No description available.

[pt] As condições hidrológicas desfavoráveis vivenciadas entre 2014 e 2019 levaram ao esgotamento dos principais sistemas de reservatórios no Brasil, causando um aumento na geração de energia proveniente de usinas térmicas. Todavia, uma parte relevante da geração térmica verificada foi comandada por entidades governamentais de forma heterodoxa (fora do mérito econômico calculado pelos modelos de otimização), baseada principalmente na percepção de risco tácita. Apesar do senso comum de que o armazenamento dos reservatórios está intrinsecamente ligado à segurança do sistema, as métricas utilizadas até o momento não conseguiram computar as reais necessidades do sistema em termos de energia armazenada mínima nas usinas hidrelétricas. Ao final de 2019, o ONS propôs um novo método para avaliar a necessidade de despacho térmico adicional, chamado Curva Referencial de Armazenamento (CREF). No entanto, este método considera hipóteses muito específicas de afluências e geração térmica, e com base em seu processo iterativo de tentativa e erro, pode resultar em resultados sub-ótimos para o cálculo dos armazenamentos mínimos necessários. Este trabalho propõe um novo método para avaliar a segurança do fornecimento de energia em sistemas predominantemente hidroelétricos. Este método é uma evolução do método CREF, e é baseado no desenvolvimento de um modelo de otimização que calcula os níveis mínimos de segurança para operação de usinas hidrelétricas em cada mês, a partir de uma simulação recursiva de séries históricas de afluências de 1931 a 2018. Além disso, com base nos resultados da simulação, foram sugeridas curvas de referência para o monitoramento contínuo da operação dos reservatórios, com o objetivo de subsidiar decisões de órgãos do Governo Brasileiro sobre o despacho heterodoxo de geração térmica. Espera-se que o monitoramento das curvas de referência propostas represente um critério mais robusto para decisões sobre geração térmica fora-do-mérito no Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro. / [en] Unfavorable hydrological conditions experienced from 2014 to 2019 led to the depletion of main reservoir systems in Brazil, causing an increase of thermal energy dispatch. However, an important share of the observed thermal generation was out of economic merit, commanded by government entities which risk perception relies mainly on experts tacit knowledge. Despite the common sense that storage in reservoirs is intrinsically linked to system security, the metrics employed so far failed to compute the system s real needs in terms of required stored energy in hydroelectric plants. By the end of 2019, ONS proposed a new method to assess the need for additional thermal dispatch the Referential Storage Curve (CREF - Curva Referencial de Armazenamento). However, it fails as a reference for the security of energy supply since it considers very specific assumptions of rivers inflows and thermal generation. Besides, based on its iterative trial and error process, it can result in sub-optimal results of minimum storage levels. This work proposes a new method to evaluate the security of power supply in systems with predominance of hydroelectricity. This method is intended to be an evolution to the CREF method, and it is based on the development of an optimization model that computes the minimum secure levels for hydroelectric plants operation in each month, from a recursive simulation of historical inflow series from 1931 to 2018. In addition, based on the simulation results, reference curves were suggested for the continuous monitoring of the reservoirs operation, with the purpose of subsidizing Brazilian government entities decisions on unorthodox thermal generation dispatch. The monitoring of the proposed reference curves is expected to represent a more robust criterion for decisions on out-of-merit thermal generation in Brazilian power system.

This thesis entails the design and fabrication of a smartphone charger that is powered by a bicycle dynamo hub. In addition to the design and validation of the charger prototype, this thesis involves the testing and characterization of the dynamo hub power source, the design and construction of specialized test equipment, and the design and prototyping of a handlebar-mounted case for the smartphone and charging electronics. With the intention of making the device a commercial product, price, aesthetics, and marketability are of importance to the design. An appropriate description of the charger circuit is a microcontroller-based energy management system, tailored to meet strict power demands of current smartphones. The system incorporates a switched-mode power supply, lithium polymer battery, microcontroller, and specialized protection circuitry. Prototype testing confirms that the circuit meets the charging requirements of the smartphone at bicycle speeds ranging from 7 miles per hour to as high as 55 miles per hour.

No description available.

Integration of optical wireless communications (OWC) within switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) / Although visible light communication(VLC) systems can provide high density links for use with IoT devices, an energy efficient, high rate method of designing a VLC transmitter is still unclear. Present designs for transmitters such as the bias-T, designs with switch manipulation, and interleaved converters are not commercially viable due to costly and complex designs that sacrifice energy efficiency for data rate. A design allowing for efficient, high rate communications, while maintaining a low cost would allow for widespread adoption of this technology. In this thesis, a novel approach of integrating power converters and VLC systems is explored by replacing commutating diodes with LEDs. By leveraging switched-mode power supply(SMPS) structures, the power dissipated within the converter may be harnessed and used for communications. The result is a simple and energy efficient solution capable of high rate links. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate buck and boost SMPS topologies that simultaneously increase energy efficiency and provide communications at SMPS switching rate without increasing component count. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

In order to run and manage resource-intensive high-performance applications, large-scale computing and storage platforms have been evolving rapidly in various domains in both academia and industry. The energy expenditure consumed to operate and maintain these cloud computing infrastructures is a major factor to influence the overall profit and efficiency for most cloud service providers. Moreover, considering the mitigation of environmental damage from excessive carbon dioxide emission, the amount of power consumed by enterprise-scale data centers should be constrained for protection of the environment.Generally speaking, there exists a trade-off between power consumption and application performance in large-scale computing systems and how to balance these two factors has become an important topic for researchers and engineers in cloud and HPC communities. Therefore, minimizing the power usage while satisfying the Service Level Agreements have become one of the most desirable objectives in cloud computing research and implementation. Since the fundamental feature of the cloud computing platform is hosting workloads with a variety of characteristics in a consolidated and on-demand manner, it is demanding to explore the inherent relationship between power usage and machine configurations. Subsequently, with an understanding of these inherent relationships, researchers are able to develop effective power management policies to optimize productivity by balancing power usage and system performance. In this dissertation, we develop an autonomic power-aware system management framework for large-scale computer systems. We propose a series of techniques including coarse-grain power profiling, VM power modelling, power-aware resource auto-configuration and full-system power usage simulator. These techniques help us to understand the characteristics of power consumption of various system components. Based on these techniques, we are able to test various job scheduling strategies and develop resource management approaches to enhance the systems' power efficiency.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans la thématique de la fiabilité des circuits intégrés dans l’industrie de la microélectronique. Un circuit intégré peut être exposé à des agresseurs électriques potentiellement dangereux pendant toute sa durée de vie. Idéalement, les circuits devraient pouvoir encaisser ces excès d’énergie sans perdre leur fonctionnalité. En réalité, des défaillances peuvent être observées lors de tests de qualification ou en application finale. Il est donc dans l’intérêt des fabricants de réduire ces défaillances. Actuellement, il existe des circuits de protection sur puce conçus pour dévier l’énergie de ces agresseurs à l’écart des composants fragiles. Le terme anglophone Electrical Overstress (EOS) englobe tous les agresseurs électriques qui dépassent une limite au-delà de laquelle les composants peuvent être détruits. La définition de ce terme est traitée en détail dans la thèse. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre le statut du sujet des EOS dans l’industrie. On propose ensuite une nouvelle méthodologie de caractérisation de circuits pour quantifier leur robustesse face à des formes d’onde représentatives présélectionnées. On propose également des solutions de circuits de protection sur puce que ce soit au niveau de nouveaux composants actifs ou au niveau de la conception des circuits électroniques de protection. Par exemple on propose un nouveau composant basé sur le thyristor qui a la capacité de s’éteindre même si la tension d’alimentation est présente sur l’anode. Une autre proposition est de désactiver les circuits de protection face aux décharges électrostatiques lorsque les puces sont dans un environnement où l’on est sur ou ces agresseurs ne présentent plus de danger. Finalement, des perspectives du travail de thèse sont citées. / This Ph.D. thesis concerns reliability issues in the microelectronics industry for the most advanced technology nodes. In particular, the Electrical OverStress (EOS) issue is studied. Reducing EOS failures in Integrated Circuits (ICs) is becoming more and more important. However, the EOS topic is very complex and involves many different causes, viewpoints, definitions and approaches. In this context, a complete analysis of the current status of the EOS issue is carried out. Then, the Ph.D. objectives can be defined in a clear way. In particular, robustness increase of on-chip protection structures and IC characterization against EOS-like aggressors are two of the main goals. In order to understand and quantify the behavior of ICs against these aggressors, a dedicated EOS test bench is put in place along with the definition of a characterization methodology. A full characterization and comparison is performed on two different Electro- Static Discharge (ESD) power supply clamps. After identifying the potential weaknesses of the promising Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) device, a new SCR-based device with a turn-off capability is proposed and studied thanks to 3-D Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD)simulation. Triggering and turn-off behaviors are studied, as well as its optimization. Finally, three different approaches are proposed for improving the robustness of the IC onchip protection circuits. They are characterized thanks to the EOS test bench which allows identifying their assets as well as their points of improvement.

Les technologies avancées de semi-conducteur permettent de mettre en œuvre un contrôleur numérique dédié aux convertisseurs à découpage, de faible puissance et de fréquence de découpage élevée sur FPGA et ASIC. Cette thèse vise à proposer des contrôleurs numériques des performances élevées, de faible consommation énergétique et qui peuvent être implémentés facilement. En plus des contrôleurs numériques existants comme PID, RST, tri-mode et par mode de glissement, un nouveau contrôleur numérique (DDP) pour le convertisseur abaisseur de tension est proposé sur le principe de la commande prédictive: il introduit une nouvelle variable de contrôle qui est la position de la largeur d'impulsion permettant de contrôler de façon simultanée le courant dans l'inductance et la tension de sortie. La solution permet une dynamique très rapide en transitoire, aussi bien pour la variation de la charge que pour les changements de tension de référence. Les résultats expérimentaux sur FPGA vérifient les performances de ce contrôleur jusqu'à la fréquence de découpage de 4MHz. Un contrôleur numérique nécessite une modulation numérique de largeur d'impulsion (DPWM). L'approche Sigma-Delta de la DPWM est un bon candidat en ce qui concerne le compromis entre la complexité et les performances. Un guide de conception d'étage Sigma-Delta pour le DPWM est présenté. Une architecture améliorée de traditionnelles 1-1 MASH Sigma-Delta DPWM est synthétisée sans détérioration de la stabilité en boucle fermée ainsi qu'en préservant un coût raisonnable en ressources matérielles. Les résultats expérimentaux sur FPGA vérifient les performances des DPWM proposées en régimes stationnaire et transitoire. Deux ASICs sont portés en CMOS 0,35µm: le contrôleur en tri-mode pour le convertisseur abaisseur de tension et la commande par mode de glissement pour les convertisseurs abaisseur et élévateur de tension. Les bancs de test sont conçus pour conduire à un modèle d'évaluation de consommation énergétique. Pour le contrôleur en tri-mode, la consommation de puissance mesurée est seulement de 24,56mW/MHz lorsque le ratio de temps en régime de repos (stand-by) est 0,7. Les consommations de puissance de command par mode de glissement pour les convertisseurs abaisseur et élévateur de tension sont respectivement de 4,46mW/MHz et 4,79mW/MHz. En utilisant le modèle de puissance, une consommation de la puissance estimée inférieure à 1mW/MHz est envisageable dans des technologies CMOS plus avancées. Comparé aux contrôlés homologues analogiques de l'état de l'art, les prototypes ASICs illustrent la possibilité d'atteindre un rendement comparable pour les applications de faible et de moyen puissance mais avec l'avantage d'une meilleure précision et une meilleure flexibilité.

Road transport mobility continues to be a challenge to the City of Johannesburg (CoJ)’s economy in general. Traffic signals, their remote monitoring and control systems are the current implemented Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), but daily systematic faults and maintenance uncertainties on such systems decrease the effectiveness of traffic engineers’ intersections optimization techniques. Inefficient electrical power supply to such ITS is a challenge, with conditional power cuts and fluctuations, uncertainties on traffic control system faults. Another factor leading to the problem is the communication channel which is using traditional modems which are not reliable. Reporting through both customer complaints and such unreliable remote monitoring systems makes maintenance to be ineffective. In this dissertation, the factors leading to the faults and uncertainties are considered. The proposed solution considers the important concerns of ITS, such as electrical power source performance optimization technique, road traffic control systems compatibility and communications systems / Electrical and Mining Engineering / M. Tech. (Electrical Engineering)

Roslagsbanans signalanläggningar har flera olika lösningar för dess strömförsörjning i form av standarder för batterier och likriktare. Denna lösningsvariation har försvårat för underhållspersonalen att åtgärda de fel som uppstått och därmed fördröjt trafiken, dvs trafikstörningar. Roslagsbanan försörjs delvis av lokala elnät där avbrott emellanåt förekommer. Dessa avbrott inträffar ofta när elnätsleverantörerna underhåller sitt ortnät vilket kan ske även under rusningstrafik. Avbrotten kan även orsakas inom signalanläggningarna när stora spänningsvariationer förekommer, t.ex. när stora induktiva- eller kapacitiva laster slås av. Dessa problem analyseras och åtgärdsförslag tas fram i denna rapport. De befintliga likriktarna och batterierna samt förslag till ersättningsprodukter som behövs för detta säkerhetssystem har sammanställts i denna rapport. För att skapa en hållbar, robust och miljövänlig strömförsörjning till Roslagsbanans signalanläggningar undersöktes i detta arbete strömspikar, avbrottsfri kraftförsörjning samt dessutom möjligheten att ansluta solceller som kompletterande åtgärd. I signalutrustningen vid Roslags Näsby stationsområde detekterades och undersöktes förekomsten av strömspikar. Två åtgärdsförslag för att komma till rätta med dessa strömspikar togs fram. Förslagen var ett lågpassfilter och en metalloxidvaristor som båda var för sig reducerar strömspikarna. Lågpassfiltret dämpar insignalernas spänning och strömförsörjning vid kraftiga förändringar i frekvensen och metalloxidvaristorn reducerar strömflödet vid överspänningar. Ytterligare undersökningar av transienterna i Roslags Näsbys och de övriga signalanläggningarna på Roslagsbanan bör utföras. Resultaten av de genomförda undersökningarna om avbrottsfri kraftförsörjning och solceller visade däremot att utrustningarna inte bör installeras i de nuvarande signalanläggningarna. Solceller var inte implementerbara eftersom effektbehovet av signalanläggningarna var större än den takyta som fanns tillgänglig för solcellerna. Arbete och investeringar för ett avbrottsfritt kraftförsörjningsunderhåll och installation av denna utrustning var mer krävande i jämförelse med dess nytta för signalanläggningarnas tillförlitlighet, dvs ingen åtgärd i nuläget. Förslag på ersättningsprodukter i form av likriktare och batterier lades fram till arbetsgivarna för att skapa en standard för Roslagbanans kraftförsörjning framåt. / Roslagsbanan's signal systems have several different solutions for its power supply in the form of several standards for batteries and rectifiers. This solution variation has made it difficult for maintenance staff to correct the errors that occurred and thus delayed traffic, i.e. traffic disturbances. Roslagsbanan is partly supplied by local power grids where interruptions occur occasionally. These interruptions often occur when the network service providers maintain their home network, which may also occur during rush hour traffic. The interruptions can also be caused by the signal systems them self when large voltage variations occur, e.g. when large inductive or capacitive loads are switched off. These problems are analysed, and action proposals are presented in this report. The existing rectifiers and batteries as well as proposals for replacement products that are needed for this safety system have been compiled in this report. To create a sustainable, robust and environmentally friendly power supply to Roslagsbanan’s signal systems, this work investigated transients, uninterruptible power supply, as well as the possibility of connecting solar cells as a complementary arrangement. An investigation of the signal equipment at Roslags Näsby station area showed presence of transients. Two proposals to reduce these transients were presented. The proposals were a low pass filter and a metal oxide varistor, both individually reduces transients. The low pass filter attenuates the voltage and current of the signal when the strong frequency changes occurs and the metal oxide varistor reduces the current flow at overvoltages. Further investigations of the transients in Roslags Näsbys and the other signal facilities on the Roslagsbanan should be performed. On the other hand, the results of the investigations on uninterruptible power and solar cells showed that the equipment should not be installed in the current signal systems. Solar cells were not implementable because the power requirement of the signal systems was greater than the current ceiling area for the solar cells. The work and investment for uninterruptible power supply maintenance and installation were more demanding in comparison to its usefulness for the reliability of the signal systems. Proposals for replacement products were submitted to employers to create a standard for Roslagbanan's power supply onwards. / Сигнални систем на железници која се зове Рослагсбана садржи више различитих решења за своје напајање у облику неколико стандарда за батерије и исправљаче. Варијација различитих решења проузроковала je потешкоће у отклањању новонасталих грешака служби које се баве одржавањем и изазвала је застој у железничком саобраћају. Рослагсбана се напаја електричном енергијом из локалних мрежа на којима може доћи до прекида. Прекид напајања електричном енергијом може бити изазван наглим променама напона у сигналним системима и уколико локални дистрибутер изводи радове на одржавању електричне мреже. Проблеми који могу настати променама напона се анализирају и испитују у овом извештају. Попис исправљача и батерија као и њихова стандардна решења су обрађени и представљени у циљу стварања одрживог и дугорочног решења за системску сигнализацију. Анализирани су високонапонски шпицеви, системи за непрекидно напајање електричном енергијом (УПС) и могућност прикључивања соларних панела. У сигналном систему на станици Рослас Насби измерени су високонапонски шпицеви. Како би се дошло до најбољег и најповољнијег решења анализирана су два предлога за њихово уклањање. Један предлог за уклањање био је ниско пропусни филтер док је за редукцију предложен метал- оксидни одводник пре напона (МОВ). Ниско пропусни филтер смањује јачину струје и напона уколико фреквенција пређе одређену претходно утврђену границу, док МОВ редукује ток струје уколико дође до скока напона. Пре имплементације било ког од наведених решења треба извршити накнадна испитивања у вези са напонским шпицевима. Резултати указују да имплементација УПС-а и соларних панела није могућа. Могућност соларних панела да произведу довољну количину енергије која је потребна за одређени систем није сразмерна површини система која би могла да се прекрије соларним панелима. Трошкови одржавања и прикључивања УПС система су већи у поређењу са значајем које би систем имао од самог УПС система. Предлог стандардних батерија и исправљача који је представљен послодавцу коригован је како би се дошло до стандардног решења за све предстојеће пројекте.