O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o mercado de concessões de prestação do serviço de transmissão de energia elétrica do Brasil. Essa concessão dura trinta anos e, se for considerado que houve muitos interessados em ganhar as concessões, para a maioria dos leilões realizados até 2005 o resultado dos leilões podem ser considerados um grande sucesso. Esses leilões são recentes, se iniciaram em 1999. Antes disso o setor passava por dificuldades de investimento. Após reformulação de algumas leis, o setor elétrico deixou de ser dependente de financiamentos governamentais. O setor privado começou a investir de forma controlada nesses projetos de grande porte e a obrigação do governo passou a ser o de fiscalizar e formular as leis do setor. Como houve muitos interessados em prestar o serviço público, os leilões foram a forma escolhida para decidir qual era a empresa mais eficiente. Os leilões são descendentes de primeiro preço em dois estágios em que o primeiro estágio é secreto em envelope fechado. Caso a diferença entre o menor valor e os outros lances seja menor do que 5%, o leilão passa para o segundo estágio que ocorre em viva-voz. Como o objeto leiloado é uma concessão, o valor que os participantes tem de decidir não é o preço a pagar, mas sim o valor da receita máxima que a concessionária aceitará receber para prestar o serviço. Uma das características da transmissão que determinou o tipo de regulação a ser utilizado foi o fato da transmissão de energia elétrica ser um monopólio natural, por isso o valor cobrado dos usuários deve ser controlado. O valor desse único lance contém as expectativas dos agentes sobre o valor dos custos estimados para prestar o serviço, contém também as expectativas de lucro possível, da probabilidade de vitória do leilão dada a concorrência etc. A análise deste trabalho se concentra nos leilões realizados no período de 1999 até 2005 em que ocorreram dez leilões com várias linhas sendo leiloadas em cada leilão. Para determinar o que tornou esse mercado tão interessante para as empresas privadas, foram consideradas as características de cada empresa. A característica mais importante é a interdependência. Essa interdependência permite custos menores quanto mais projetos de transmissão a empresa possui, por isso os resultados do leilão podem ser determinados por essa característica especial. Além dessa variável, foram consideradas a concorrência, a competitividade entre os participantes, o tipo de empresa, ou seja, em que setor a empresa possui especialidade na realização de projetos e o fato dos leilões serem seqüenciais. / This work analised the concession market of electricity transmission lines in Brazil. This market was recently created by a major restructuring in the regulation laws. The reason for this change was the investment crisis that the sector was going through before 1999. Those concessions are decided by an auction and lasts for thirty years. It has been considered a major success, due to the interest of many companies in acquiring this permits. The government no longer invested on it but instead decided de the laws to control the sector. One of the key changes in the diferent aspect of the regulation the participation of the private sector. Investments were no longer dependent on government for financial suport. This alteration made the market more competitive, eficient and lucrative. The auctions are classified as a descending first-price with two stages. The first stage is made with a sealed bid and in case the diference of the lowest bid and the other bids are less than 5%, the auction goes to the second stage with a oral auction. The object auctioned is a permit to provide a public service for a period o time, so this is the reason the auction is descending one. The bids made by the participants is the value of a maximum annual income permited by the regulator. The reason for this maximum is a result of the fact that this public service is a natural monopoly. It prevents the concessionare to take advantage over it´s clients by charging a high fee when they don´t have a choice of another provider of this service. When the participants of the auctions choose the value of the bid, this only bid contains all of their expectations of costs, profits, the probability of winning the auction when considering the competition etc. This work uses the data of all the auctions of transmission lines that happened between 1999 and 2005. in this period ocorred ten auctions, with many lines auctioned in each one. In order to determine what made this market so interesting for private companies some caracteristics of those companies were considered. The results of this study finds that the most important caracteristic is interdependencies. It allows lower costs the many concessions the company owns. This result is so powerful that sometimes it may determine the winner of the auction. Other variables analised were the competitiveness of this sequential auctions, the competitiveness of the participants, the kind of work the company is specialized in, as a real option when deciding what kind of company to participate, for exemple, in a joint venture, and the benefits of this decision.

[pt] O Project Finance é uma modalidade específica de financiamento de projetos, na qual o fluxo de caixa do projeto constitui a proncipal fonte de pagamento do serviço da dívida aos credores e de retorno aos investidores de capital.Adicionalmente, os ativos do projeto -bens e direitos- podem ser dados em garantia aos provedores de recurso.A utilização do Project Finance proporciona, dentre outros benefícios, o acesso a uma eficiente alocação de riscos entre as partes envolvidas. Por outro lado, exige uma cuidadosa engenharia financeira, para adequar a disponibilidade, utilização e exigibilidade dos recursos ao cronograma físico do projeto;e um complexo arranjo de garantias para assegurar a alocação dos riscos.Este trabalho visa mostrar porquê e como o Project Finance tem sido usado para viabiblizar projetos em dois setores da economia no Brasil:infra-estrutura de transporte rodoviário e geração de energia elétrica.Servindo-se da metodologia de estudo de caso múltiplo, são apresentados e comparados:as fontes de recurso disponíveis, os riscos existentes, os mecanismos de mitigação e de alocação dos riscos, eos instrumentos de garantia utilizados na estruturação do Project Finance nos setores supracitados.Também são analisadas as dificuldades de implementação do Project Finance no contexto brasileiro e a adequação desses setores ao uso desta modalidade de financiamento. / [en] The Project Finance is a specific modality of financing of projects, in which the flow of box of the project constitutes the main source of payment of the service of the debt to the creators and of return to the capital investors. Additionally, the assets of the project -good and rights- can be given in guarantee to the resource suppliers. The use of the Project Finance provides, amongst other benefits, the access to a bigger variety of sources of resources, a bigger financial leverage of the project, and an efficient allocation of risks between the involved parts.On the other hand, it demands a careful financial engineering, to assure the allocation of the risks. This objective work to show reason and as the Project Finance has been used to make possible projects in two sectors of the economy in Brazil: infrastructure of road transport and generation of electric energy. Serving itself of the methodology of case studies they are presented and compared the available sources of resource,the existing risks, the mechanisms of mitigação and allocation of the risks, and the used instruments of guarantee in the estruturação of the Project Finance in the above-mentioned sectors. Also the difficulties of implementation of the Project Finance in the Brazilian context and the adequateness of these sectors to the use of this modality of financing are analyzed.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Over the past few years the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has been facing regional power shortages. These regional power shortages currently being experienced within the SADC region have been partly due to a lack of generation capacity and transmission capacity constraints. This situation has been further aggravated by the unanticipated economic growth within the SADC region. In order for the SADC region to meet its electricity demand, the region needs to invest in new generation and transmission projects. However, due to the inability of regional utilities to raise funds to finance these projects, the projects tend to not reach financial close resulting in the increase of the regional power deficits. Although these regional power shortages have been attributed to the lack of adequate investment in power generation projects and power transmission interconnector projects, this research report was limited to the development and financing of power transmission interconnector projects. The objective of this research report was to identify the dynamics that prohibit regional power transmission interconnectors from reaching financial close and to recommend possible solutions on how best to develop and package these projects. The research used the proposed developmental approach of the ZIZABONA transmission interconnector project as a case study to develop a generic model that could be utilised on other regional transmission interconnector projects. Based on the research presented in this research report, the study has highlighted project finance as a viable funding strategy. Regional utilities can utilise this funding strategy to package and finance joint transmission regional interconnectors to alleviate the current regional power shortages by facilitating regional electricity trade.

本研究於近年來公營事業的營運及管理模式日漸無法滿足高度自由化社會的需求，國際間公營事業開放民營化已成為普遍趨勢。然而，反觀我國於民國84年自今，陸續開放三階段民營電廠申請建設，其中通過的15間民營電廠中，僅存7家順利商轉營運，專案達成率不到五成。在面臨公營事業民營化的強力趨勢下，我國於專案融資領域似乎尚未累積足夠經驗進行國內大型專案的計畫與執行。因此本研究試圖以分析專案融資架構，並結合國內民營化腳步，以民營電廠「長生電廠」為個案進行進一部分析研究。 本研究首先檢視國內電力市場，了解電業自由化之趨勢與未來民營電廠興建之需求。並介紹我國民營電廠目前經營狀況以及其申請的流程，從中得知民營電廠申請手續之繁複與時程環環相扣等特性，與專案融資具有高度相似性。其後於第三章探討目前專案融資的進展與主要運作架構。專案融資首重風險評估與管理，ㄧ個成功的電廠專案，需事先評估專案流程中隱藏之風險，並採取相對應的規避手段，最重要是風險一旦發生時的應變措施與責任歸屬。 第四章以第三章之專案融資分析架構，並以我國民營電廠之成功案例「長生電廠」進行研究，長生電廠因其機組設計符合未來趨勢與專案設計之完善，使其順利取得融資完成專案。透過專案內容的呈現，與電廠專案為獲利性期長且風險較低等特性，說明長生電廠如何透過事前的風險管理與融資規劃順利取得融資。後續導入實質選擇權觀念，分析長生電廠管理面彈性對於價值的貢獻。 本研究結論發現，專案融資定義為以專案公司為主軸進行專案並藉由契約的安排分配各個參與者的利益以及其承擔的風險。其中我國民營電廠中首重於參與者的資格(此指專業能力與財力背景)與專案風險之分配，好的參與者有助於強化專案舉債能力與確保專案利潤，正滿足專案融資以未來現金流與本身資產抵押作為融資之特性。而專案的風險管理為透過合約進行專案風險之分配，需依照風險確定、規避、排除及移轉等程序，並且配合專案範圍內涉及之合約進行。而實質選擇權方面，對於提高專案外顯價值有正面效果，有助於專案權益人了解專案本身管理面彈性與真正價值。

This literature review analyzes the global phenomenon of international project finance (PF) as both a management and finance instrument, allowing practitioners to realize large scale infrastructure projects in high risk contexts. After describing the characteristics of PF, its historical origins and its unique benefits for empirical inquiry, I summarize the findings of academic research from an interdisciplinary perspective. Based on this integration of Finance, Management and International Business research, I discuss the theoretical implications for each field that emanate from PF. Finally, I identify possibilities for future research and propose a more balanced, interdisciplinary academic treatment of PF.

Project Finance is an alternative financing mechanism to Corporate Finance which allows the companies to finance large infrastructure projects without endangers their own assets and heritage.Through Project Finance is possible to carry out major public works in the context of Public Private Partnership (PPP) Contracts, which the main guarantee of the creditors will be exploitation rights of the company that signs the public infrastructure contract, either by charging a fee to users (in case of self-sustaining PPP) or by charging a pre agreed amount to the State (in case of co-financed PPP).For a successful structuring of a PPP Project Finance, the joint work of a number of actors and legal instruments are required in order to complete the financing necessary circle in conditions of acceptable risk. The required actors are the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), the State, the Permitted Creditors, the Builder and Trustee. Among the necessary legal instruments include the PPP Contract, the Financing Contract, the Construction Contract and the Trust Agreement. / El Project Finance es un mecanismo de financiamiento alternativo al Corporate Finance que permite el financiamiento de grandes proyectos de infraestructura, sin necesidad de que las corporaciones pongan en riesgo su patrimonio y activos propios. A través del Project Finance se pueden ejecutar obras públicas de envergadura, en el marco de Contratos de Asociación Público Privada (APP), en donde la principal garantía de los Acreedores consistirá en el derecho que tiene la empresa que suscribe dicho contrato para explotar la infraestructura pública, bien sea a través del cobro de una tarifa a los Usuarios (en el caso de las APP Autosostenibles) o a través del cobro de un monto pre acordado con el Estado (en el caso de las APP Cofinanciadas). Para la estructuración exitosa de un Project Finance en una APP se requiere el trabajo conjunto de una serie de actores y de instrumentos jurídicos que completen el círculo necesario para el financiamiento en condiciones de riesgo aceptables. Los actores necesarios son la Sociedad de Propósito Exclusivo (SPE), el Estado, los Acreedores Permitidos, el Constructor y un Fiduciario. Entre los instrumentos jurídicos necesarios destacan el Contrato de APP, el Contrato de Financiamiento, el Contrato de Construcción y el Contrato de Fideicomiso.

This Diploma Thesis deals with Public Private Partnerships (PPP) projects in transportation area in the conditions of the Czech Republic. Theoretical part of the Thesis describes basic rules of project finance, as an elementary part of each PPP project, as well as analyzes key economic, legal, tax and accounting aspects of the PPP projects within the Czech Republic. Practical part of the Thesis describes the development of PPP projects in the whole Europe. Current pilot PPP projects in the Czech Republic are also analyzed. Real PPP project, D3 highway, and its economic availability are being analyzed and evaluated in the final part of the Thesis.

Abstract: The main objectives of this Thesis is comprehensive describtion of the current situation of the Czech export support policy. The Thesis presents perspectives of financing possibilities of industrial works and projects in emerging markets countries, analyses the German export support policy and introduces opportunities for the improvement of the status of export oriented Czech companies

Construction industry leaders who neglect to implement appropriate project funding strategies harm business operations and lose profits. Inadequate funding is also a significant cause of project failures in the global construction sector. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies construction project owners use to secure sustainable funding for the successful conclusion of infrastructure projects. The population comprised 5 leaders of organizations owning construction projects in the Middle Eastern Gulf Cooperation Council states, with successful strategies to acquire adequate funding for completing infrastructure projects. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with the business leaders and reports published by prominent organizations involved in funding infrastructure projects. The modern portfolio theory formulated the conceptual framework. Through thematic analysis, 5 themes emerged: address project funding issues promptly, select projects with high returns and low risks, use project financial management processes to manage project funds, apply a project finance structure for large-scale projects, and implement an Islamic finance scheme for eligible projects. The potential contributions of the study include communities benefitting from improved well-being and construction business employees enjoying higher job security, enhanced working conditions, and better standards of living for their families.

[pt] Project finance é uma modalidade de financiamento que vem sendo apontada como alternativa para suprir as elevadas necessidades de investimento existentes nos países em desenvolvimento.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a utilização de project finance nos setores de óleo/gás e energia elétrica no Brasil, estabelecendo um paralelo com sua aplicação nos países emergentes da Ásia, que se destacaram pelo grande número de projetos implementados antes da crise de 1997.Apesar das aparentes diferenças culturais, Brasil e Ásia apresentam muitas similaridades em relação às dificuldades encontradas na estruturação de project finance, associadas principalmente à escassez de recursos e aos riscos regulatório, político e cambial. As soluções que governos e investidores estão buscando para esses problemas na Ásia, podem auxiliar em uma melhor implementação dessa modalidade de financiamento no Brasil. / [en] Project finance is a financing modality that comes being pointed as alternative to supply the high existing necessities of investment in the developing countries. The present work has as objective to analyze the use of project finance in the sectors of óleo/gás and electric energy in Brazil, establishing a parallel with its application in the emergent countries of Asia, that if had detached for the great number of projects implemented before the 1997 crisis. Despite the apparent Cultural differences, Brazil and Asia they present many similarities in relation to the difficulties found in the estruturação of project finance, associates mainly to the scarcity of resources and the risks regulatório,cambial politician and. The solutions that governments and investors are searching for these problems in Asia, can assist in one better implementation of this modality of financing in Brazil.