Esta pesquisa analisa o processo de concentração de capital, através de fusões e aquisições de empresas privadas e públicas no Brasil, nos anos 90, devido as políticas neoliberais adotadas pelos governos Collor de Mello e Fernando Henrique. Nos anos 90, os programas neoliberais difundidos na América Latina, foram delimitados pelo Consenso de Washington e formalizados nos acordos entre o FMI e o Banco Mundial com os governos latino americanos. As orientações visavam a estabilização das economias dos países emergentes, a contenção de gastos e investimentos Estatais, restrição do papel do Estado, com a privatização de empresas, bancos, recursos minerais e energéticos, etc. Assim, a abertura comercial e as reformas econômicas promovidas no Brasil, com aumento da participação dos investimentos externos deflagraram fusões e aquisições entre empresas nacionais (chamadas transações domésticas), e transações realizadas por empresas estrangeiras (denominadas cross border). A participação de empresas estrangeiras superou o volume de negócios entre empresas nacionais em quantidade, volume e valores, causando debates sobre a desnacionalização da economia brasileira. Esta pesquisa analisa a concentração de capitais no movimento de fusões e aquisições das empresas brasileiras, avaliando os setores mais afetados e a formação de oligopólios, e as circunstâncias em que ocorreram essas transações no território nacional. / This research analyzes the process of capital concentration, through merger and acquisitions of private companies and public in Brazil, in years 90, had the neoliberal politics adopted by the governments Collor de Mello and Fernando Henrique. In years 90, the spread out neoliberal programs in Latin America, they had been delimited by the Consensus of Washington and legalized in the agreements between the FMI and the World Bank with the Latin American governments. The instructions aimed at the stabilization of the economies of the \"emergent countries\", the State containment of expenses and investments, restriction of the paper of the State, with the privatization of companies, mineral and energy banks, resources, etc. Thus, the commercial opening and the promoted economic reforms in Brazil, with increase of the participation of the external investments motivate merger and acquisitions between national companies (called domestic transactions), and transactions carried through for foreign companies (called cross border). The participation of business-oriented foreign companies surpassed the volume between national companies in amount, volume and values, causing debates on the denationalization of the Brazilian economy. This research analyzes the concentration of capitals in the movement of merger and acquisitions of the Brazilian companies, evaluating the sectors more affected and the formation of oligopolies, and the circumstances where these transactions in the domestic territory had occurred.

Esta pesquisa analisa o processo de concentração de capital, através de fusões e aquisições de empresas privadas e públicas no Brasil, nos anos 90, devido as políticas neoliberais adotadas pelos governos Collor de Mello e Fernando Henrique. Nos anos 90, os programas neoliberais difundidos na América Latina, foram delimitados pelo Consenso de Washington e formalizados nos acordos entre o FMI e o Banco Mundial com os governos latino americanos. As orientações visavam a estabilização das economias dos países emergentes, a contenção de gastos e investimentos Estatais, restrição do papel do Estado, com a privatização de empresas, bancos, recursos minerais e energéticos, etc. Assim, a abertura comercial e as reformas econômicas promovidas no Brasil, com aumento da participação dos investimentos externos deflagraram fusões e aquisições entre empresas nacionais (chamadas transações domésticas), e transações realizadas por empresas estrangeiras (denominadas cross border). A participação de empresas estrangeiras superou o volume de negócios entre empresas nacionais em quantidade, volume e valores, causando debates sobre a desnacionalização da economia brasileira. Esta pesquisa analisa a concentração de capitais no movimento de fusões e aquisições das empresas brasileiras, avaliando os setores mais afetados e a formação de oligopólios, e as circunstâncias em que ocorreram essas transações no território nacional. / This research analyzes the process of capital concentration, through merger and acquisitions of private companies and public in Brazil, in years 90, had the neoliberal politics adopted by the governments Collor de Mello and Fernando Henrique. In years 90, the spread out neoliberal programs in Latin America, they had been delimited by the Consensus of Washington and legalized in the agreements between the FMI and the World Bank with the Latin American governments. The instructions aimed at the stabilization of the economies of the \"emergent countries\", the State containment of expenses and investments, restriction of the paper of the State, with the privatization of companies, mineral and energy banks, resources, etc. Thus, the commercial opening and the promoted economic reforms in Brazil, with increase of the participation of the external investments motivate merger and acquisitions between national companies (called domestic transactions), and transactions carried through for foreign companies (called cross border). The participation of business-oriented foreign companies surpassed the volume between national companies in amount, volume and values, causing debates on the denationalization of the Brazilian economy. This research analyzes the concentration of capitals in the movement of merger and acquisitions of the Brazilian companies, evaluating the sectors more affected and the formation of oligopolies, and the circumstances where these transactions in the domestic territory had occurred.

Orientador: Armen Mamigonian / Resumo: A geografia tem, nas últmimas décadas, agrupado ao seu conhecimento uma série de novos temas e abandonado outros. Os estudos referentes aos transportes, muito valorizados no passado, são um exemplo dos que vêm perdendo importância. / Abstract: In the last decades, geography a great deal of knowledge in some areas and, at the ame time, discarded others. Studies about transportation used to be highly appraised in the past, but now, they seem to be disregarded. / Doutor

When the Soviet Union fell it marked the end of an era the ones totalitarian communist state collapsed and, in its place, a new state called Russa emerged with a new leader Boris Yeltsin as the great reformer who had a mission of making Russia a country similar to those int the west. This dream was not to last long soon after his arrival the economy crashed, inflation had skyrocketed, and crime and unemployment struck the country. Boris Yeltsin started privatizing vast numbers of previously state-owned industries which helped create a new elitist class in the oligarchs.    The purpose of this essay is to analyze the post-soviet state of Russia and its social and economic elements to determine when an oligarchic structure emerged and how this oligarchy was able to establish a social contract with the Russian people. This will be done with the help of the essays two theories surrounding elitism and conractualism.    The result this essay reached was that there are two significant decisions taken by the Yeltsin administration which led to the creation of an oligarchic state these are the two privatization waves. These privatizations made a few men very powerful and we can see the extent of their power and influence in the presidential election of 1997. Were they managed to get Yeltsin reelected even though his popularity was at its lowest by using their massive influence such as their media empire. When Putin got elected it represented a new era of Russian politics, he promised to end the chaos of the 1990s and reestablish security in Russia and put the oligarchs in line. He was able to do this much because of the rising oil prices and the use of Russian nationalism to his advantage. He was able to restore a social contract with the Russian people in turn for less freedom he would guarantee them security and stability

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco J Castro.pdf: 1561390 bytes, checksum: 26d322500122d8a62d4f4380b9f66b0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-03 / This dissertation makes an analysis of the main causing factors of the variation of the Brazilian public debt between 1995 and 2005. Firstly, it is discoursed on the approaches of the new classics, Keynesians and the neo-classic synthesis about the public debt. It is presented, after that, the evolution of the privatizations, primary surplus, growth of the GDP, acknowledgment of debts and exchange depreciations. In the sequence, the result of each one of these factors is brought up to date by the IPCA until December of 2005 and by paid the average tax of interests on the public debt in each year. It is made a comparison of the interests paid on the public debt of Brazil with the interest rate Real practiced at the countries developed added of IPCA of Brazil resulting in a great difference, what is determined our public debt was remunerated with real interests same to the real interest rates of the developed countries would have paid of interests 68,55% than indeed we paid. It concludes that, in reason of the high average tax of interests for which the debt was remunerated in the period, the described factors above make influence more strongly than its results presented in current values. The main obstacle to the fall of the debt, in absolute terms, is the high taxes of interests for which it is remunerated / Esta dissertação faz uma análise dos principais fatores causadores da variação da dívida pública brasileira entre 1995 e 2005. Primeiramente, discorre-se sobre os enfoques dos novos clássicos, keynesianos e da síntese neoclássica a respeito da dívida pública. Apresenta-se, em seguida, a evolução das privatizações, superávit primário, crescimento do PIB, reconhecimento de dívidas e desvalorizações cambiais. Na seqüência, o resultado de cada um desses fatores é atualizado até dezembro de 2005 pelo IPCA e pela taxa média de juros paga sobre a dívida pública em cada ano. Faz-se uma comparação dos juros pagos sobre a dívida pública do Brasil com a taxa de juros reais praticadas nos países desenvolvidos acrescidas do IPCA do Brasil, resultando numa grande diferença, o que determina se a nossa dívida pública fosse remunerada com juros reais igual às taxas de juros reais dos países desenvolvidos teríamos pago de juros 68,55% do que efetivamente pagamos. Conclui-se que em razão da alta taxa de juros média pela qual a dívida foi remunerada no período, os fatores descritos acima se revelaram mais fortemente do que os seus resultados apresentados em valores correntes. O principal obstáculo à sua queda da dívida, em termos absolutos, são as altas taxas de juros pelas quais é remunerada

L'usage de la discrétion peut intervenir à plusieurs étapes de la commande publique. La littérature économique s'est largement penchée sur l'étude des bénéfices et des limites de son usage. Cette thèse se concentre sur deux dimensions de la discrétion. Tout d'abord, une autorité publique doit choisir entre fournir un service public elle-même (une régie) ou par voie de délégation de service public (DSP). Cette thèse détermine empiriquement quels sont les facteurs décisifs des remunicipalisations et privatisations dans le service public de la distribution d'eau. Cette décision s'explique principalement par la recherche d'efficacité économique, même si la tendance des communes voisines à changer de mode de fourniture est décisive. Ensuite, cette thèse se concentre sur le pouvoir discrétionnaire d'un acheteur public lorsque celui-ci doit attribuer un marché public. La littérature reconnait qu'elle peut permettre d'obtenir un meilleur rapport qualité-prix, mais peut aussi faciliter la corruption. Cette thèse analyse l'effet des enquêtes pour faits de corruption sur le degré de pouvoir discrétionnaire utilisé pour attribuer un marché. Il apparaît qu'une municipalité sous enquête ne réagit pas en adoptant moins de pouvoir discrétionnaire. Seuls les voisins à des communes qui sont reconnues coupables de corruption réagissent, suggérant leur possible implication dans le cas enquêté. Enfin, la question de l'effet du pouvoir discrétionnaire sur la probabilité d'attribuer le marché à une entreprise plus productive est soulevée. Il en résulte qu'une procédure d'attribution offrant un pouvoir discrétionnaire à l'acheteur public conduit à la sélection d' entreprises moins efficaces. / The use of discretion in public procurement may take place at different stages of the procurement process. The economic literature has widely investigated the benefits and limitations of its use. This dissertation focuses on two dimensions of discretion. First, a public authority has to decide whether to provide a public service in-house or privately. This dissertation empirically investigates the determinants of both remunicipalizations and privatizations for the water distribution services. This decision to switch appears to be mainly driven by economic efficiency reasons. Also, a tendency to switch from one regime to another one in neighboring municipalities influences this decision. Second, this dissertation focuses on public buyer's discretionary power towards the award mechanism. The economic literature acknowledges that even though discretion may yield a better value for money when awarding a contract, it may also facilitate corruption. This dissertation analyzes the impact of investigation for corruption over the degree of buyer's discretion used. As a matter of fact, a municipality investigated for corruption does not react by using less award procedures that allow for discretionary power. Only neighbors of municipalities that are eventually found guilty react, suggesting that responsive neighbors to investigation might also be involved in the case under investigation. Finally, the question of the effect of discretionary power over the likelihood to select a productive supplier is addressed. It follows that an award procedure that allows for discretionary power leads to the selection of less productive firms than an award procedure that does not.

O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em explicar a política de privatização de empresas públicas argentinas em uma perspectiva de longo prazo, buscando encontrar seus antecedentes e as principais conseqüências desta política dentro de um contexto de reforma do Estado. Para tanto, retoma-se o modelo de desenvolvimento adotado entre 1930 e 1970, destacando-se a alta intervenção e o posterior declínio do Estado no campo econômico. Este trabalho se insere na área da história econômica e por tal motivo abrange diversos âmbitos, não se limitando à dimensão econômica. Assim, aspectos relacionados à questão da eficiência e da regulação são levados em consideração, mas também aspectos de caráter político e social – envolvendo a influência de fatores externos e a atuação de grupos privados no processo privatista – e a importância do instrumental técnico e do discurso através da consideração das leis, decretos, normas e depoimentos das autoridades governamentais. Nesse sentido, tem-se como hipótese que vários condicionantes contribuíram para a implementação de um conjunto de reformas estruturais no início do governo Menem, de forma que fatores de natureza econômica associaram-se a fatores políticos e ideológicos para explicar as opções e o desenrolar dos acontecimentos. Ademais, busca-se discutir o processo de privatizações argentinas a partir das características distintivas assumidas durante a primeira fase de implementação (1989-1994) comparando-se a seqüência de transferência das empresas públicas com a adotada por países que se tornaram paradigmas de privatização. Neste sentido, aprofundou-se o exame das privatizações avaliando um setor específico em termos de eficiência e regulação: o das telecomunicações. Tendo como referência o marco teóricoempírico, em suma, constatou-se que o fenômeno de privatização argentino guardou especificidades nacionais relacionadas principalmente aos condicionantes econômicos e à ideologia política que o sustentava. Demonstrou-se que, embora o governo Menem tenha decidido pela adoção de um programa privatizador com um processo de transferência diferente quando comparado com outras experiências internacionais, houve razões excepcionais que justificaram tal opção, não significando, por isso, o fracasso da política. Porfim, este trabalho busca contribuir ao debate sobre o papel do Estado na economia e sobre os limites das fronteiras entre o público e o privado. / The aim of this work is to explain the privatization policy for Argentinean public enterprises in a long term perspective. This perspective means that we were searching for the antecedents and the main consequences of this policy in a context of State reform. We analyzed the development model used between 1930 and 1970, focusing on the strong intervention by the State and the following decline of this intervention in the economic activities. This work can be categorized in the economic history field, embracing different aspects, that is, it is not limited to the economic range. For this reason, aspects such as those related to the issue of efficiency and regulation are considered here, but also those of a political and social character – as the influence of external factors and the action of private groups in the privatization process – and the importance of technical instruments and the discourse through laws, decrees, norms and testimonies of governmental authorities. As a hypothesis, we considered that various conditions contributed to the implementation of a group of structural reforms in the beginning of the Menem’s government, in a way that economic factors got associated with political and ideological factors to explain the option and the events that followed. We have also discussed the Argentinean privatization process according to the distinctive characteristics that it assumed during the first phase of implementation (1989-1994) by comparing the sequence used in Argentina to transfer public enterprises with those adopted in countries considered as paradigms of privatization. Thus, we have gone further on the analysis of privatization by evaluating a specific sector, that of telecommunications, in terms of efficiency and regulation. Using an empirical-theoretical approach, we have evidenced that the Argentinean privatization process kept national specificities related mainly to the economic conditions and the political ideology that gave support to the process. We have demonstrated as well that even though Menem decided to adopt a privatization program with a transference process different from those of other international experiences, there were exceptional reasons that justified this choice and that it did not mean a failure to the policy. Finally, this work sought to contribute with the debate on the role of the State in the economy and on the limits and frontiers between the public and the private sectors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_mr_dr_prud.pdf: 2694499 bytes, checksum: 2899722e20f49cced29f7743e9a15030 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A geografia tem, nas últmimas décadas, agrupado ao seu conhecimento uma série de novos temas e abandonado outros. Os estudos referentes aos transportes, muito valorizados no passado, são um exemplo dos que vêm perdendo importância. / In the last decades, geography a great deal of knowledge in some areas and, at the ame time, discarded others. Studies about transportation used to be highly appraised in the past, but now, they seem to be disregarded.

O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em explicar a política de privatização de empresas públicas argentinas em uma perspectiva de longo prazo, buscando encontrar seus antecedentes e as principais conseqüências desta política dentro de um contexto de reforma do Estado. Para tanto, retoma-se o modelo de desenvolvimento adotado entre 1930 e 1970, destacando-se a alta intervenção e o posterior declínio do Estado no campo econômico. Este trabalho se insere na área da história econômica e por tal motivo abrange diversos âmbitos, não se limitando à dimensão econômica. Assim, aspectos relacionados à questão da eficiência e da regulação são levados em consideração, mas também aspectos de caráter político e social – envolvendo a influência de fatores externos e a atuação de grupos privados no processo privatista – e a importância do instrumental técnico e do discurso através da consideração das leis, decretos, normas e depoimentos das autoridades governamentais. Nesse sentido, tem-se como hipótese que vários condicionantes contribuíram para a implementação de um conjunto de reformas estruturais no início do governo Menem, de forma que fatores de natureza econômica associaram-se a fatores políticos e ideológicos para explicar as opções e o desenrolar dos acontecimentos. Ademais, busca-se discutir o processo de privatizações argentinas a partir das características distintivas assumidas durante a primeira fase de implementação (1989-1994) comparando-se a seqüência de transferência das empresas públicas com a adotada por países que se tornaram paradigmas de privatização. Neste sentido, aprofundou-se o exame das privatizações avaliando um setor específico em termos de eficiência e regulação: o das telecomunicações. Tendo como referência o marco teóricoempírico, em suma, constatou-se que o fenômeno de privatização argentino guardou especificidades nacionais relacionadas principalmente aos condicionantes econômicos e à ideologia política que o sustentava. Demonstrou-se que, embora o governo Menem tenha decidido pela adoção de um programa privatizador com um processo de transferência diferente quando comparado com outras experiências internacionais, houve razões excepcionais que justificaram tal opção, não significando, por isso, o fracasso da política. Porfim, este trabalho busca contribuir ao debate sobre o papel do Estado na economia e sobre os limites das fronteiras entre o público e o privado. / The aim of this work is to explain the privatization policy for Argentinean public enterprises in a long term perspective. This perspective means that we were searching for the antecedents and the main consequences of this policy in a context of State reform. We analyzed the development model used between 1930 and 1970, focusing on the strong intervention by the State and the following decline of this intervention in the economic activities. This work can be categorized in the economic history field, embracing different aspects, that is, it is not limited to the economic range. For this reason, aspects such as those related to the issue of efficiency and regulation are considered here, but also those of a political and social character – as the influence of external factors and the action of private groups in the privatization process – and the importance of technical instruments and the discourse through laws, decrees, norms and testimonies of governmental authorities. As a hypothesis, we considered that various conditions contributed to the implementation of a group of structural reforms in the beginning of the Menem’s government, in a way that economic factors got associated with political and ideological factors to explain the option and the events that followed. We have also discussed the Argentinean privatization process according to the distinctive characteristics that it assumed during the first phase of implementation (1989-1994) by comparing the sequence used in Argentina to transfer public enterprises with those adopted in countries considered as paradigms of privatization. Thus, we have gone further on the analysis of privatization by evaluating a specific sector, that of telecommunications, in terms of efficiency and regulation. Using an empirical-theoretical approach, we have evidenced that the Argentinean privatization process kept national specificities related mainly to the economic conditions and the political ideology that gave support to the process. We have demonstrated as well that even though Menem decided to adopt a privatization program with a transference process different from those of other international experiences, there were exceptional reasons that justified this choice and that it did not mean a failure to the policy. Finally, this work sought to contribute with the debate on the role of the State in the economy and on the limits and frontiers between the public and the private sectors.

O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em explicar a política de privatização de empresas públicas argentinas em uma perspectiva de longo prazo, buscando encontrar seus antecedentes e as principais conseqüências desta política dentro de um contexto de reforma do Estado. Para tanto, retoma-se o modelo de desenvolvimento adotado entre 1930 e 1970, destacando-se a alta intervenção e o posterior declínio do Estado no campo econômico. Este trabalho se insere na área da história econômica e por tal motivo abrange diversos âmbitos, não se limitando à dimensão econômica. Assim, aspectos relacionados à questão da eficiência e da regulação são levados em consideração, mas também aspectos de caráter político e social – envolvendo a influência de fatores externos e a atuação de grupos privados no processo privatista – e a importância do instrumental técnico e do discurso através da consideração das leis, decretos, normas e depoimentos das autoridades governamentais. Nesse sentido, tem-se como hipótese que vários condicionantes contribuíram para a implementação de um conjunto de reformas estruturais no início do governo Menem, de forma que fatores de natureza econômica associaram-se a fatores políticos e ideológicos para explicar as opções e o desenrolar dos acontecimentos. Ademais, busca-se discutir o processo de privatizações argentinas a partir das características distintivas assumidas durante a primeira fase de implementação (1989-1994) comparando-se a seqüência de transferência das empresas públicas com a adotada por países que se tornaram paradigmas de privatização. Neste sentido, aprofundou-se o exame das privatizações avaliando um setor específico em termos de eficiência e regulação: o das telecomunicações. Tendo como referência o marco teóricoempírico, em suma, constatou-se que o fenômeno de privatização argentino guardou especificidades nacionais relacionadas principalmente aos condicionantes econômicos e à ideologia política que o sustentava. Demonstrou-se que, embora o governo Menem tenha decidido pela adoção de um programa privatizador com um processo de transferência diferente quando comparado com outras experiências internacionais, houve razões excepcionais que justificaram tal opção, não significando, por isso, o fracasso da política. Porfim, este trabalho busca contribuir ao debate sobre o papel do Estado na economia e sobre os limites das fronteiras entre o público e o privado. / The aim of this work is to explain the privatization policy for Argentinean public enterprises in a long term perspective. This perspective means that we were searching for the antecedents and the main consequences of this policy in a context of State reform. We analyzed the development model used between 1930 and 1970, focusing on the strong intervention by the State and the following decline of this intervention in the economic activities. This work can be categorized in the economic history field, embracing different aspects, that is, it is not limited to the economic range. For this reason, aspects such as those related to the issue of efficiency and regulation are considered here, but also those of a political and social character – as the influence of external factors and the action of private groups in the privatization process – and the importance of technical instruments and the discourse through laws, decrees, norms and testimonies of governmental authorities. As a hypothesis, we considered that various conditions contributed to the implementation of a group of structural reforms in the beginning of the Menem’s government, in a way that economic factors got associated with political and ideological factors to explain the option and the events that followed. We have also discussed the Argentinean privatization process according to the distinctive characteristics that it assumed during the first phase of implementation (1989-1994) by comparing the sequence used in Argentina to transfer public enterprises with those adopted in countries considered as paradigms of privatization. Thus, we have gone further on the analysis of privatization by evaluating a specific sector, that of telecommunications, in terms of efficiency and regulation. Using an empirical-theoretical approach, we have evidenced that the Argentinean privatization process kept national specificities related mainly to the economic conditions and the political ideology that gave support to the process. We have demonstrated as well that even though Menem decided to adopt a privatization program with a transference process different from those of other international experiences, there were exceptional reasons that justified this choice and that it did not mean a failure to the policy. Finally, this work sought to contribute with the debate on the role of the State in the economy and on the limits and frontiers between the public and the private sectors.