Dans les années 1960, Peter Laslett fut à l'origine d'une révolution dans les études lockiennes, donnant lieu à un renouvellement de l'intérêt porté à « l'intention » de l'auteur. Ce champ ayant été largement exploré, les historiens se penchent à présent sur la question de la « réception » de la politique de Locke. Toutefois, les études traitent essentiellement de sa réception en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis, si bien que la question de sa réception sur le Continent reste un champ vierge d'étude. On sait pourtant que Locke passa une longue partie de sa vie en exil, où il évolua dans les cercles huguenots du Refuge hollandais. C'est à leur contact que ses idées s'affinèrent et après son retour en Angleterre, ses vieux amis en assurèrent la connaissance dans toute l'Europe. Mon travail de thèse vise donc à montrer l'influence qu'exercèrent les huguenots du Refuge sur la fortune de l'œuvre politique de Locke, en analysant le rôle « d'intermédiaires » qu'ils jouèrent dans la diffusion journalistique, la traduction et l'édition de l'œuvre politique de Locke dans la République des Lettres, conjurant par là le sort vouant Locke à n'être connu qu'en Angleterre. / In the 1960s, Peter Laslett sparked some kind of revolution in Lockian studies, which rekindled an interest in the “intention” of the author. The field has been widely explored and historians now tend to focus their attention on the question of the “reception” of Locke's politics. However such studies mainly deal with the reception of Locke in England and America, leaving the field of the reception of Locke on the Continent virtually untrodden. And yet, it is a well-known fact that Locke spent great part of his life in exile, notably in Holland (1683-1689), where he moved in Huguenot circles. This allowed him to hone his ideas, and after his return to England, his good old friends took it upon themselves to spread his ideas in the whole of Europe.The aim of my doctoral thesis is to show how much the fortune of Locke's politics owes to the Huguenots of the Refuge, by studying the role of “intermediaries” that they played in reviewing Locke's works in the periodical press, in translating and editing Locke's political works in the Republic of Letters, thereby evading the ill fortune dooming Locke to being only known in England.

Théologien du Grand Siècle, minor de la République des Lettres, Isaac Papin (1657-1709) est né calviniste. Il appartient à l'École théologique dite de Saumur : fils spirituel du théologien novateur Claude Pajon (son oncle), il adopte les théories de ce dernier sur la grâce et, lecteur de Spinoza dès 1681, développe une conception originale de la tolérance à une période d’effervescence sur cette question dans la pensée protestante. Au moment de la révocation de l'édit de Nantes, Papin rejoint le Refuge : il est alors proche de citoyens des Lettres comme Jacques Lenfant, Jean Le Clerc et Pierre Bayle. Il s’installe d'abord en Angleterre où il est ordonné prêtre de l'Église anglicane puis se rend aux Provinces-Unies, puis dans le Saint-Empire où il tente de s'installer comme pasteur d'une Église wallonne. Son identité de novateur déclenche l'opposition de l'orthodoxe Pierre Jurieu (déjà ennemi de Pajon) qui l'empêche d'atteindre son but. Il décide alors de se convertir et revient en France en 1690, où il passe au catholicisme grâce à Bossuet. Jusqu’alors nomade huguenot de la République des Lettres, Papin se mue en catholique sédentaire dans sa ville natale, Blois : il devient l'un des acteurs de la controverse antiprotestante et se rapproche du jansénisme grâce à l’un de ses amis,également pasteur calviniste converti. En associant histoire sociale des réseaux théologiques et religieux et histoire des idées et des controverses, cette biographie intellectuelle retrace la trajectoire théologique particulière d’un converti du Grand Siècle passé de l’humanisme réformé de Saumur à un jansénisme entre Nicole et Quesnel. / Theologian of the Grand Siècle, minor of the Republic of Letters, Isaac Papin (1657-1709) was born Calvinist. He belongs to the so-called theological school “École de Saumur” : spiritual son of pioneering theologian Claude Pajon (his uncle), he adopts his theories on grace and, as Spinoza reader from 1680, he develops an original design of tolerance during a boom period on this issue in Protestant thought. At the time of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Papin joins the Refuge : he is then close to Letters’ citizens such as Jacques Lenfant, Jean Le Clercand Pierre Bayle. He first moves to England where he is ordained priest of the Anglican Church. Then he goes to the United Provinces and to the Holy Empire, where he tries to settle as a pastor of a Walloon Church. His innovative identity triggers opposition from the Orthodox Pierre Jurieu (Pajon’s former enemy) that prevents him from reaching his goal. He decides to convert and returns to France in 1690, where he becomes a Catholic under the authority of Bossuet. Until then nomadic Huguenot of the Republic of Letters, Papin turns into a sedentary Catholic in his hometown, Blois.He becomes one of the actors of the anti-Protestant controversy and approaches the Jansenism thanks to a friend who is also a converted Calvinist pastor. By combining social history of theological and religious networks and history of ideas and controversies, this intellectual biography traces the particular path of a theologian converted of the Grand Siècle, from reformed humanism of Saumur to Jansenism, between Nicole and Quesnel.

When species compete for resources, in a stable homogeneous environment, there are two possible outcomes. The first is that one species will out-compete the other and exclude it from the environment. This is known as the competitive exclusion principle. The second is that both species will manage to coexist. Coexistence can only occur if the species’ niches are differentiated such that interspecific competition is minimised, or eliminated. This outcome is known as resource partitioning. Two closely related Australian skink species of the Egernia genus, Egernia multiscutata and Egernia whitii, are abundant and sympatric on Wedge Island in South Australia’s Spencer Gulf. The species are morphologically very similar and appear to have very similar life histories and habitat requirements. Ostensibly, they would compete for limiting resources in this environment. This thesis is the first investigation into resource partitioning in this previously unstudied model organism. I report the results of multi-faceted investigations into the coexistence of the skinks, E. multiscutata and E. whitii on Wedge Island and the evidence for, and mechanisms of, any facultative resource partitioning between them. Study methods involved a transect survey of most of Wedge Island to determine the species’ distributions and any evidence for resource partitioning; a morphological comparison to investigate any potential competitive advantages of either species; a habitat choice experiment to establish retreat-site preferences in the absence of interspecific interference; and, a series of staged dyadic encounter experiments to investigate interspecific competitive interactions. Resource partitioning was evidenced by differential distributions of the species among substrates containing the elements required for permanent refuge shelters. This partitioning was not mediated by avoidance of particular substrates but by the presence of the opponent species, combined with attraction to suitable substrates. Asymmetries in some morphological characters were found to confer a potential competitive advantage to E. multiscutata in agonistic encounters with E. whitii. Both species were found to have the same refuge site preferences when interference competition was experimentally removed. This result was not concordant with observed resource partitioning in the field and suggests that the habitat choices of both species are modified by the presence of the opponent species. Analyses of staged dyadic encounter experiments showed that E. multiscutata was more likely to gain greater access to a contested habitat resource and more likely to exclude E. whitii from the resource than vice-versa. Nevertheless, the outcome of competitive interactions was not completely deterministic and there was some tolerance of co-habitation. E. multiscutata’s competitive advantage was attributable largely to its greater mass and head dimensions relative to snout to vent length. However, differential behavioural responses to the threat of larger opponent size also played an important part in resource partitioning between the species.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 339-357).

Récusant à la fois les déterminismes naturels et les représentations d’un ordre politique ou moral, l’œuvre de Gary est marquée par une aspiration au dépassement des limites et par une posture de résistance. Face à la haine ou à la barbarie, elle défend les vertus de la dérision et le pouvoir de l’imaginaire et s’engage dans une double démarche de mise à distance et de réenchantement du monde. Nourrie par le traumatisme de la seconde Guerre Mondiale, elle soutient l’idée que l’humain est à réinventer, qu’il n’est pas une donnée préalable mais un fiction à construire, un idéal à atteindre. Artistes et créateurs se doivent donc de contribuer à l’invention d’une nouvelle mythologie de l’homme qui vienne réaffirmer un principe inaliénable de dignité et qui instille dans l’esprit de chacun la force de ne pas désespérer. Mais l’humanisme n’est pas seulement une valeur abstraite ou un horizon à conquérir : il met aussi en question une façon d’être au monde dans le présent. Il s’agit de se prémunir de ce que la réalité peut avoir d’envahissant et de dogmatique en privilégiant des « marges » où l’humain se trouve reconnu dans ses paradoxes et sa fragilité. Loin de l’idéalisme prophétique, ces refuges deviennent un espace propice à l’expression de l’intime et permettent à la fois de se dérober au regard de l’autre et d’échapper à l’injonction des discours de vérité. Façonnés autour des valeurs de l’affectif, ils incitent chacun à se rendre sensible à l’humanité latente du monde. Ils viennent rappeler que, face aux certitudes inflexibles et au principe aliénant de transparence, l’approximation et le mystère ouvrent des espaces de liberté et conditionnent bien souvent la possibilité d’être heureux. / Challenging both apparent determinism and political or moral representations, Gary's work is defined by its predilection for off limit situations and contentious attitudes. Confronted with hatred or barbarism, it will always stand for irony and the power of creativity, involved both in the process of getting detached as well as enrapturing the world anew. Fed on the World War II trauma, it sustains the concept of humanness needing reinvention, not being a set notion but a fiction to be built, an ideal to achieve. Artists and creators owe their contribution to such foundation of a new human mythology upholding the unalienable principle of dignity, thus implanting everyone's spirit with the strength to resist despair. However, humanism cannot be seen just as an abstracted value or some shore to reach, it also implies the actual manner of living in the world. One has to keep clear from whatever overwhelming dogmas reality can impose, by favoring “margins” that will accept human contradictions and frailty. Away from any prophetic idealism, these dedicated spaces become shelters for intimate expression, allowing one to avoid onlookers and escape compelling truth assessments. Shaped around affective values, they bring one to become sensitive to a potential world humanity. Against rigid certitudes and the alienating principle of transparency, they help remember that approximation and mystery can give access to freedom and oftentimes condition the possibility of happiness.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The analysis of the vegetable covering of the Mountain range of Santa Catarina, located in the country district of SÃo Josà da Lagoa Tapada - PB, makes possible the identification of a gradient of vegetable covering, meeting from the occurrence of the shrub caatinga, shrub arboreal caatinga and arboreal caatinga. In that sense, it is looked for: to contribute with the analysis of the distribution of Atlantic forest species in sub-humid enclaves, inserted in the sertÃo of ParaÃba; to propose the creation of an Unit of Conservation for the affective protection of the atlantic forest ecosystems in refuge areas with superior altitudes to 600 meters of altitudes. For the execution of this work in the area in study, it is based in the theory of systems, theory of the redoubts and refuges and in the phytosociological. It will also be used in the interpretation of the landscape, the parameters phyto-ecological, morphopedologic, and vegetational happened during the Quaternary, in that verified glacial periods and interglacial / A anÃlise da cobertura vegetal da Serra de Santa Catarina, localizada no municÃpio de SÃo Josà da Lagoa Tapada â PB, possibilita a identificaÃÃo de um gradiente de cobertura vegetal, encontrando-se desde a ocorrÃncia da caatinga arbustiva, caatinga arbÃreo-arbustiva e caatinga arbÃrea. Em alguns locais especÃficos evidencia-se famÃlias e espÃcies vegetais caracterÃsticas de mata atlÃntica e/ou de ambientes de maior umidade. Nesse sentido, busca-se: contribuir com a anÃlise da distribuiÃÃo de espÃcies de mata atlÃntica em enclaves subÃmidos, inseridos no sertÃo paraibano; propor a criaÃÃo de uma Unidade de ConservaÃÃo para a efetiva proteÃÃo dos ecossistemas de Mata AtlÃntica em Ãreas de refÃgio com altitudes superiores a 600 metros de altitude. Para a execuÃÃo deste trabalho na Ãrea em estudo, fundamenta-se na teoria de sistemas, teoria dos redutos e refÃgios e em levantamentos florÃsticos. Utilizar-se-à tambÃm na interpretaÃÃo da paisagem, os parÃmetros fitoecolÃgicos, morfopedolÃgicos, e vegetacionais ocorridos durante o QuaternÃrio, em que se verificaram perÃodos glaciais e interglaciais

Master of Science / Department of Architecture / David R. Seamon / This thesis provides an overview of some key researchers and research topics in the field of environment-behavior studies (EBS), an interdisciplinary field that examines ways in which the natural and human-made environments contribute to human well-being. A key aim of environment-behavior studies is to better understand clients’ and users’ environmental needs, and to design the physical environment accordingly. Specifically, this thesis highlights two key research questions: (1) What are environment-behavior studies and why are they relevant to architecture and environmental design? and (2) How can environment-behavior studies be drawn upon practically to generate more effective architectural and environmental design? To provide answers to these two questions, the thesis first introduces five “pioneers” in environment-behavior studies— psychologist Roger Barker, anthropologist Edward Hall, psychologist Robert Sommer, urban designer Kevin Lynch, and architect Christopher Alexander—and reviews their major work. This discussion provides a general understanding as to what environment-behavior studies involve and how they have design significance. Next the thesis overviews three major theories developed in environment-behavior studies: (1) territoriality theory; (2) cognitive-mapping theory; and (3) prospect-refuge theory. Each of these theories is overviewed, and pragmatic examples are provided to indicate each theory’s value for architecture and environmental design.

Human/wildlife interactions at the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge were investigated in this research. Personal interviews and a mapping exercise were used to examine a variety of questions about recreational use. These included visitor backgrounds (their recreational histories, socioeconomic profiles, and past refuge visits), their perceptions (of current and proposed management policies, and visitor effects on wildlife), and their experiences of the refuge (their activities, most memorable experiences and exploration of the environment). Most visitors questioned were middle-aged individuals who resided in New Mexico. The refuge's unique character--its diversity of wildlife and landscape features--was perceived as its greatest asset. Visitors saw the refuge as a wildlife sanctuary, protected and controlled by officials who prevented visitors from having damaging impacts on the resource. While visitors differed by season of visit and purpose of visit, most did agree that the refuge should be managed for the sake of wildlife first. After that, visitors felt that it should be managed for the sake of recreation. Snow Geese responses to certain visitor behaviors were also examined. Simulations of visitor behaviors were made in the presence of small groups of geese. Behavioral observations of geese were made prior to, during, and after simulations. Environmental factors (weather, habitat, and temporal) were also examined. This analysis revealed a general tendency among geese to respond to visitor simulations in characteristic ways. However, variations in geese responses were also observed. Several factors may have most strongly influenced geese behavior. The predictability of visitor behaviors as perceived by geese influenced their patterns of response. Then too, certain environmental factors (habitat and temporal) were important, as well as the particular nature of the animal behaviors themselves. This research indicates that significant transactions occur between people, animals, and the environment. Understanding them is crucial in managing natural resources for ecological as well as recreational values.

A principal ecological role proposed for the hyporheic zone is as a refugium that promotes benthic invertebrate survival during adverse conditions in the surface stream. Whilst a growing body of work has examined use of this hyporheic refugium during hydrological extremes (spates, streambed drying), little research has considered variation in refugium use over prolonged periods including contrasting conditions of surface flow. In this thesis, benthic invertebrate use of the hyporheic refugium is considered at monthly intervals over a five-month period of variable surface flow, at nine sites in two groundwater-dominated streams, the River Lathkill (Derbyshire) and the River Glen (Lincolnshire). Conditions identified as potential triggers of refugium use included a flow recession and a high-magnitude spate on the Lathkill, and small spates and a decline in flow preceding localised streambed drying on the Glen. During flow recession, reductions in submerged habitat availability and concurrent increases in benthic population densities were dependent on channel morphology. An unusual paired benthic-hyporheic sampling strategy allowed the type of refugium use (active migration, passive inhabitation) to be inferred from changes in hyporheic abundance and the hyporheic proportion of the total population. Using this approach, evidence of active migrations into the hyporheic zone use was restricted to two instances: firstly, Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda: Crustacea) migrated in response to habitat contraction and increased benthic population densities; secondly, migrations of Simuliidae (Diptera) were associated with low-magnitude spates. Refugium use was site-specific, with refugial potential being highest at sites with downwelling water and coarse sediments. A conceptual model describing this spatial variability in the refugial capacity of the hyporheic zone is developed for low flow conditions. In some cases, hyporheic refugium use was apparently prevented by disturbance-related factors (rapid onset, high magnitude) regardless of the refugial potential of the sediments. The extension of the hyporheic zone's refugial role to include low flows highlights the need to explicitly protect the integrity of hydrologic exchange in river rehabilitation schemes. However, the limited capacity of the hyporheic refugium emphasizes the additional importance of maintaining habitat heterogeneity including multiple instream refugia.

In this study, I modeled the suitability of habitat on the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge for the federally endangered Mississippi Sandhill Crane (Grus Canadensis pulla). Habitat type and suitability changed over time due to seasonality of vegetation and succession in the absence of burning. Cranes used highly suitable habitat more in the non-growing than in the growing season, and may have been more constrained by resource availability during winter months. Cranes used some less-suitable areas including cypress drains, which provide roosting sites, and supplemental food plots. The mismatch between predicted quality and crane use suggests that no single habitat provides all resources required for the population to persist. Prescribed burning to maintain grassland habitat is essential for maintaining high quality habitat for cranes. The relative availability of food on supplemental food plots and grasslands, as well as the behavior of cranes toward roads, require additional investigation.