories that revealed manifest content of data which represents nursing knowledge and skills that were perceived crucial by nurses with experience of working with covid-19 patients: (1) Knowledge and skills empowering nurses to lower the pressure on themselves, (2) Knowledge and skills empowering nurses to support others, and (3) Knowledge and skills needed for a safe nursing care Conclusion: Considering the huge effect of the covid-19 pandemic on the health care system and the possibility of pandemics in the future because of climate change, it is crucial to increase the preparedness for these emergencies. This preparedness can be achieved by continuous training and education about pandemics, infectious diseases, and the crucial knowledge and skills needed in confronting them.

When the Corona pandemic left its mark on Swedish society in the spring of 2020, the Swedish Public Health Agency began to introduce general advice and recommendations to avoid risky behaviours and thus reduce the spread of infection. Not least established media work to ensure that the public is kept up to date on risks related to the corona pandemic, but there is concern about influencers' attitudes to these risks on social media. This is because of their influence on their followers. The purpose of this study was to investigate how young females experience the reliability of different sources about risks related to the corona pandemic, and how they experience that influencers relate to the risks on social media and whether this has an impact on their own understanding of and behavior in relation to the risks. This with the help of the theories two-step hypothesis and risk culture, as well as qualitative semi-structured interviews with six young women between 18-25. The results show that the respondents see influencers on social media as role models but turn primarily to the Swedish Public Health Agency and established news media for reliable information about risks related to the corona pandemic - rather than to influencers. Respondents agree that influencers generally send misleading signals about the risks on social media. But despite primary trust in the public health authority's and established media, influencers have to some extent an impact on respondents' understanding of and behavior in relation to risks. Influencers' undesirable behavior in relation to the risks makes it more difficult for the respondents to determine whether the Public Health Agency's advice and recommendations apply and contributes to the respondents being more natural to behave in a similar, undesirable way.

In 2020, COVID-19 spread worldwide, and a state of pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization. Female sex workers are in many ways dependant on the social conditions of society and have, throughout time, been considered as a highly victimized group. This study aims to gain insight into the changes and consequences the COVID-19 pandemic has had on female sex workers in Sweden by conducting semi-structured interviews with individuals who, through their employment, have connections to female sex workers. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed four themes that describe the changes and consequences witnessed by the participants. The first theme entails the vulnerabilities and circumstances that female sex workers are conditioned by in society. The second theme demonstrates the economic consequences which the pandemic outbreak caused. Not only in relation to expenses and difficulties traveling but also in terms of an increased market due to unemployment and lockdowns in Central Europe. This theme also includes a subgroup of physical consequences as a result of the competition created by the increased market of female sex workers in Sweden. This has caused the women to have to take additional risks and abuse. The third theme includes the bureaucratic and social complications caused by the social restrictions enforced to hinder the spread of the COVID-19. The fourth and last theme presents the participants' post-pandemic predictions.

With the COVID-19 pandemic taking over the world faster than anyone had anticipated and creating a ‘new normal’, consumers had to adapt and get used to these changes. The pandemic caused lockdowns in several parts of the world, where businesses, schools, and stores had to shut their doors, although essential stores such as grocery stores remained open. Not only did this happen, but consumers' social life was also impacted as they were asked to stay at home and limit their contact with other people. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a shift in the practices of consumers, with food and safety being one of the most essential needs, consumers converted to stockpiling on food and hygienic products which led to a lower on shelf availability in grocery stores. Even though many countries around the world imposed a lockdown, Sweden never imposed any lockdown during the COVID-19 period, making it an interesting country to research. Although Sweden did implement some measures which for all public areas meant a limited amount of people allowed in the store, whereas other measures were more focused on recommendations such as keeping distance, avoiding large crowds, and working and studying from home as much as possible. Ultimately, the COVID-19 pandemic did impact university students in Sweden, as student life completely stopped on campus and classes were partly given through Zoom. The city of Jönköping is a city where many students live, and over 19.000 students are registered at the university of Jönköping. These students are in a crucial stage of their life where new experiences and changes are happening. This initiated the purpose of the study to research whether the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the grocery shopping practices of students pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Jönköping. To perform the research a qualitative study has been conducted. An interview was formulated after reviewing the literature to gather information from university students in Jönköping, where the aim was to analyze their grocery shopping practices before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 15 university students were interviewed, in the age range of 23-26, who all study and live in the city of Jönköping during the pandemic. To study the practices of the students, the framework of Arsel and Bean (2013) has been applied. The objects and doings of the students pre and during COVID-19 have been researched and analyzed, and from the collected data, categories of meanings have been identified to analyze the meanings of the objects that were used and the doings that were performed by the informants. Changes in practices were identified in which the students mainly kept the same grocery shopping routine with adaptations to protect themselves against the virus. The grocery stores are visited less frequently, and items are avoided out of fear of getting infected. The main practices identified is that the students started to wash their hands, keep distance, and started to use hand sanitizer as protective measures. This thesis provides a guide for governmental institutions on how consumers react to regulations during a pandemic. Also, this may help grocery stores to know how consumers adapt their grocery shopping practices amidst a pandemic.

Almost since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden has been criticised for doing too little to stop the spread of the virus. No lockdowns have been implemented and schools have stayed open throughout the pandemic. In his book Pandemic Ethics, Ben Bramble argues that lockdowns are necessary and that Swedes may become ”somewhat colder” and ”less able to flourish” as a result of Sweden’s pandemic response. In this essay I discuss whether or not the Swedish people are being failed as moral agents by Swedish authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic. I analyse two senses in which the people could be morally wronged: (1) by having too much moral responsibility placed upon them, and (2) by becoming less virtuous or less able to flourish as a result of actions and words of the authorities. In answering (1), I argue that an individual moral agent has little or no moral responsibility from a utilitarian point of view. From a virtue ethics point of view, the cause behind the action is more important than its consequences, so being handed the responsibility for stopping the spread of coronavirus would not be significantly different from other instances where citizens are free to act in a way that may lead to them causing harm to others. By analysing examples of how citizens can exercise their moral virtues in states with differing responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, I show that citizens becoming more or less virtuous does not follow from the pandemic response of the country they live in, thereby refuting (2). I then briefly discuss two ways in which I believe authorities could fail its citizens as moral agents.

From an online consumers' point of view, explore the online shopping behavioural changes in Sweden that could be caused by covid-19 and investigate through Theory of Planned Behaviour if the changes would affect consumers' online shopping intention in Sweden after the pandemic.

Biodiversity loss caused by human activities is considered to be one of the greatest challenges to the stability of our planet. Protected areas emerged as a solution to this challenge, but they are not always successful due to the exclusion and displacement of local communities that live in proximity to the protected area, especially in low income countries. The Maasai Mara conservancy model presents an opportunity to mitigate these problems by increasing wildlife habitat and simultaneously improving the livelihoods of surrounding Maasai communities. However, the model is threatened by the Covid-19 pandemic which has suspended the international tourism on which the conservancies rely. In order to understand how the model can potentially increase its resilience to future global shocks, I interviewed stakeholders about their experiences within the model, during the pandemic and relating to past global shocks. Using the concept of environmentality, I sought to evaluate the structure of the model, its historical roots and the governance tools which enable its function. Some already existing issues were emphasised by the impact of the pandemic, while new opportunities for evolution were also unearthed. The most prominent theme arising from these conversations was that of equity - between tourism partners and landowners, relating to the rights of women and to the place of Maasai youth in the future of the model. The colonial history of wildlife conservation also created discussions around the exclusion of local tourists and the underlying biases that may exist. Finally, I attempt to understand how the governance enacted within the conservancy model creates different kinds of environmental subjects. Although previous discussions on environmental governance have assumed that regulation is successful, I illustrate here that power is not unidirectional because resistance and negotiation by the governed population is common. By interrogating the different layers of environmentality and how they interplay, I trace the creation new environmental subjectivities in those who are involved in the conservation of wildlife in the Maasai Mara.

The risks for Swedish citizens' health increased when the COVID-19 pandemic came to the country and the risk communication started. Risk communication entails attempts to change perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, feelings or behavior according to Breakwell (2014, p.144). Sweden has adopted a different strategy to deal with the pandemic in relation to other Nordic countries. In this thesis we have chosen to look at a vulnerable group, Swedish young adults in age 20 to 30 year olds because they are the one of the most active citizens during the pandemic. This thesis is conducted using a qualitative method and collects empirical data from semi-structured interviews of Swedish young adults. The theoretical concept is centred on risk communication, risk society and decisions-making. Based on research evidence, It is a mixed outcome how young adults choose to deal with the restrictions, some follow them closely and some of them still live a social life as before the pandemic. The study concluded that young adult’s behavioral changes played an important role in society

As the pandemic of COVID-19 is still affecting peoples’ lives in various ways, it is not surprising that it affects consumer behaviour as well. This paper focuses on the changes in consumer behaviour, more specifically on the changes in consumer shopping channel preferences due to the pandemic. Furthermore, it was of interest whether these changes are likely to be long-term, and influence consumer shopping behaviour in the corona-free future. To answer the research question: “How did the pandemic affect consumers’ preferred shopping channels, and are those changes long-term?” a qualitative study was conducted. The study consisted of ten interviews, five of which were with consumers who spent most of the pandemic in Sweden, and five with respondents who spent most of the pandemic in Slovakia. This way, the study compares the responses and thus changes in consumer shopping behaviour and channel preferences of consumers who have experienced different levels of restrictions and recommendations as a response to the pandemic. Indeed, Slovakia’s response to the corona pandemic was much more severe and included much more, longer-lasting, restrictions affecting/restricting consumer shopping.   The study showed that despite the countries adopting very different responses to the pandemic, the consumers changed their shopping behaviour in a rather similar way. Most of the respondents stated that they started shopping less due to the pandemic and that they shopped more online. The main reasons for these developments were (1) reduced need for new clothing during the corona pandemic, (2) stores being closed, and/or (3) consumers trying to reduce their contact with others and keep their distance. However, when asked whether these changes in their behaviour are going to persist into the far future, the responses differed. A portion of respondents stated they will continue to shop online more than prior to the pandemic, while still shopping in traditional, offline, stores as well. Some other respondents, however, stated that they will return to in-store shopping as soon as possible. From these findings, it is clear that shopping for clothes via offline channels will still be important and preferred by many, despite the rise of technologies and online shopping possibilities.   The study contributes to the literature on the corona pandemic and its effects on consumer behaviour, the field of consumer behaviour in general, consumer shopping channel preferences, channel switching intentions, omnichannel literature, and the online shopping literature.

The aim of this study was to explore how homecare services work to support the elderly people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gävle, Sweden. This study has been done by using qualitative methods to get a deeper understanding and knowledge about how homecare services are supporting elderly people at their homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, to collect the data for this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with four participants who have been working with homecare services. Empowerment theory has been chosen to explain and analyse how elderly people receive the support from the homecare services to continue their daily life during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the result the data that was collected for this study was arranged in two different themes: Support Strategy and Challenges. The results showed that the homecare services continue to provide the support and services to the elderly even in the time of pandemic. The finding also shows the different strategies that Homecare services apply to cope with challenges that they face while supporting their client as well as their workers during the time of Pandemic.