Aspecto central no documentário brasileiro contemporâneo, a valorização da experiência do outro como vivência singular faz com que voltemos os olhos e os ouvidos ao homem comum, às expressões individuais, às formas particulares com que os indivíduos ordenam seu estar no mundo. Estruturados prioritariamente por um encontro entre sujeitos, esses filmes podem apresentar uma composição da alteridade que não se reduza às configurações de um \"indivíduo típico\", assim como às de um \"outro absolutizado\". Instiga-nos, nas modulações dessa relação, apreender um ponto de vista que se a(u)toriza no documentário, engendrando um espaço de autoria: ao mesmo tempo em que se inscreve na cena, organiza o filme como discurso, pela distribuição das formas de ver e ouvir o outro - panorama em que se tornam apreensíveis as condições que dão forma ao encontro. A análise da autoria no documentário contemporâneo, conforme propomos, considera os condicionantes históricos que o compreendem como gênero discursivo, ao mesmo tempo em que suscita a investigação dos efeitos de singularidade apreensíveis nos filmes, que remetem a um nome de autor. Sob conformações estéticas específicas, delineiam-se lugares de autoria que, pela especificidade do documentário como prática social, não são alheios a uma determinação ética: aquela que se estabelece quando, postos em relação, sujeito da câmera e sujeito para a câmera tornam-se interdependentes, dimensão em que, no encontro com o outro, faz-se do próprio sujeito um outro. Propomos uma análise inter-relacionada, distribuída em três capítulos, dos documentários Nós que aqui estamos por vós esperamos (1999), de Marcelo Masagão; Santiago (2007), de João Moreira Salles; e Pacific (2009), de Marcelo Pedroso; A pessoa é para o que nasce (2005), de Roberto Berliner; Estamira (2006), de Marcos Prado; e Garapa (2009), de José Padilha; Santo forte (1999), de Eduardo Coutinho; A falta que me faz (2009), de Marília Rocha; e O céu sobre os ombros (2010), de Sérgio Borges. / Main aspect in contemporary Brazilian documentaries, the appreciation of the experience of the other as a unique existence forces us to see and listen to the ordinary man, to the individual expressions, to the particular ways in which individuals organize their modes of being-in-the-world. These movies, when primarily structured by an encounter between subjects, present a conception of alterity that is not restricted to the configurations of a \"typical individual\", as well to the \"absolutized other\". In the modulations of this relationship, we aim to understand a point of view that authorizes (actorizes) itself in the documentary, engendering a space for the authorship: at the same time it is registered in the scene, it organizes the movie as a discourse, through the distribution of the forms of seeing and listening the other - creating a panorama in which the conditions that shape the encounter become apprehensible. The analysis of the authorship in contemporary documentaries, as we propose, considers the historical coercions of the discourse genre, at the same time it investigates the singularities of the movies, concerning the name of the author. Under specific aesthetic conformation, some places of authorship are outlined, which, due to the specificity of the documentaries as social practices, are not unconcerned to an ethical determination: the one that is established when the subject of the camera and the subject to the camera become interdependent, and in the encounter with the other, the subject himself becomes the other. We propose an interrelated analysis, which is distributed in three chapters, of the Brazilian documentaries Nós que aqui estamos por vós esperamos (1999), by Marcelo Masagão; Santiago (2007), by João Moreira Salles; and Pacific (2009), by Marcelo Pedroso; A pessoa é para o que nasce (2005), by Roberto Berliner; Estamira (2006), by Marcos Prado; and Garapa (2009), by José Padilha; Santo forte (1999), by Eduardo Coutinho; A falta que me faz (2009), by Marília Rocha; and O céu sobre os ombros (2010), by Sérgio Borges.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-22T17:35:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Josiane Valcarenghi Ribeiro Nantes.pdf: 2385914 bytes, checksum: d4f61aeaaa122ceb57e096947e8c4ee7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T17:35:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Josiane Valcarenghi Ribeiro Nantes.pdf: 2385914 bytes, checksum: d4f61aeaaa122ceb57e096947e8c4ee7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / This dissertation aims to reflect on the narrative construction, narrator and point of view in Lucrecia Martel's feature films, specifically “La ciénaga” (2001), “La niña santa” (2004) and “La mujer sin cabeza” (2008). Considering that the above mentioned works were produced at a historical moment called Postmodernism, some theorists are used to determine this concept, and thus to realize that this period determines and influences many of the fields of social life, including the arts and its aesthetic framework. The narrative, the narrators and the point of view of these filmmaker's works are part of this group, and therefore a more in-depth study of the postmodern issues is justified. Lucrecia Martel has a peculiar way of filming and constructing her narrative space – the sense of disorder is constant –, consequences of the use of the flow narrative. In addition, she also uses orality techniques, making her works to be complex, not only in their compositional structure, but thoroughly. Their narrators are hybrids, as well as the point of view used to tell/show their fiction. Postmodern works are constructed without limiting boundaries. They slide between the various artistic fields, making the cultural representations fragmented, ephemeral and fluid, remnants of the social structure. For theoretical basis, the propositions of Fredric Jameson ([1991] 1996), David Harvey ([1989] 2008) and Linda Hutcheon ([1988] 1991) are sought to address the questions of Postmodernism. Silviano Santiago ([1989] 2002) and Flavio de Campos ([2007] 2009), regarding the specifications of the narrators, Norman Friedman ([1967] 2002) as for the specification of the point of view, and, when necessary, by way of theoretical comparison, other authors dealing with these subjects. This way, it is intended to discuss and undertake the delineation of how the narrative, the narrator(s) and the point of view in the cinematographic works are constructed in Lucrecia Martel's films. / A presente dissertação objetiva refletir sobre a construção narrativa, do narrador e do ponto de vista nos longas-metragens de Lucrecia Martel, específicamente La ciénaga (2001), La niña santa (2004) e La mujer sin cabeza (2008). Considerando-se que as obras citadas se construíram em um momento histórico denominado como Pós-modernismo, utilizam-se alguns teóricos para a definição desse conceito e, assim, perceber que este período determina e influencia muitos dos campos da vida social, incluindo as artes e seu arcabouço estético. A narrativa, os narradores e o ponto de vista das obras da cineasta citada fazem parte deste grupo e, por isso, justifica-se um estudo mais aprofundado das questões pós-modernas. Lucrecia Martel possui uma forma peculiar de filmar e construir seu espaço narrativo - a sensação de desordem é constante - consequências da utilização da narrativa de fluxo. Além disso, utiliza-se ainda das técnicas da oralidade, tornando suas obras complexas, não somente em sua estrutura composicional, mas na totalidade delas. Seus narradores são híbridos, assim como o ponto de vista utilizado para contar/mostrar sua ficção. Obras pós-modernas se constroem sem fronteiras delimitadoras, elas deslizam entre os vários campos artísticos, tornando as representações culturais fragmentadas, efêmeras e fluídas, resquício da estrutura social. Para fundamentação teórica, buscam-se as proposições de Fredric Jameson ([1991] 1996), David Harvey ([1989] 2008) e Linda Hutcheon ([1988] 1991), a fim de abordar as questões do Pós-modernismo. Silviano Santiago ([1989] 2002) e Flavio de Campos ([2007] 2009), no que concerne às especificações dos narradores, Norman Friedman ([1967] 2002), quanto à especificação do ponto de vista e, quando necessário, a título de comparação teórica, de outros autores que tratam destes assuntos. Pretende-se, deste modo, discutir e empreender o delineamento de como se constrói a narrativa, o(s) narrador(es) e o ponto de vista nas obras cinematográficas de Lucrecia Martel.

O presente trabalho analisa dois momentos na obra do grupo de rap paulistano Racionais Mc´s. O primeiro momento, de 1990 a 1993, estrutura um modo de crítica que se caracteriza pelo tom denuncista, assemelhado ao tom professoral, no enfoque das composições, cujo ponto de vista dos raps não se constrói a partir da periferia, mas deslocado, pretensamente acima dela, em razão da posição em destaque do rapper nesse espaço social. Já o segundo momento, a partir dos raps Fim de semana no parque e Homem na estrada, do álbum Raio X do Brasil (1993), é marcado pela superação do ponto de vista professoral, pois as composições formalizam a perspectiva do morador de periferia, cujo resultado estético não só olha para a periferia, mas partir desse espaço social. / The present work focus on and analyses two moments in the work of São Paulo rap group Racionais MC\'s. The first of these moments, from 1990 to 1993, structures a critical mode that singularizes itself by an accusatory, rather preachy, tone in the artistic approach developed by the compositions. Its point of view does not builds itself from the peripheral world, but is displaced as if above it, due to the rapper\'s outstanding position in that social space. The second moment, starting with the raps \"Weekend in the park\" (\"Fim de semana no parque\") and \"The man in the road\" (\"Homem na estrada\"), from the Raio X do Brasil album (1993), overcomes that preachy tone, as the aforementioned compositions formalize the peripheral resident\'s perspective, the aesthetic result of which does not only look at the periphery, but from that social space.

Ce mémoire aborde la question du point de vue dans la philosophie du cinéma de Gilles Deleuze. Dans Cinéma 1 : L’image-mouvement, en reprenant les définitions de l’objectivité et de la subjectivité de Bergson, Deleuze effectue comme une espèce de « renversement » de ce qu’on entend communément au cinéma en ces termes. Cette étude vise à comprendre ce renversement. Nous voyons d’abord que Deleuze rejette les conceptions narratives du point de vue puisqu’elles ne donnent pas à l’image la primauté ontologique. Nous exposons de quelle façon Deleuze retourne Bergson contre lui-même en accordant à la perception cinématographique un degré d’objectivité supérieur à la perception naturelle, et nous demandons ensuite comment Deleuze pourrait concevoir l’expérience du spectateur. En adressant les notions d’objectivité et de subjectivité du 5e chapitre de L’image-mouvement, nous décrivons le processus à travers lequel Deleuze en arrive à reprendre les définitions de Bergson, puis de quelle façon se produit le renversement explicite. Nous découvrons à ce stade que, suivant l’influence de Vertov, c’est par un « œil non-humain » que s’effectue le renversement. Cela nous mène au passage entre l’image-mouvement et l’image-temps, où nous trouvons que la notion de point de vue a subi une sorte de « réflexion ». Dans un engrenage composite avec les mouvements aberrants, le point de vue se révèle être un élément important de la transition entre les deux régimes d’images. Nous rejoignons ensuite l’absolu de Bergson, la « durée » de l’image-temps, qui vient à signifier le dépassement même de la notion de point de vue. Nous remarquons plus généralement que nos conclusions ont en commun une entreprise sous-jacente de désubjectivation, qui traverse une grande partie de la philosophie deleuzienne. Nous en venons enfin au constat selon lequel le point de vue chez Deleuze est un élément crucial de son propre dépassement. / This thesis addresses the question of the point of view in the philosophy of the cinema of Gilles Deleuze. In Cinema 1: The Movement-Image, taking Bergson’s definitions of objectivity and subjectivity, Deleuze performs a kind of “reversal” of what is commonly understood in cinema in these terms. This study aims to understand this reversal. We first see that Deleuze rejects the narrative conceptions of the point of view since they do not give the image ontological primacy. We show how Deleuze turns Bergson against himself by attributing cinematographic perception a degree of objectivity superior to natural perception, and then see how Deleuze could conceive the spectator’s experience. In discussing the notions of objectivity and subjectivity of the 5th chapter of The Movement-Image, we describe the process through which Deleuze arrives at Bergson’s definitions, and then how the explicit reversal takes place. We discover at this stage that, following the influence of Vertov, it is through a “non-human eye” that the reversal occurs. This leads us to the transition from the movement-image to the time-image, where we find that the notion of point of view has undergone a kind of “reflection”. In a composite assembly with aberrant movements, the point of view proves to be an important element of the transition between the two regimes of images. We then reach the absolute of Bergson, the “durée” of the time-image, which comes to signify the very surpassing of the notion of point of view. We observe more generally that our conclusions share an underlying process of desubjectivization, which appears across much of the Deleuzian philosophy. Finally, we come to the conclusion that, for Deleuze, the point of view is a crucial element of its own overcoming.

The nature of Matthew’s community has been investigated by a number of scholars in the past and present. Currently, the debate centers on whether the Matthean community was a society with egalitarian structure consisting of equals. This study has also focused on the social structure of the Matthean community. The basic question is whether (or not) the Matthean community was an egalitarian group in an ancient advanced agrarian society in the first century Mediterranean world. If so (or if not so) does the Matthean community lack a hierarchical structure? This study suggests that the Matthean community was not an egalitarian structured society. The term “egalitarian” would not be applicable to the Matthean community, because the term “egalitarian” is a modern Western political and philosophical concept, which has its origin in the French revolutionary movement. The Matthean community was rather a socially stratified group in an ancient advanced agrarian society in the first century in the Mediterranean world. Consequently, the Matthean community was not a society with an egalitarian structure; rather, it was an inclusively structured society. This study has utilized two methodologies. Firstly, the investigation uses narrative criticism to analyse Matthew’s intention of his inclusive structured community depicted through Jesus’ inclusive ministry. This methodology considers the narrator’s point of view concerning Jesus’ ministry as he journeyed from Galilee to Jerusalem. Secondly, this research uses social scientific criticism to explore the Matthean text in order to consider Jesus’ ministry. This approach on Jesus ministry was reflected in the context of Matthew’s inclusive structure community. The Matthean community was socially mixed, consisting of Israelites and Gentiles. It was written in the years between 80 to 90 CE. The city of Antioch was the most likely setting for Matthew’s inclusive community, however hierarchically structured. A narrative point of view reading of Matthew’s story shows that Jesus was the protagonist involved in an inclusive ministry in accordance to God’s plan for the salvation of all people. The Israelite leaders are antagonistic to Jesus’ ministry, and they exclude social and religious outcasts. The disciples of Jesus help Jesus with his inclusive ministry, while the crowds help the Israelite leaders. However, there are times when the disciples do not understand Jesus’ inclusive ministry. The audience of Jesus’ inclusive ministry was the crowd. This inclusive ministry shifts from Galilee to Jerusalem and his ministry comes into conflict with the ideology of the Israelite leaders. Jesus’ focus was inclusive but the Israelite leaders were exclusive. Matthew’s depiction of Jesus’ inclusive mission completed with his death on the cross. A social scientific approach reveals that Matthew’s interpretation of Jesus’ inclusive ministry is directed to social and religious outcasts. His ministry includes sick people, sinners and tax collectors who are from the lower classes within a hierarchically structured society. Jesus’ ministry was reflected in the context of Matthew’s inclusive community. This study shows that the Matthean community was not a society with an egalitarian structure; rather, it was an inclusively structured society within a hierarchical context. / Thesis (PhD (New Testament))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

Orientador: Gabriela Kvacek Betella / Resumo: Este trabalho se propõe a analisar duas traduções audiovisuais do texto literário O tempo e o vento, de Erico Verissimo. As traduções são minisséries homônimas. A primeira, dirigida por Paulo José, em 1985, tem 26 capítulos; a segunda, dirigida por Jayme Monjardim em 2014, três. Nosso objetivo é dar prosseguimento à pesquisa já iniciada em dissertação de Mestrado (MAZIERO, 2013), e a partir das bases dos estudos sobre adaptação e tradução, recorrermos a conceitos das áreas de comunicação, linguagens, cinema e dramaturgia a fim de demonstrar que, embora haja certa convergência entre os textos, devemos tratar cada um de maneira independente. Além disso, investigamos como o texto literário e suas traduções audiovisuais repropõem a narrativa da história de um povo num determinado período de tempo, e de que maneira essa nova forma de contar incide sobre a instância do narrador nas três obras. Por fim, destacamos a categoria da memória, a partir do conceito de memória coletiva (HALBWACHS, 2006), aproximando-o de nossos objetos de estudo, uma vez que nas duas minisséries elege-se uma personagem que nos parece ser a responsável por narrar os feitos de um grupo – sua família – em determinado período histórico, abarcado por sua própria existência e de seus antepassados. / Abstract: This work intend to analyze two audiovisual translations of Erico Verissimo’s novel O tempo e o vento. The are two homonymous miniseries. The first, directed by Paulo José in 1985, has 26 chapters; the second, directed by Jayme Monjardim in 2014, three. Our goal is to continue the research already started in Master's thesis (MAZIERO, 2013), and from the bases of studies on adaptation and translation, we use concepts from the areas of communication, languages, cinema and dramaturgy in order to demonstrate that, although there is some convergence between the texts, we must treat each one independently. In addition, we investigate how the literary text and its audiovisual translations re-propose the narrative of the history of a people over a given period of time, and how this new way of telling focuses on the narrator's instance in the three works. Finally, we highlight the category of memory, based on the concept of collective memory (HALBWACHS, 2006), bringing it closer to our objects of study, since in the two minisseries a character who seems to be responsible for narrating us is chosen. the achievements of a group - its family - in a certain historical period, encompassed by its own existence and its ancestors. / Doutor

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Thriller är en favoritgenre för många och har funnits längre än de flesta tror. Ursprungligen som en litteraturgenre har den utvecklats till en av de mest eftertraktade genrerna inom film. Tidiga anmärkningsvärda verk som Alfred Hitchcocks filmer i mitten av 1900-talet har banat vägen för genren och utformat dess redigering och cinematografi till vad vi har idag. Trots sin ödmjuka början i mitten av 1900-talet lyckas teknikerna, även om dem är aningen repetitiva, fortfarande vara relevanta idag och har bara utvecklats med åren. I den här artikeln studerar vi grunderna inom thrillergenren, redigerings- och filmtekniker som används; kameraarbete, klippning, PoV och färgsättning. I denna studie är vårt huvudsakliga fokus att förstå varför dessa tekniker används. Utöver kommer vi också gå djupare in i thrillergenren i helhet och trots genrens repetitivitet, försöka förstå oss på varför den lyckas vara relevant idag och hur redigering och cinematografi spelar en stor roll för att förstärka känslorna i thrillers där dessa tendenser härrör från. / Thriller is a favourite genre to many and has been around for longer than most think. Originally starting as a genre of literature, it has evolved into one of the most sought after genres within film. Early notable works such as Alfred Hitchcock's films in the mid 1900s have paved the way for the genre and solidified it’s editing and cinematography into what we have today. Despite its humbling beginnings in the mid 1900s the techniques, although somewhat repetitive, still manage to stay relevant today and have only gotten more advanced with time. In this article, we study the fundamentals within the thriller genre, the editing and cinematography techniques that are utilized; camera framing, cutting, PoV and color. In this study our main focus we intend to work towards is understanding why these techniques are used and the tendencies in which they are facilitated. Although we also intend to go in depth into the thriller genre as a whole and despite the repetitiveness of the genre, why it manages to stay relevant today and how editing and cinematography plays a big part in amplifying the emotions and feelings associated within thrillers in which these tendencies stem from.

The African novel The Suns of Independence, written by Ivorian author Ahmadou Kourouma, is considered one of the first to study the disillusionment of the postcolonial era after the independencies in Africa. The novel is celebrated for its narrative style, inspired by the Malinke culture and language, and characterised by its oral tradition and the interaction between the narrator and his audience. Using the concepts of Gérard Genette (1983), this study analyses the following narrative instances in the novel: The narrator addressing the narratee, proverbs, comparisons and riddles, the narrator addressing a character, the procedure of question-answer, and the dream, and discusses for each of the narrative instances the relationship of the narrator towards the story, the perspective, the narrative level, and the function of the narrator. The findings show that the alternation of narrative instances gives access to more functions of the narrator. The narrative instances in which the narrator addresses the narratee or the character and the procedure of question-response create an illusion of a dialogue between narrator and narratee, thus enhances the communicative function, whereas proverbs, comparisons, and riddles, apart from connecting with the narratee, also play an important role in order to explain and evaluate developments, characters and environments. Other narrative instances, such as the dream, play an important role for the narrative function.

Abstrakt I detta arbete studeras elevernas upplevelser av digitala verktyg i matematikundervisning på gymnasieskolor i Sverige. Problemet kan vara att lärare i ämnetmatematik inte har en uppfattning om elevernas olika behov och förutsättningar när det gäller användandet av digitala verktyg. Det är viktigt att veta hur eleverna uppfattar digitala verktyg för att kunna planera undervisningen utifrån bästa möjliga sätt. Syftet är då att undersöka elevernas upplevelser av digitala verktyg med hjälp av frågeställningar, som fokuserar på digitala verktygs betydelse i matematikundervisning, och om dessa verktyg ses som hinder eller möjligheter i elevernas lärande. Med hjälp av den fenomenografiska teorin studeras elevers uppfattningar och erfarenheter. Studien bygger på en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ analys som gjorts utifrån en enkätundersökning. Resultatet och slutsatsen visade att digitala verktyg har en stor betydelse i matematikundervisningen. Det visar även att majoriteten upplever att Geogebra hjälper eleverna under lärandet. Elever med digitala kompetenser ser digitala verktyg som en möjlighet medan de andra ser det som ett hinder.