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[pt] Uma reflexão a respeito dos deslocamentos migratórios forçados e do status quo do refugiado apresenta-se, em âmbito global, como uma questão imperativa. De modo igualmente crítico, a violência e suas múltiplas formas de expressão evidenciam-se como uma das mais categóricas adversidades contemporâneas cuja ponderação se faz necessária. Tais fenômenos podem ser localizados reiteradamente na história e seu recrudescimento convoca a psicanálise, um saber que dialoga com a cultura, a posicionar-se diante de suas especificidades. Frente às configurações subjetivas encontradas no âmbito dos movimentos de migração forçada, a clínica com refugiados pode revelar particularidades, assim como, contingencialmente, a presença de elementos traumáticos e hiatos expressivos na capacidade representacional dos sujeitos, resultantes da exposição à violência. Com o referencial teórico alicerçado sobretudo em Freud e Lacan, propõe-se, nesta tese, a retomada do percurso da psicanálise no que se refere à concepção do termo violência – aproximando-o principalmente do registro do imaginário –, seus desdobramentos, sua articulação com as políticas do trauma e, como recurso ilustrativo, com as experiências de diáspora através da literatura promovida por autores com antecedentes biográficos migratórios. Dessa forma, pretende-se desenvolver aspectos fundamentais para a compreensão lógica do sujeito refugiado e suas fronteiras, e da psicanálise e seus litorais. / [en] A reflection on forced migratory displacements and the status quo of the refugee presents itself, on a global scale, as an imperative issue. In an equally critical way, violence and its multiple forms of expression are evidenced as one of the most categorical contemporary adversities whose consideration is necessary. Such phenomena can be located repeatedly in history and their resurgence calls for psychoanalysis, a knowledge that dialogues with culture, to position itself in the face of its specificities. Considering the subjective configurations found within the scope of forced migration movements, clinical practice with refugees may reveal particularities, such as, contingentially, the presence of traumatic elements and expressive gaps in the representational capacity of the subjects, resulting from exposure to violence. With the theoretical framework based primarily on Freud and Lacan, it is proposed in this thesis, the resumption of the course of psychoanalysis regarding the conception of the term violence – approaching it mainly in the register of the imaginary – its developments, its articulation with the politics of trauma and, as an illustrative resource, with the experiences of diaspora through the literature promoted by authors with biographical migratory background. In this way, we intend to develop fundamental aspects for the logical understanding of the refugee subject and his borders, and of psychoanalysis and its littorals.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as interações entre globalização e refúgio exemplificada pelo processo de reterritorialização dos refugiados congoleses na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. No trabalho tentaremos responder a seguinte questão: como se apresentam as interações entre globalização e refúgio a partir do exemplo do processo de reterritorialização dos refugiados congoleses na cidade do Rio de Janeiro? Procura-se analisar como a globalização e a questão dos refugiados estão relacionadas, tendo como marco a criação da Convenção de 1951 e do Protocolo de 1967 relativos ao Estatuto dos Refugiados. Em seguida, busca se analisar a política em relação aos refugiados adotada no Brasil, a partir da promulgação da Lei 9.474/1997 e a criação do Comitê Nacional para Refugiados. Estabelece-se a interação entre diferentes agentes e atores (órgãos estatais, organização internacional e instituições da sociedade civil e os refugiados) que estão envolvidos na criação e implementação de ações voltadas para a integração local de refugiados no Brasil e, mais especificamente, no Rio de Janeiro. Demonstra-se, a partir do caso específico dos congoleses em situação de refúgio no Rio de Janeiro, que a reterritorialização e a integração local dos refugiados no Brasil ocorrem a partir de estratégias criadas por diferentes agentes, destacando os próprios refugiados e, possibilitando, com isso, sua integração através de redes sociais locais. / [en] This piece of work aims to analyse the interactions between the globalization and refuge as exemplified by the reterritorialization process of the Congolese refugees in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In this work we try to answer the following question: how do present the interactions between the globalization and the refuge onwards the example of the reterritorialization process of the Congolese refugees in the Rio de Janeiro city? We seek to analyse how the globalization and the issue of refugee are related, based on the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol related to the Refugee Statute. Thereafter, we aim to analyse the Brazilian refugee politics adopted by Brazil, from the Law 9.474/1997 and the implementation of the National Committee for Refugees (CONARE). Is established the interaction between different agents and actors (governmental bodies, international organizations and institutions from civil society and the refugees) that are involved in the creation and implementation of practices related to local refugee integration in Brazil, and more specifically, in Ro de Janeiro. We demonstrate, from the specific case of the Congolese refugees in Rio de Janeiro, where the territorialisation and local integration of the refugees in Brazil happen through different strategies created by different agents, where refugees is being highlighted and where the integration becomes through local social networks.

The aim of this work is to analyze the problem of social alienation of two cultural centers of one region, rediscover a common link in between them and suggest a solution of their permanent coexistence through a specific architectural design.

Feral horses occupy 31.6 million acres throughout western North America. Feral horses share similar habitats with a wide range of animal species, including pronghorn. Since horses are larger and often more aggressive than other animals of this region, they are generally socially dominant over all other native ungulate species. Pronghorn share water sources with horses in areas where both occur. In situations where horses exclude pronghorn from water, pronghorn fitness may be impaired, especially during the hottest months of the year when water is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate interference competition between pronghorn and feral horses at water sources. During spring and summer 2010-11, we placed motion-sensitive cameras at water sources across the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge in northwest Nevada. Cameras were used to examine the overlap of water use by pronghorn and horses and to determine the occurrence of spatial or temporal partitioning of water between these species. Additionally, we made direct observations of horses and pronghorn at high-use water sources to record the occurrences and outcomes of pronghorn/horse interactions as well as differences in pronghorn behavior in the presence and absence of horses. Pronghorn spent more time on vigilance behavior and less time foraging or drinking in the presence of horses than in their absence. Nearly half of pronghorn/horse interactions at water resulted in pronghorn exclusion from water. Our data also suggest that temporal partitioning of water between horses and pronghorn on an hourly basis may be occurring.

[pt] Afromigrantes são um dos principais grupos de solicitantes de refúgio e refugiados no Brasil desde 1990. Até então praticamente ausentes dos horizontes imigratórios no país, a categoria de refúgio foi uma das maiores responsáveis por ampliar seus modos de chegada e estadia no Brasil. Apesar disto, não há estudos que discutam profundamente os impactos de racializações e racismos no desenvolvimento do sistema institucional e processual de refúgio no Brasil, seus efeitos nas afromobilidades para o país, bem como nas vivências processuais de solicitantes de refúgio negros. Com práticas e políticas migratórias historicamente antinegras, este trabalho busca discutir, portanto, como o princípio de raça e racismos antinegros são traduzidos ao longo dos anos no Brasil, inclusive no âmbito do estabelecimento de uma categoria considerada humanitária. Partindo-se do pressuposto da antinegritude e da vida póstuma da escravidão, este estudo enfocase na identificação e aprofundamento das técnicas e tecnologias aplicadas no âmbito do universo migração/refúgio que continuam a demarcar racialmente a (in)desejabilidade de certos imigrantes e refugiados em detrimento de outros, tendo como centro a díade negro/não-negro. Este estudo é resultado de uma etnografia feita no decorrer dos anos 2017-2019 cujo objeto eram as minhas interações com as elites do refúgio, durante meu trabalho como advogada de solicitantes de refúgio no Rio de Janeiro. A etnografia, aliada à análise documental de fontes primárias e secundárias, compõe o bojo analítico principal deste estudo, que demonstra a importância da antinegritude para entender a gênese e desenvolvimento das respostas institucionais do universo migração/refúgio no que se refere principalmente aos afromigrantes. As permanências da antinegritude na gestão de corpos negros para - e no Brasil - demonstram seus alcances inclusive no âmbito do universo de refúgio, herança do mundo colonial e nele estruturado e, portanto, também (re)produtor na divisão antinegra de Humanidade. Repensar modos de existir no mundo que superem a antinegritude inerente às - e fundante das - fronteiras nacionais e as categorias delas derivadas somente é possível, portanto, em um mundo em que se demande o fim dessas mesmas fronteiras. / [en] Afromigrants are one of the main groups of asylum seekers and refugees in Brazil since 1990. Until then, they were practically totally absent from the migratory horizons in the country. Asylum has therefore represented one of the main categories to widen their means of travel, entry and stay in Brazil. Despite that, there have been no studies which discuss in depth the impacts of racializations and racisms in the development of the institutional and procedural asylum systems in the country, their effects in afromobilities to and in Brazil, as well as in the procedural experiences of black asylum seekers. With historically antiblack migratory practices and policies, this research seeks to therefore discuss how the principle of race and antiblack racisms are translated throughout the years in Brazil, including in the establishment of a category considered humanitarian. Drawing from the concepts of antiblackness and the afterlife of slavery, this study focuses on the identification and deepening of the understanding of techniques and technologies applied in the context of the asylum/migration system, which continue to racially demarcate the (un)desirability of certain immigrants and refugees in comparison to others, especially considering the black/non-black divide. This research is the result of an ethnography conducted during 2017-2019 whose object were the interactions between asylum elites and myself, as I have acted as a refugee lawyer in Rio de Janeiro in that period. The ethnography, along with documentary analysis of primary and secondary sources compose the main analytical structure of this study, which demonstrates the importance of antiblackness to understand the genesis and development of the institutional responses of the migratory/asylum system concerning afromigrants. Continuities of antiblackness in the management of foreign black bodies to and in Brazil demonstrate its reach even in the asylum system, which is, in itself, an inheritance of the colonial world and embedded in it and, therefore, also (re)productive of the antiblack division of Humanity. Rethinking modes of existence able to overcome the intrinsic and founding antiblackness of national and territorial borders and its derivative categories is thus only possible in a world where there is a demand for the end and destruction of these same borders.

[pt] As práticas do racismo se inserem nas estruturas sociais, perpassando e orientando as políticas migratórias, a gestão de fronteiras e os aparatos de controle estatais e internacionais. Populações em refúgio cada vez mais são enquadradas pelo aparato fronteiriço de segurança que barra sua travessia e deslocamento, ou que faz com que o direito destas seja colocado à mercê, a partir de um jogo estratégico e retórico dos Estados e atores internacionais. O estudo problematiza esses processos presentes no refúgio pela chave de inteligibilidade do racismo, a fim de compreender os nexos e suas fronteiras, externas e internas, de experiências que se atualizam na diferença do que veio de fora, no seio dos Estados-Nação, em diálogo transversal com o ordenamento internacional e suas consequências para a reintegração do refugiado. / [en] Racism practices are inserted in social structures, permeating and guiding migratory policies, border management, and state and international control apparatus. Refugee populations are increasingly framed by the border security apparatus that bars their crossing and displacement or that causes their right to be placed at the mercy of a strategic and rhetorical game of States and international actors. The study problematizes these processes present in the refuge by the key to the intelligibility of racism, to understand the nexus and its borders, external and internal, of experiences that are updated in the difference of who came from outside, inside the Nation-States, in cross-sectional dialogue with international system and its consequences for the reintegration of refugees.

[pt] A presente dissertação propõe analisar a política e as práticas de categorização e de classificação de sujeitos em movimento na busca de proteção, a partir da experiência brasileira de acolhimento aos refugiados e, mais especificamente ao fluxo venezuelano no Brasil. Para tanto, o trabalho parte de um debate teórico amplo, começando com a discussão sobre o Estado, fronteiras, limites e pertencimento, e da literatura crítica sobre refúgio e migração. Argumenta-se que a separação problemática entre um refugiado legítimo e um migrante econômico culmina na multiplicação de categorias que visam conter e controlar a mobilidade humana. Essa multiplicação de categorias expõe o desejo de dificultar o acesso ao refúgio, mas também reflete o reconhecimento da necessidade de proteção desses não refugiados. Essas relações entre proteção e regularização, gestão e controle, ficam claras quando olhamos para como o Brasil tem lidado com os fluxos migratórios em seu próprio território. Assim, à luz desse debate, compreendendo que o Brasil está inserido num contexto internacional mais amplo e, portanto, em práticas e normas que ultrapassam seus limites territoriais, o fluxo venezuelano é analisado como um estudo de caso que permite vislumbrar a complexidade e insuficiência dessas categorias da mobilidade na prática, e sua relação direta à manutenção da condição de precariedade e provisoriedade a que esses sujeitos estão submetidos. / [en] This dissertation proposes an analysis of the politics and practices of categorizing and classifying subjects on the move in search of protection, based on the Brazilian experience of welcoming refugees and, more specifically, the Venezuelan flow in Brazil. For this purpose, the research proceeds with a broad theoretical debate, starting with the discussion on the State, borders, limits and the sense of belonging, as well as engaging with the critical refugee and migration studies. It is argued that the problematic separation between a legitimate refugee and an economic migrant culminates in the multiplication of categories that aim to contain and control human mobility. Such multiplication of categories exposes the will to hinder access to refugee protection, but it also reflects the recognition of these non-refugees need for protection. These relations between protection and regularization, management and control, become clear when we look at how Brazil has dealt with migratory flows in its own territory. In light of the debate, understanding that Brazil is inserted in a broader international context and, therefore, in practices and norms that go beyond its territorial limits, the Venezuelan flow is analyzed as a case study that allows to glimpse the deficiency and insufficiency of these categories of mobility, and their direct relation to the perpetuation of the precarious and provisional condition to which those on the move are subjected to.

Access Points explores the different relationships that humans have to land, focusing on the various ways that the area known as the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is used, appreciated, and preserved by disparate groups. The natural beauty of this Wildlife Refuge and its striking appearance amidst encircling plains makes it a popular destination for many groups of people, including the local rock-climbing community and generations of indigenous peoples whose connection with this land is as deep as it is longstanding. While climbing organizations have long had to negotiate access and rules regarding climbing within the park, members of the Kiowa community negotiate a much different relationship to a natural area that is now managed by the United States government. These disparate voices, identities, and ways of thinking about land all impact the modern-day Wildlife Refuge in terms of its appearance, individuals' access to the land, and the conservation efforts happening there.

Restoration of abandoned, nonnative species-dominated agricultural lands provides opportunities for conserving declining shrubland and grassland ecosystems. Land-use legacies, such as elevated soil fertility and pH from agricultural amendments, often persist for years and can favor nonnative species at the expense of native species. Understanding the factors that limit native species establishment on abandoned agricultural lands can provide important insights for restoration and conservation of native species on human-modified lands. I conducted two field experiments on abandoned agricultural lands: a former pasture on Martha’s Vineyard, MA and a former citrus grove at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR) in Titusville, FL. In these experiments I tested how soil chemical properties affect native and nonnative species abundance and how different methods of removing nonnative, invasive species affect native and nonnative species abundance. In the first experiment, specifically I tested how restoration treatments affect competition between existing nonnative agricultural plant species and native plant species that are targets for sandplain grassland restoration on Martha’s Vineyard, MA. At MINWR, I examined how lowering soil fertility with carbon additions and lowering soil pH by applying sulfur affects nonnative species richness and cover (in two former citrus groves that were historically scrub/ scrubby flatwoods. Overall, I found that biotic factors, such as competition with nonnative species, play a stronger role in limiting native species establishment than soil chemical properties. Likewise, control of nonnative, invasive species is most effective with mechanical treatments to physically reduce cover, rather than altering soil chemical properties