Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T12:06:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_elsa_kuhn_klumb.pdf: 2341715 bytes, checksum: 5045bf122f384edfe01c6ac58246265d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T20:36:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_elsa_kuhn_klumb.pdf: 2341715 bytes, checksum: 5045bf122f384edfe01c6ac58246265d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T20:36:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_elsa_kuhn_klumb.pdf: 2341715 bytes, checksum: 5045bf122f384edfe01c6ac58246265d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / O estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o detentor da maior produção de pêssegos do Brasil, entretanto ainda possui valores baixos de produtividade, quando comparado com outros estados. Um dos problemas associados a isto é a ocorrência de solos com problemas de drenagem, principalmente na região de Pelotas, que dependendo do período do ano, podem sofrer situações de déficit hídrico ou de alagamento, prejudicando potencialmente o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os efeitos prejudiciais causados por estes estresses, destacam-se a diminuição na taxa assimilatória líquida, fechamento de estômatos, redução das atividades celulares, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e desestabilização de membranas e proteínas. Tais efeitos possuem uma delicada regulação que transcorre ao nível molecular, onde genes e fatores de transcrição (TFs) modulam a expressão gênica diferencial sob condições estressantes. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar em que magnitude os parâmetros de trocas gasosas e o perfil transcriptômico de portaenxertos de Prunus spp. são influenciados diferencialmente sob estresse por seca e alagamento. O trabalho foi dividido em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento foram avaliados parâmetros de trocas gasosas em três portaenxertos de Prunus spp. („Capdeboscq‟, „Julior‟ e „Marianna 2624‟), nas condições controle, de déficit hídrico e alagamento do solo durante sete dias. No geral, os três portaenxertos demonstraram ser mais suscetíveis ao alagamento do que ao déficit hídrico, apenas variando no tempo de resposta, o qual é intrínseco a cada genótipo. No segundo experimento objetivou-se obter o perfil transcriptômico e avaliar a expressão de TFs em folhas do portaenxerto de pessegueiro „Capdeboscq‟ submetido ao alagamento durante 48 horas, através da técnica de sequenciamento massivo de RNA (RNA-Seq). Desta análise foram identificados 2.971 genes diferencialmente expressos (DEGs), sendo 1.559 up-regulated e 1.412 down-regulated. Foi possível observar forte efeito sob a fotossíntese, a qual apresentou inúmeros genes down-regulated. TFs membros das famílias bHLH, ERF, NAC, WRKY, HD-Zip, NAC e MYB_related foram os mais afetados pelo estresse, apresentando regulação tanto up quanto down-regulated. / The State of Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer of peaches from Brazil. However, it still has low values of productivity when compared to other States. One of the problems associated to it this is the occurrence of drainage soils problems, mainly in Pelotas and its surroundings, which depending on the time of year, it may suffer water shortage situations or flooding, potentially hampering the development and productivity such culture. Among the harmful effects caused by these stresses, the decrease in liquid assimilatory rate, closing of stomata, reduction of cellular activities, production of reactive oxygen species and destabilization of membranes and proteins are included. Such effects have a delicate adjustment that takes place at the molecular level, where genes and transcription factors (TFs) modulate the differential gene expression under stressful conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate in which magnitude gas exchange parameters and Prunus spp. rootstock transcriptomic are differentially influenced under stress by drought and flooding. The study was divided into two experiments. In the first one, gas exchange parameters were evaluated in three Prunus spp. rootstock (' Capdeboscq ', ' Julior ' and ' Marianna 2624 ') under control conditions of soil water deficit and flooding for seven days. Overall, the three rootstocks have shown to be more susceptible to flooding than water deficit, only varying in response time, which is intrinsic to each genotype. The second one, aimed to obtain the transcriptomic profile and evaluate the TFs expression in peach rootstock leaves ' Capdeboscq ' subjected to flooding during 48 hours, through RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique. This analysis identified 2,971 (DEGs) differentially expressed genes, among them 1,559 were up-regulated and 1,412 were down-regulated. It was possible to observe a strong effect on photosynthesis, which presented numerous down-regulated genes. TFS bHLH families members, ERF, NAC, WRKY, HD-Zip, NAC and MYB_related were the most affected by stress, showing both setting up and down-regulated.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-01-24T17:49:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Leandro Martins Ferreira.pdf: 2738374 bytes, checksum: a6ccde64b30f6cd52122b9030ab6c92e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T17:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Leandro Martins Ferreira.pdf: 2738374 bytes, checksum: a6ccde64b30f6cd52122b9030ab6c92e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / CAPES / Faperj / CNPq / Among the abiotic stress, drought is a major environmental stress seriously limiting plant growth and crop productivity. Rice is one of the most important staple food crops in the world and requires a larger quantity of water to produce, once it is a crop extremely sensitive to drought stress. For this reason, to obtain rice plants that cope with drought stress without major reduction in productivity is the challenge for breeding programs nowadays. This work aimed: (i) identify upland rice varieties with contrasting drought tolerance through the evaluation of morphological and physiological traits, (ii) analyse root parameters which could explain the differences between tolerant and sensitive varieties to the drought stress and, (iii) identify new biotechnological targets related with the tolerance through transcript profile analysis in the contrasting varieties. Six experiments were performed, two in greenhouse and four in growth chamber conditions. The experimental design adopted was completely randomized. The first experiment started with ten rice varieties submitted to control and stress conditions during the reproductive stage. The contrasting varieties were selected based on morphological and physiological traits. Experiments from II to IV aimed to correlate the tolerance to the drought stress with the root development and morphology. Experiment V aimed to evaluate the regulation of genes related to the drought tolerance and the experiment VI aimed to analyse the differential expression of genes through the RNAseq analysis in rice roots. Data obtained from the productivity components, tolerance index and multivariate analysis through the evaluation of morphological and physiological traits allowed to identify Catet?o and Piau? variety as the most tolerant and Quebra Cacho and Mira as the most sensitive. Drought tolerance was correlated with a lower root angle and increase in the root density and emission of lateral roots by Catet?o variety during drought stress. Moreover, Catet?o variety has showed higher expression levels and early induction of genes and transcription factors related with drought tolerance. The RNAseq analysis allowed to identify several potential genes which can be used in future breeding programs aimimg the improvement of drought tolerance in rice. / Dentre os estresses abi?ticos que podem limitar o crescimento das culturas agr?colas, a seca ? considerada um dos principais, sendo capaz de reduzir consideravelmente a produ??o global de alimentos. O arroz ? uma das mais importantes culturas agr?colas do mundo e sua produ??o demanda grande quantidade de ?gua, pois ? uma esp?cie extremamente sens?vel ao d?ficit h?drico. Portanto, a obten??o de plantas de arroz que lidam com o estresse h?drico, sem redu??o significativa de produtividade ? um desafio para os programas de melhoramento atuais. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: (i) identificar variedades de arroz de sequeiro contrastantes quanto ? toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico por meio da avalia??o de caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e fisiol?gicas, (ii) analisar par?metros radiculares que possam explicar a diferen?a entre variedades tolerantes e sens?veis ao estresse h?drico e, (iii) identificar novos alvos biotecnol?gicos envolvidos com essa toler?ncia por meio da an?lise do perfil de transcritos nas variedades de arroz contrastantes. Foram realizados seis experimentos, sendo dois em casa de vegeta??o e quatro em c?mara de crescimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. O primeiro experimento iniciou com dez variedades de arroz submetidas a condi??o controle e estresse h?drico durante o per?odo reprodutivo. As variedades contrastantes foram selecionadas com base em caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e fisiol?gicas analisadas. Os experimentos II a IV foram realizados a fim de correlacionar a toler?ncia ao estresse com o desenvolvimento e morfologia do sistema radicular. O experimento V foi realizado para avaliar a regula??o de genes relacionados a toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico e o experimento VI teve como objetivo analisar a express?o diferencial de genes por meio da t?cnica de RNA-seq em ra?zes de arroz. Os dados obtidos dos componentes de produtividade, ?ndices de toler?ncia ao estresse e an?lise multivariada das caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e fisiol?gicas permitiram identificar as variedades Catet?o e Piau? como as mais tolerantes ao estresse h?drico, e Quebra Cacho e Mira como as mais sens?veis. Foi observado que a toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico est? correlacionada com o menor ?ngulo radicular, aumento da densidade e emiss?o de ra?zes laterais em condi??es de d?ficit h?drico na variedade Catet?o. Al?m disso, essa variedade mostra indu??o r?pida e elevados n?veis de express?o de genes e fatores de transcri??o relacionados ? toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico em arroz. Por meio do sequenciamento do RNA foi poss?vel identificar diversos genes com potencial para serem utilizados em programas de melhoramento visando o aumento da toler?ncia ao estresse h?drico em arroz.

Diferenças no timing da melanização e esclerotização do exoesqueleto são evidentes quando se compara a morfologia externa de abelhas de hábitos sociais e as solitárias. A esta diferença convencionamos chamar de heterocronia da maturação cuticular, o termo heterocronia significando variações no tempo relativo, ou ritmo, de um evento ontogenético em relação ao ancestral ou entre taxons. Propusemos que as abelhas sociais, que após a ecdise permanecem na colônia por vários dias, alcançariam a maturidade de alguns sistemas orgânicos, entre eles o tegumento, muito mais tarde que as espécies de abelhas solitárias que ao emergir partem imediatamente para atividades extra-nidais. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em testar esta hipótese utilizando o tegumento em maturação das espécies de abelhas sociais, Apis mellifera e Frieseomelitta varia, e da espécie solitária Centris analis, em estudos comparativos de expressão gênica, ultraestrutura e quantificação de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares (CHCs). Para isto utilizamos sequenciamento de mRNA (RNA-seq), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e cromatografia de gás e espectrometria de massas (CG/MS). Os perfis de expressão de genes da via de melanização/esclerotização cuticular (ebony e tan) diferenciaram as espécies sociais da solitária, assim como a expressão de genes com função na via de metabolismo de quitina (Cda5, Idgf4 e chitooligosacchariodolytic-domain-like) e de genes codificadores de proteínas estruturais da cutícula (CPR14, CPR17, CPR18, CPR25, CPR23, CPR26, Apd-3 e Apd-like). Genes com função na regulação da maturação cuticular (FTZ-F1, E74, Hr46 e Hr4) se mostraram co-expressos nas espécies sociais e os perfis de expressão destes genes, exceto Hr46, e de outros reguladores (Ethr, Hr38, Rickets e Ptx-1) também diferenciaram as espécies sociais da solitária. Ressaltamos em nossas análises os genes do ciclo circadiano, cuja expressão tem relação com a deposição de quitina cuticular, além de genes de vias de pigmentação não melanínicas. As análises de MET, abrangendo outras três espécies de abelhas (Bombus brasilienses: primitivamente eussocial; Euglossa cordata: facultativamente social; Tetrapedia diversipes: solitária), mostraram diferenças consistentes entre a ultraestrutura e espessura das cutículas das espécies sociais e solitárias, o que reforçou nossos resultados de RNA-seq. A quantificação absoluta dos CHCs diferenciou as abelhas sociais da solitária, consistente com a hipótese de heterocronia da maturação cuticular e com os perfis de expressão de genes envolvidos na biossíntese de CHCs. Assim, além de desvendar transcriptomas de tegumento de três espécies de abelhas, a comparação da expressão gênica aliada à análise de ultraestrutura da cutícula e quantificação de CHCs levaram à caracterização de diferenças no processo de maturação cuticular entre as espécies sociais e solitárias / Differences in the timing of exoskeleton melanization and sclerotization processes are evident when comparing the external morphology of social and solitary bee species. Such differences may constitute a relevant example of cuticular maturation heterochrony, this term referring to a genetic change in timing of an ontogenetic process relative to an ancestor or between taxons. We proposed that social bees, which remain protected inside the colony for many days before initiating outside nest activities, would reach the maturity of some organic systems, such as the integument (epidermis and cuticle), later than solitary bees, which start such activities immediately after ecdysis. We tested this hypothesis in a comparative study of the developing integument of eusocial bees, Apis mellifera and Frieseomelitta varia, and the solitary bee Centris analis. Using RNA-seq, we verified that the expression profiles of genes involved in cuticular melanization and sclerotization (ebony and tan), chitin deposition and organization (Cda5, Idgf4, chitooligosacchariodolytic-domain-like), and cuticle formation (CPR14, CPR17, CPR18, CPR25, CPR23, CPE26, Apd-3, Apd-like) were positively, correlated between the two eusocial species, but not between the eusocial and the solitary species. Some of the genes with roles in regulating exoskeleton maturation (FTZ-F1, E74, Hr46, Hr4) were co-expressed only in the eusocial species. The expression profiles of these genes (except Hr46) and other regulatory genes (Ethr, Hr38, Rickets, Ptx-1) were also positively correlated exclusively in the eusocial bees. We also highlighted the expression of genes involved in non-melanin pigment production and the expression of circadian rhythm genes that could be related to chitin layers deposition. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the integument of the two eusocial and the solitary bee species, in addition to other three bee species (the primitively eusocial Bombus brasilienses; the facultatively social Euglossa cordata; the solitary bee Tetrapedia diversipes), showed differences in cuticle ultrastructure and thickness, thus supporting the RNA-seq data. In agreement with our hypothesis, CHC quantifications were consistent with the expression levels of genes involved in CHC biosynthesis, thus differentiating the superficial cuticle layer of the eusocial and solitary species. Together, the integument transcriptomes, ultrastructure, and CHC quantification allowed us to characterize differences in the timing of cuticle maturation in social and solitary bees

Les formes sévères de l’infection par les virus de la fièvre jaune (YFV) et de la dengue (DENV) sont caractérisées par une atteinte du foie, plus sévère lors d’une infection YFV. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comparer les infections de YFV et DENV dans un modèle d’hépatocytes humains dérivés de cellules souches (iHeps) afin d’identifier des facteurs à l’origine de cette différence de pathogenèse. Dans un premier temps, nous avons comparé le tropisme de YFV aux 4 sérotypes de DENV dans notre modèle hépatique établi en monocouche cellulaire. Nous avons observé une faible propagation de DENV dans les iHeps par rapport YFV. Les mêmes observations ont été faites dans des hépatocytes primaires. L’utilisation de souches chimériques 17D/DENV a permis de mettre en évidence que cette faible propagation serait liée à une faible efficacité d’entrée de DENV dans les hépatocytes. Nous avons également étudié l’infection dans des sphéroïdes iHeps, métaboliquement plus actifs que les iHeps 2D. Une infection productive a été observée uniquement avec YFV. Ce résultat pourrait s’expliquer par la faible accessibilité des cellules à l’intérieur des sphéroïdes. Dans un 2ème temps, nous avons étudié les réponses cellulaires induites dans les iHeps 2D après infection par les différents virus en utilisant une approche RNAseq. Les résultats préliminaires suggèrent un lien entre le taux de réplication et le nombre de gènes activés. La réponse interféron est plus précocement détectée dans le cas de YFV, mais l’infection par DENV induit un plus grand nombre de gènes. De plus, DENV-1 et DENV-4 induisent une augmentation d’expression de certains gènes impliqués dans la présentation d’antigène comme HLA-E et TAP-2, alors que YFV diminue l’expression de certains gènes de chimiokines et molécules d’adhésion. L’analyse préliminaire des voies liées au métabolisme hépatique révèle une inhibition de la voie de la coagulation dans le cas de l’infection par YFV, qui n’est pas observée lors de l’infection par DENV. Des observations similaires ont été décrites in vivo, au niveau protéique, confirmant la pertinence du modèle iHeps / Severe forms of infection with yellow fever virus (YFV) and dengue virus (DENV) are characterized by liver damage, with more severe symptoms observed during YFV infection. The aim of this thesis is to compare YFV and DENV infections in a model of human hepatocytes derived from stem cells (iHeps) in order to identify factors that could explain their difference in pathogenesis.First, we compared YFV tropism to the four DENV serotypes in 2D iHeps. We observed a low spread of DENV compared to YFV in both iHeps and primary hepatocytes. By using chimeric 17D/DENV strains, we demonstrate that this low propagation is linked to a low DENV entry efficiency in hepatocytes. We also studied infection in iHeps spheroids, metabolically closer to primary cells than 2D iHeps. A productive infection was observed with YFV only. The low accessibility of cells inside the spheroids could explained this result. Second, we studied cellular responses induced following infection by different viruses in 2D iHeps using an RNAseq approach. Preliminary results suggest a link between replication rate and the number of activated genes. The interferon response is detected earlier following YFV infection, but DENV induces a greater number of genes implicated in this pathway. Moreover, DENV-1 and DENV-4 up-regulate some genes involved in antigen presentation such as HLA-E and TAP-2, while YFV down-regulates genes encoding chemokines and adhesion molecules. Preliminary analysis of hepatic metabolism pathways reveals inhibition of the coagulation pathway induced by YFV infection, which is not observed during DENV infection. Similar observations have been described in vivo, at the protein level, confirming the relevance of the iHeps model

Chez l’homme, la dégradation des fibres alimentaires est une des fonctions principales du microbiote colique. Elles ont de nombreux effets bénéfiques en santé humaine et pourtant les mécanismes microbiens mis en jeu dans leur dégradation restent encore largement méconnus. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’approfondir les connaissances sur la dégradation des polysaccharides pariétaux (hémicelluloses et pectines) par une espèce bactérienne prédominante du côlon de l’homme, Bacteroides xylanisolvens. L’analyse du transcriptome de B. xylanisolvens XB1AT a révélé l’existence de six et deux loci génomiques respectivement dédiés à la dégradation des pectines et des xylanes. Ces loci ou PULs (« Polysaccharide Utilization Loci ») sont connus chez Bacteroides pour coder pour des systèmes enzymatiques spécifiques d’un polysaccharide en particulier. L’analyse des CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes) codées par les PULs « pectinolytiques » a permis de proposer une cible polysaccharidique (homogalacturonane, rhamnogalaturonane de type I et II, arabinane) à cinq des six PULs identifiés. Les deux PULs « xylanolytiques » cibleraient les xylanes de faible complexité. La mutation du gène susC-like dans le PUL 49 et du gène HTCS (Hybrid Two-Component System) dans le PUL 43 a démontré l’importance respective de ces deux loci dans la fonction pectinolytique et xylanolytique de la bactérie. Le mutant HTCS a aussi permis de montrer pour la première fois que deux PUL peuvent être liés au niveau transcriptionnel. En présence de xylane, les données de protéomique ont souligné la surproduction par la bactérie d’une endo-xylanase possédant deux CBMs (Carbohydrate-Binding Modules). Cette enzyme modulaire pourrait être considérée comme un marqueur fonctionnel de la xylanolyse dans l’écosystème microbien intestinal. En conclusion, B. xylanisolvens déploie une machinerie enzymatique qui reflète la complexité des polysaccharides pariétaux de plantes. La plasticité métabolique de B. xylanisolvens vis-à-vis des fibres alimentaires contribue certainement à sa survie et son maintien dans le côlon humain. Des études d’écologie fonctionnelle ciblant la communauté fibrolytique intestinale sont encore nécessaires afin de mieux décrypter l’impact des fibres alimentaires et en particuliers des polysaccharides pariétaux sur le métabolisme microbien intestinal et par conséquent sur la santé humaine. / Dietary fiber degradation is a key function of the human gut microbiota. They have many beneficial effects on human health and yet microbial mechanisms involved in their degradation remain largely unknown. The aim of this thesis was to increase our knowledge on the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and pectins) by a prominent human gut bacterial species, Bacteroides xylanisolvens. The transcriptome analysis of B. xylanisolvens XB1AT revealed the existence of six and two genomic loci dedicated to the degradation of pectins and xylan, respectively. These loci or PUL ("Polysaccharide Utilization Loci") are known to encode enzyme systems in Bacteroides that are specific to a particular polysaccharide. Analysis of the CAZymes (Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes) encoded by the "Pectinolytic" PULs allowed us to propose a polysaccharide target (homogalacturonan, type I and type II rhamnogalaturonane, arabinan) to five of the six identified PULs. The two identified "xylanolytic" PULs would target low complexity xylan. Mutation of the susC-like gene of PUL 49 and of the HTCS gene (Hybrid Two-Component System) of PUL 43 showed the importance of these two loci in pectinolytic and xylanolytic functions of the bacterium, respectively. The HTCS mutant also revealed for the first time that two PULs can be linked at the transcriptional level. With xylan, proteomic data highlighted the overproduction by the bacterium of an endo-xylanase with two CBMs (Carbohydrate-Binding Modules). This modular enzyme could be considered as a functional marker of xylan breakdown in the intestinal microbial ecosystem. In conclusion, B. xylanisolvens harbors an enzymatic machinery that reflects the complexity of plant cell wall polysaccharides. The metabolic plasticity of B. xylanisolvens towards dietary fibers certainly contributes to its fitness in the human gut. Functional and ecological studies targeting the intestinal fibrolytic community are still necessary to better understand the impact of dietary fibers and in particular plant cell wall polysaccharides on the intestinal microbial metabolism and consequently on human health.

Les fibroses anormales sont responsables de plus de 40% des décès pour raison médicale ; elles se développent suite à une inflammation chronique. Les fibroses hépatiques causées par les schistosomes et par le virus HCV sont en grande partie déterminées par la génétique du malade. Notre thèse a consisté à poursuivre le travail de caractérisation du déterminisme génétique des fibroses hépatiques et cutanées.La première partie de notre thèse, est l’étude informatique et statistique des données de génotypage GWAS de Brésiliens qui présentent une fibrose hépatique bilharzienne grave sur plus de 2,5 millions de SNPs. 180 SNPs qui montraient une association suggestive avec les fibroses graves ont été sélectionnés, dont certains affectent les gènes des voies Wnt. Ces SNPs ont été testés sur une cohorte de 460 pêcheurs ougandais exposés à S.mansoni et nous avons confirmé l’association avec la fibrose de 4 SNPs.La deuxième partie de notre thèse est l’analyse transcriptômique (RNA-Seq) des mécanismes responsables des fibroses anormales de la peau de sujets affectés par des fibroses chéloïdes de 20 tissus chéloïdes, 7 tissus sains et 7 tissus affectés par des cicatrices hypertrophiques. Cette analyse montre que le développement des chéloïdes est la conséquence d’une stimulation anormale des voies de la cicatrisation en partie due à l’activation de la voie Wnt βcatenin et Wnt PCP. Pour conforter cette proposition, nous avons effectué une analyse génétique de la voie Wnt dans deux cohortes indépendantes. L’analyse statistique montre que des SNPs dans 6 gènes de la voie Wnt βcatenin contribuent au développement des fibroses chéloïdes. / Abnormal fibrosis is responsible for more than 40% of medical deaths. They develop as a result of chronicinflammation. Hepatic fibroses caused by schistosomes andHCV virus are largely determined by the genetic background of the patient. Our thesis consisted of continuing thework of characterizing the genetic determinism of liver and skin fibrosis.The first part of our thesis is the computer and statistical study of GWAS genotyping data of Brazilians whohave severe bilharzeal liver fibrosis on more than 2.5 million SNPs. 180 SNPs that showed suggestive associationwith severe fibrosis were selected, some of which affect the Wnt pathway. These SNPs were then tested on a cohortof 460 Ugandan fishers exposed to S.mansoni and the results confirmed the association of 4 SNPs with fibrosis.The second part of our thesis is the genomic analysis (transcriptome and genetics) of the mechanismsresponsible for the abnormal skin fibrosis with subjects affected by keloid scars. We performed an analysis of genes(RNASeq) expressed differently between 20 keloids, 7 healthy tissues and 7 tissues affected by hypertrophic scars.This analysis shows that the development of keloids is the consequence of an abnormal stimulation of cicatrizationpathways with strong activation of the Wnt βcatenin and Wnt PCP pathway. To support this proposal, we performeda genetic analysis of the Wnt pathway in two independant cohorts.The statistical analysis of the results shows that polymorphisms in 6 genes of the Wnt βcatenin pathway contributeto the development of keloid fibrosis.

Submitted by OCTAVIO MANUEL PALACIOS GIMÉNEZ null (opalacios7@gmail.com) on 2018-01-10T10:10:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tesis_completa.pdf: 26112515 bytes, checksum: 3ddefcdf63a47077ccb1b62c384cae1b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-01-10T18:40:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gimenez_omp_dr_rcla.pdf: 25788766 bytes, checksum: da0e0599de64bcf81bfb8ddceda0c8e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-10T18:40:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gimenez_omp_dr_rcla.pdf: 25788766 bytes, checksum: da0e0599de64bcf81bfb8ddceda0c8e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os cromossomos sexuais se originam independentemente de um par de homólogos autossômicos e em várias linhagens apresentam características comuns, tais como acúmulo de vários tipos de DNA repetitivo, restrição da recombinação e perda ou ganho de genes devido á diferenciação morfológica e genética entre os cromossomos sexuais X e Y ou Z e W. Estas características representam um exemplo fascinante de convergência evolutiva. Em Orthoptera, o sistema cromossômico sexual comumente encontrado na maioria das espécies estudadas é do tipo X0♂/XX♀. Entretanto, sistemas cromossômicos sexuais derivados dos tipos neo-XY♂/XX♀ e neo- X1X2Y♂/X1X1X2X2♀ são também observados, surgindo repetidamente por fusões cêntricas e em tandem, inversões e dissociações envolvendo cromossomos sexuais ancestrais e autossomos. O presente trabalho teve três objetivos. Primeiro, entender o possível papel dos DNAs repetitivos na estrutura/diversificação dos cromossomos sexuais simples e derivados, a partir do isolamento e mapeamento físico de sequências, tais como, famílias multigênicas, DNA satélite (DNAsat) e microssatélites, nas espécies Gryllus assimilis, Cycloptiloides americanus e Eneoptera surinamensis. Segundo, testar e comparar transcrição diferencial de DNAsat entre diferentes tecidos, sexos e espécies a partir de transcriptomas de Gryllus assimilis, G. bimaculatus, G. firmus e G. rubens, com o objetivo de entender os possíveis papéis funcionais destas sequências na regulação gênica, modulação da cromatina e como componentes funcionais de importantes estruturas como telômeros, centrômeros e cromossomos sexuais. Terceiro, a partir de transcriptomas de espécies de grilos (Gryllus assimilis, G. bimaculatus e G. firmus) prospectar genes codificadores de proteínas relacionados com a determinação sexual, envolvidos com o fitness reprodutivo e genes enviesados do sexo, responsáveis pelas diferenças fenotípicas entre machos e fêmeas, e tentar elucidar de uma maneira comparativa os fatores evolutivos atuando nestes loci. Origem de novo de cromossomos sexuais mediante rearranjos cromossômicos, assim como acúmulo de DNA repetitivo que levaram a diferenciação entre cromossomos sexuais são relatados em C. americanus (X1X20) e E. surianmensis (neo-X1X2Y). Estas características observadas em grilos representam outro caso notável de convergência evolutiva devido os cromossomos sexuais não relacionados compartilharem muitas propriedades entre táxons distantes. Acúmulo surpreendente de loci de DNAsat foi encontrado no neo-Y altamente diferenciado de E. surinamensis, incluindo 39 DNAsat representados em excesso neste cromossomo, que é a maior diversidade de DNAsat até agora relatada para cromossomos sexuais. Foi documentado que, particularmente os DNAsat, contribuíram grandemente para o aumento de tamanho genômico entre G. assimilis e E. surinamensis. Um achado interessante foi a identificação de DNAsat conservados entre espécies de grilos (Gryllus assimilis, G. bimaculatus e G. firmus), mas transcritos diferencialmente. Os dados relativos à presença de DNAsat no genoma de G. assimilis foram discutidos em um contexto evolutivo, com dados transcricionais permitindo comparações entre os sexos e entre os tecidos quando possível. Foram discutidas hipóteses para a conservação e transcrição de DNAsat em Gryllus, que podem resultar do seu papel na diferenciação sexual no nível da cromatina, na formação da heterocromatina e na função centromérica. Outra descoberta foi a identificação de genes determinantes do sexo e outros genes relacionados ao fitness reprodutivo, como a biossíntese de hormônios de insetos e ritmo circadiano entre espécies de Gryllus. Os efetores e os alvos downstream das vias de determinação do sexo foram previamente identificados em outros insetos, mas nunca em Orthoptera. Usando G. assimilis como modelo para estudar genes enviesados do sexo foi possível identificar um conjunto de genes altamente expressos que podem explicar diferenças fenotípicas entre os sexos. Estimou-se que os genes codificadores de proteínas relacionadas com a diferenciação sexual e com o fitness reprodutivo evoluem mais rapidamente do que os genes não reprodutivos (genes housekeeping) como resultado de uma forte seleção positiva nos primeiros. Além disso, foi encontrado que as espécies estudadas apresentam níveis excepcionalmente elevados de duplicações gênicas. As descobertas sugerem que as duplicações gênicas podem desempenhar um papel na expressão de genes enviesados do sexo no grilo de campo G. assimilis, uma espécie que no futuro provavelmente irá fornecer informações sobre genômica funcional e epigenética da determinação do sexo. / Sex chromosomes have arisen independently from an ordinary autosomal pair and in several lineages they present common characteristics, such as accumulation of distinct classes of repetitive DNAs, restriction of the recombination and loss or gain of genes due to the morphological and genetic differentiation between the sexual chromosomes X and Y or Z and W. These characteristics represent a fascinating example of evolutionary convergence. In Orthoptera, the X0♂/XX♀ sex-determining system is considered modal but eventually, diverse sex chromosome systems evolved several times, such as neo-XY♂/XX♀, X1X20♂/X1X1X2X2♀ and even neo- X1X2Y♂/X1X1X2X2♀. It was found that particularly centric fusions (i.e., Robertsonian translocations) and tandem fusions with autosomes, dissociations and inversions contributed to the formation of neo-sex chromosomes in Orthoptera. The present work had three objectives. First, get insights of the role of repetitive DNAs in the structure/diversification of simple and derivative sex-chromosomes by isolation and physical mapping of repetitive DNA sequences, such as multigene families, satellite DNA (satDNA) and microsatellites using Gryllus assimilis, Cycloptiloides americanus e Eneoptera surinamensis, as models. Second, looking at differential satDNA transcription between different tissues, sexes, and species from transcriptomes of Gryllus assimilis, G. bimaculatus, G. firmus and G. rubens, I tried to understand the possible functional roles of these sequences in gene regulation, chromatin modulation and as functional components of important structures such as telomeres, centromeres and sex chromosomes. Third, using transcriptomes from cricket species (Gryllus assimilis, G. bimaculatus and G. firmus), I searched for genes encoding proteins related to sexual determination, reproductive fitness and sex-biased genes which are responsible for the phenotypic differences between males and females. I also tried to elucidate in a comparative way the evolutionary factors acting at these loci. De novo origin of sex chromosomes by chromosomal rearrangements, as well as repetitive DNA accumulation that led to the differentiation between sex chromosomes are reported for C. americanus (X1X20) e E. surianmensis (neo-X1X2Y). These features observed in crickets represent another remarkable case of evolutionary convergence because unrelated sex chromosomes share many common properties among distant taxa. Especially astonishing accumulation of satDNAs loci was found in the highly differentiated neo-Y, including 39 satDNAs over-represented in this chromosome, which is the greatest satDNAs diversity yet reported for sex chromosomes. It has been documented that, particularly the satDNA, contributed greatly to the increase in genomic size between G. assimilis and E. surinamensis. An interesting finding was the identification of satDNA conserved among species of crickets (Gryllus assimilis, G. bimaculatus and G. firmus), but differentially transcribed. The data regarding satDNA presence in G. assimilis genome was discussed in an evolutionary context, with transcriptional data enabling comparisons between sexes and across tissues when possible. I discussed hypotheses for the conservation and transcription of satDNAs in Gryllus, which might result from their role in sexual differentiation at the chromatin level, heterochromatin formation, and centromeric function. Another finding was the identification of sex-determining genes and other genes related to reproductive fitness, such as biosynthesis of insect hormones and circadian rhythm among Gryllus species. The effectors as well as downstream targets of sex-determination pathways have been previously identified in other insects but never in Orthoptera. Using G. assimilis to study sex-biased genes I identified a set of highly expressed genes that might account for phenotypic differences between sexes. Furthermore, I estimated that proteinencoding reproductive genes evolve faster than non-reproductive genes as result of strong positive selection at those loci. It was documented that the species studied harbor exceptionally high levels of gene duplications. The findings suggest that gene duplications may play a role in sex-biased genes expression in the field cricket G. assimilis, a species likely to yield insights into the functional genomics and epigenetics of sex determination. / FAPESP: 2014/02038-8

Submitted by ALINE CRISTINA LOPES null (line.cl@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-02T12:42:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Aline_Cristina_Lopes.pdf: 1995885 bytes, checksum: 09268565881925cc85d0cdbe17aa6d6c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-04T14:14:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_ac_me_jabo.pdf: 1995885 bytes, checksum: 09268565881925cc85d0cdbe17aa6d6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-04T14:14:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lopes_ac_me_jabo.pdf: 1995885 bytes, checksum: 09268565881925cc85d0cdbe17aa6d6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A citricultura é uma das principais atividades do agronegócio brasileiro. Entretanto, inúmeras pragas e doenças atacam os citros, causando grandes prejuízos econômicos. O cancro cítrico, causado pela bactéria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac), é um grave problema para o setor, não havendo ainda um método eficaz para o seu controle. Neste estudo, utilizando RNASeq, foram analisados os perfis transcricionais de Xac inoculada em duas espécies de citros contrastantes à doença: laranja doce ‘Pêra Rio’ (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), menos suscetível e lima ácida ‘Galego’ (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), altamente suscetível, às 48 e 72 horas após a infecção (hai), com o objetivo de identificar genes de Xac envolvidos no processo de infecção. Foram identificados 80 genes de Xac diferencialmente expressos (GDEs) no hospedeiro laranja doce ‘Pêra Rio’, sendo 41 e 39 nos tempos de 48 e 72 hai, respectivamente. Em lima ácida ‘Galego’ foram identificados 82 GDEs, sendo 40 no tempo de 48 hai e 42 em 72 hai. Alguns destes genes diferencialmente expressos foram avaliados pela técnica de PCR quantitativa em tempo real, sendo estes hpa1, hrpE, hrpW, virK, ahpC, katE, katG, cydA e cydB, os quais estão envolvidos na patogenicidade e virulência, na defesa ao estresse oxidativo e na fosforilação oxidativa. Os genes de patogenicidade e virulência foram induzidos em Xac em ambos os hospedeiros, enquanto que os genes relacionados à cadeia respiratória foram inibidos em ambos os hospedeiros, com maior inibição em lima ácida ‘Galego’. No entanto, os genes relacionados ao estresse oxidativo apresentaram um perfil de expressão maior em Xac na interação com laranja doce ‘Pêra Rio’ do que em lima ácida ‘Galego’, principalmente ahpC e katG. A determinação da concentração de H2O2 nas folhas revelou que laranja doce ‘Pêra Rio’, espécie menos suscetível ao cancro cítrico, possui maior quantidade de H2O2 do que lima ácida ‘Galego’, espécie altamente suscetível. Isso sugere que a menor susceptibilidade ao cancro cítrico da laranja ‘Pêra Rio’ pode estar relacionada com a maior quantidade de H2O2 presente nesta espécie, o que leva a bactéria a ativar seu arsenal de enzimas para combater o estresse oxidativo do meio, retardando a infecção. / The citrus industry is one of the main activities of Brazilian agribusiness. However, many pests and diseases attack citrus, causing great economic losses. The citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac), is a major problem for the sector, there is not yet an effective method for its control. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of Xac inoculated in two species of contrasting citrus disease were analyzed using RNA-Seq : sweet orange 'Pêra Rio' (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), moderately tolerant and Mexican Lime 'Galego' (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) highly susceptible at 48 and 72 hours after infection (hai) aiming to identify Xac genes involved in the infection process. We identified 80 Xac differentially expressed genes (DGE) in sweet orange 'Pera Rio', 41 and 39 at 48 and 72 hai, respectively. In Mexican Lime 'Galego' 82 DGE were identified, 40 at 48 and 42 at 72 hai. Some of these differentially expressed genes were evaluated by real time quantitative PCR : hpa1, hrpE, hrpW, Virk, ahpC, KatE, katG, cyda and cydB, which are involved in pathogenicity and virulence, oxidative stress defense and oxidative phosphorylation. The pathogenicity and virulence genes were induced in Xac in both hosts, whereas the respiratory chain-related genes were inhibited in both hosts with greater inhibition in Mexican lime 'Galego'. However, genes related to oxidative stress showed a higher expression profile in Xac interaction with sweet orange 'Pera Rio' than with Mexican lime 'Galego', mainly ahpC and katG. The determination of H2O2 concentration in leaves revealed a higher amount of H2O2 in sweet orange 'Pêra Rio' moderately tolerant to citrus canker, than in Mexican Lime 'Galego' highly susceptible to citrus canker. The results suggests that the lower susceptibility to citrus canker orange 'Pera Rio' may be related to the greater amount of H2O2 present in this specie, which leads the bacteria to activate their arsenal of enzymes to fight oxidative stress environment, slowing the infection.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-02T17:09:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Mayara Inácio Vincenzi da Silva.pdf: 1467868 bytes, checksum: 1589e777267d83f74d5b55da57e6a5db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-05-16T15:13:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Mayara Inácio Vincenzi da Silva.pdf: 1467868 bytes, checksum: 1589e777267d83f74d5b55da57e6a5db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-16T15:13:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Mayara Inácio Vincenzi da Silva.pdf: 1467868 bytes, checksum: 1589e777267d83f74d5b55da57e6a5db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / CAPES / Ferro (Fe) é um elemento essencial e a capacidade de adquiri-lo in vivo têm sido descrita em diversos agentes patogênicos através de fatores de virulência. Análises globais de transcritos durante a privação de ferro tem sido descritos através da técnica de “microarray”, entretanto através da técnica de RNA-seq recentemente tem demonstrado resultados superiores. O isolado de Pasteurella multocida (Pm 16759) altamente patogênica em suínos foi cultivado em duas condições com diferentes concentrações de Fe (controle e privação) com o objetivo de analisar transcritos diferencialmente expressos. O RNA total das duas condições foi extraído e sequenciado através da plataforma de nova geração Ion Torrent. Os dados foram analisados no Software Ion Reporter™ e processados no programa Rockhopper. Foram obtidas 1.341.615 leituras com tamanho médio de 81pb, com 96% de alinhamento com o genoma de Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida 3480 e 98,8% de acurácia. No mapeamento das leituras das duas condições, observou-se 2,652 transcritos e destes, 177 (6,7%) foram diferencialmente expressos, sendo 93 na condição controle (Fe+) e 84 na condição de privação (Fe-). Na condição de privação de ferro, o perfil de transcritos foram associados a função de transporte celular (fbpABC, high-affinity Fe2+/Pb2+ permease e periplasmic protein probably involved in hight-affinity Fe2+), reguladores transcricionais e proteínas hipotéticas. O perfil na condição controle (Fe+) apresentou transcritos diferencialmente expressos associados ao RNAs anti-sense (asRNA) e genes do metabolismo energético (fructose-1,6-bisfosfatase). A técnica de RNA-seq mostrou-se eficiente na identificação de transcritos diferencialmente expressos por P. multocida em condições de privação de Fe, o que pode auxiliar nos estudos de patogenicidade. / Iron (Fe) is an essential element and the ability to acquire it, in vivo, have been described in several pathogens such as virulence factors. Global analyses of transcripts during iron deprivation have been described by microarray studies, however, recently RNA-seq analysis shows superior results. The high pathogenic swine strain of Pasteurella multocida (BRMSA 1113) was grown in the two conditions with different concentrations of Fe (control and deprivation) in order to analyze the differentially expressed transcripts. The total RNA of the two conditions was extracted and sequenced by new generation Ion Torrent plataform. Data were analyzed in Ion Reporter ™ Software and processed in Rockhopper software. Sequence analysis shows 1,341,615 readings with median length of 81pb, with 96% of alignment to the reference genome Pasteurella multocida strain 3489, and 98.8% accuracy. Reads mapping to genome of P. multocida in these two conditions, detected 2,652 transcripts, which , 177 (6.7%) were differentially expressed, with 93 in the control condition (Fe +) and 84 provided with iron deprivation condition (Fe-). In condition (Fe-), differential expressed transcript profile were associated to function of cellular transport (fbpABC,, high-affinity Fe2+/Pb2+ permease and periplasmic protein probably involved in hight-affinity Fe2+), transcptional regulators and hypothetical proteins. The control condition (Fe+) shows differential expressed transcripts profile associated to RNA anti-sense (asRNA) energetic metabolism genes (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase). The technique of RNA-seq proved effective in identifying novel differentially expressed transcripts by P. multocida (BRMSA 1113) under conditions of Fe deprivation, which can assist in pathogenicity studies.

A seleção de bovinos de corte para eficiência alimentar (EA) é bastante vantajosa não só do ponto de vista produtivo e econômico como também por ajudar a diminuir o impacto ambiental da produção pecuária. Por ser uma característica multifatorial e de mensuração onerosa, objetivou-se com esse trabalho, a partir da expressão gênica global hepática de animais com alta eficiência alimentar (AEA) e baixa eficiência alimentar (BEA), identificar novos genes, funções biológicas e genes reguladores associados a esse fenótipo. Para isso, 98 bovinos Nelore foram avaliados quanto ao desempenho em confinamento, medidas de EA, ultrassonografia de carcaça, bioquímica sérica, biometria, rendimento de carcaça, maciez de carne e avaliação de líquido ruminal. Além disso, 8 animais de AEA e 8 animais de BEA, selecionados pela medida de consumo e ganho residual ao final do confinamento, tiveram dados de perfil transcriptômico hepático analisados por 3 abordagens: expressão gênica diferencial, co-expressão e co-expressão diferencial. Foi observado que os grupos de AEA e BEA apresentaram desempenho igual quanto ao peso inicial e final, ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça e área de olho de lombo. Por outro lado, os animais de BEA tiveram maior consumo de alimentos e maior deposição de gordura subcutânea e visceral. Além disso, os animais de BEA apresentaram níveis elevados de colesterol e de GGT e a análise de perfil transcriptômico mostrou estar relacionada à resposta imunológica, inflamação e metabolismo de lipídeos. Baseado nesses resultados e em pesquisas em humanos criou-se a hipótese de que os animais de BEA são mais susceptíveis a infecção bacteriana no fígado em resposta à mudança da dieta a pasto para a dieta de confinamento. / The selection of beef cattle to feed efficiency (FE) traits is very important not only from the productive and economic perspective but also for helping to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production. Being a multifactorial and expensive to measurement trait, the aim of this work was to analyze the liver global gene expression profile of animals with high feed efficiency (HFE) and low feed efficiency (LFE), to identify new genes, biological functions and regulatory genes associated to this phenotype. For this purpose, 98 Nellore cattle were evaluated regarding feedlot performance, FE measures, carcass ultrasound, serum biochemistry, biometric measures, carcass evaluation, meat tenderness and evaluation of ruminal fluid. In addition, 8 animals of HFE and 8 animals of LFE, selected by the measure of residual intake and body weight gain at the end of feeding trial, had liver transcriptomic profile data analyzed by three approaches: differential gene expression, co-expression and differential co-expression. It was observed that HFE and LFE groups showed equal performance for initial and final weight, weight gain, carcass yield and rib eye area. On the other hand, the animals of LFE had higher feed intake and increased deposition of subcutaneous and visceral fat. In addition, animals of LFE showed higher levels of cholesterol and GGT and transcriptomic profile analysis showed to be related to immune response, inflammation and lipid metabolism. Based on these results and research in humans we created the hypothesis that the LFE animals are more susceptible to bacterial infection in the liver in response to the change of pasture diet to feedlot diet.