El virus SARS-CoV-2 sigue reproduciéndose velozmente y muestra variantes más infecciosas. La segunda ola de la enfermedad va apaciguándose en Europa y Estados Unidos de América del Norte, menos en América del Sur. En el Perú, las cifras de fallecidos han sido sinceradas a más del doble, encontrándose mayor mortandad en los hombres y en los mayores de 70 años. Se ha corroborado en el mundo que la gestante sufre una enfermedad más severa -a veces con un proceso similar a la preeclampsia-, con más posibilidad de muerte que la mujer no gestante y mayor muerte fetal y prematuridad. Las vacunas iniciales elaboradas en los EE UU y Europa están siendo efectivas en disminuir las infecciones, hospitalizaciones y muertes en los países donde la vacunación ha avanzado más rápido. Está siendo administrada en gestantes sin efectos secundarios mayores, recomendándoseles se vacunen para evitar la infección severa. Mientras tanto, no se conoce la duración de la inmunidad dada por la infección COVID-19 y por la vacuna. Se está considerando una tercera dosis de refuerzo y el cambio de marca en los vacunados. Y se está en espera de una tercera ola de infecciones debido a la aparición de las variantes brasilera e india (delta). / The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to reproduce rapidly and is showing more infectious variants. The second wave of the pandemic is subsiding in Europe and the United States of North America, but not in South America. In Peru, the number of deaths has more than doubled, with a higher mortality rate in men and in those over 70 years of age. It has been corroborated worldwide that pregnant women suffer a more severe disease -sometimes with a process similar to preeclampsia- with a greater possibility of death than non-pregnant women and greater fetal death and prematurity. Initial vaccines developed in the USA and Europe are proving effective in reducing infections, hospitalizations and deaths in countries where vaccination has advanced more rapidly. It is being administered in pregnant women without major side effects, and they are recommended to be vaccinated to avoid severe infection. As of now, the duration of immunity given by COVID-19 infection and by the vaccine is not known. A third booster dose and rebranding of vaccinees is being considered. And a third wave of infe ergence of the Brazilian and Indian (Delta) variants.

I mars 2020 drabbades världen av en pandemi kopplat till viruset Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2). I Sverige som i resten av världen har sjukvårdspersonalen varit tvungna att jobba under hög belastning i stressiga arbetssituationer som resultat av denna pandemi. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som spelade roll för att vårdpersonalen skulle orka med det stressiga jobbet under en ovanlig situation som covid-19 pandemin. Till denna studie valdes kvalitativ design med en tematisk induktiv analys. Resultatet visade att kollegornas stöd, tydliga instruktioner från närmaste chefer, känslan av stolthet för att kunna klara av situationen tillsammans med andra samt personliga strategier var positiva faktorer som hjälpte vårdpersonalen att kunna klara av arbetet. Medan sjukvårdspersonalen upplevde att stöd från högre ledningen och samhällets ansvar inte var tillräckligt. / In March 2020, the world was hit by a pandemic linked to the Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. In Sweden, as in the rest of the world, healthcare professionals had to work under high load in stressful work situations as a result of this pandemic. The purpose of this study was to investigate what factors played a role in the care staff being able to cope with the stressful job during an unusual situation such as the pandemic. For this study, qualitative design with a thematic inductive analysis was chosen. The results showed that the colleagues' support, clear instructions from immediate managers, the feeling of pride in being able to cope with the situation together with others and personal strategies were positive factors that helped the care staff to cope with the work load. While the health care staff felt that support from senior management and the responsibility of society was not enough.

Inledning: God vårdhygien är ett centralt begrepp inom all hälso- och sjukvård för att förhindra spridning av sjukdomsframkallande mikroorganismer, vilka kan ge upphov till vårdrelaterade infektioner. Tandvården ska därför följa Hälso- och sjukvårdslagen (1982:763) och Socialstyrelsens föreskrifter om basala hygienrutiner. I samband med Covid-19 pandemin aktualiserades vikten av vårdhygien ytterligare för att förhindra smittspridning av Covid-19 inom tandvården. Munhålan utgör en stor potentiell risk för överföring av SARS-CoV-2, men även andra mikroorganismer, särskilt vid aerosolgenererande procedurer.  Ett tidigare mastersarbete vid Odontologiska fakulteten, Malmö Universitet, påvisade brister i följsamheten med basala hygienrutiner bland tandläkarstudenter. En uppföljning har inte genomförts, vilket uppmärksammades i samband med pandemin och frågeställningen om Covid-19 syn på betydelsen av aseptik och vårdhygien väcktes.  Syfte: Undersöka tandläkarstudenters syn på vårdhygien och självbedömd följsamhet med hygienriktlinjer under Covid-19.  Material och metod: En anonym webbenkät skickades till samtliga tandläkarstudenter på kurs 4–10 vid Odontologiska fakulteten, Malmö Universitet.  Resultat: Den totala svarsfrekvensen var 54%. Resultat visade att samtliga studenter ansåg sig ha tillräckliga kunskaper om hygienrutinerna, men trots detta bröt 20% medvetet mot hygienrutinerna och 4% uppgav att de aldrig följde hygienrutinerna.  Slutsats: Den självbedömda kunskapen om hygienriktlinjer är hög, trots det är inte följsamheten med hygienriktlinjerna optimal, vilket innebär att det finns risk för spridning av vårdrelaterade infektioner. / Introduction: Good hygiene is imperative to prevent the spread of health care associated infections. Dental care must therefore comply with the Health and Medical Services Act (1982: 763) and the National Board of Health and Welfare's regulations on basic hygiene guidelines. In conjunction with the Covid-19 pandemic, the importance of hygiene measures was further emphasized to prevent the spread of Covid-19 in dentistry. The oral cavity poses a high potential risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2, in addition to other microorganisms, especially in aerosol-generating procedures.  A previous master's thesis at the Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, showed a deficiency in compliance with hygiene guidelines among dental students. The question if Covid-19 view of the importance of aseptic techniques and hygiene measures in dentistry was therefore raised.  Aim: Investigate dental students' views of healthcare hygiene and self-assessed aseptic measures during Covid-19.  Materials and method: An anonymous web survey was sent to all dental students in courses 4–10 at the Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University.  Results: The overall response rate was 54%. Results showed that all students considered themselves to have sufficient knowledge of the hygiene routines, but despite this, 20% of students deliberately broke the hygiene routines and 4% stated that they never followed the hygiene routines.  Conclusion: The self-assessed awareness of hygiene guidelines and aseptic techniques is high among the students, still the compliance with hygiene protocols is not optimal, meaning there is a risk of spread of healthcare associated infections.

Objetivo: Identificar los factores influyentes en la postura ante la inmunización SARSCoV-2 en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Lambayeque en el año 2021. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio tipo observacional transversal analítico. Se tomó a toda la población elegible,que constó de aproximadamente 160 estudiantes y se distribuyó con un muestreo probabilístico tipo estratificado. El cuestionario elaborado se basó en la encuesta online de la Organización de Consumidores y Usuarios (OCU) titulada “Encuesta OCU: los españoles y la vacuna” que fue realizada en España. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó la herramienta estadística IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0.0.0. Se tabularon las variables categóricas para la distribución de frecuencia y porcentajes, y se realizó un análisis bivariado entre las variables de interés y las variables de desenlace, mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Se encuestó a 155 de 160 universitarios, el 94,8% fueron jóvenes (18-25 años). El semestre académico que representó mayor porcentaje fue octavo ciclo. La mayoría de los ítems del cuestionario obtuvieron el puntaje de 3 puntos según la escala de Likert. El 96,8% de universitarios manifestaron que sí se vacunarían tan pronto como pudieran. Se obtuvo que el factor influyente en la postura ante la inmunización SARS-CoV-2 fue el de la efectividad de la vacuna reduciendo la mortalidad por COVID – 19. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la mayoría de los estudiantes se encontraron a favor de la vacunación. Además, la efectividad de la vacuna reduciendo la mortalidad por COVID-19, fue el único factor influyente. / Objective: To identify the influential factors in the posture before SARS-CoV-2 immunization in medical students of a Lambayeque university in the year 2021. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional observational study was carried out. The entire eligible population was taken, which consisted of approximately 160 college students and was distributed with a stratified probabilistic sampling. The questionnaire prepared was based on the online survey of the Organization of Consumers and Users (OCU) entitled "OCU Survey: Spaniards and the vaccine" that was carried out in Spain. For the statistical analysis, the statistical tool IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0.0.0 was used. Categorical variables were tabulated for frequency distribution and percentages, and a bivariate analysis was performed between the variables of interest and the outcome variables, using Fisher's exact test. Results: 155 of 160 university students were surveyed, 94.8% were young (18-25 years). The semester of studies that represented the highest percentage was eighth cycle. Most of the ítems in the questionnaire obtained a score of 3 points according to the Likert scale. 96.8% of university students stated that they would get vaccinated as soon as they could. It was found that the influential factor in the posture before SARS-CoV-2 immunization was the effectiveness of the vaccine in reducing mortality from COVID-19. Conclusions: It is concluded that the majority of students were in favor of vaccination. Also, the effectiveness of the vaccine in reducing mortality from COVID-19 was the only influential factor.

Bakgrund, de restriktioner och rekommendationer som människor fått förhålla sig till under COVID-19 pandemin har inneburit en annorlunda och förändrad vardag. En grupp som blivit drabbad är högskole- och universitetsstudenter som bland annat fått byta de fysiska klassrummen mot diverse online plattformar. Tidigare forskning har utförts, men hur aktivitetsmönstret har förändrats är dock mindre utforskat. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga förändring i aktivitetsmönstret hos högskole- och universitetsstudenter under COVID-19 pandemin. Metoden som användes hade en kvantitativ design i form av tvärsnittsstudie. Ett bekvämlighetsurval användes och respondenter rekryterades via sociala medier (Facebook). Populationen bestod av 49 studenter. Deskriptiv statistik användes för att beskriva insamlade data. Resultatet visade på en förändring i studenternas aktivitetsmönster och en koppling mellan förlust av meningsfulla aktiviteter, nöjdhet gällande sin aktivitetsfördelning samt upplevd vardagsbalans kunde urskiljas. Slutsats, övergripande hade förändringarna i studenternas aktivitetsmönster påverkats till det negativa. Författarna till föreliggande studie har en förhoppning om att studien ska leda till ökad förståelse gällande människors aktivitetsmönster som relaterar till den hälsoproblematik som kan uppstå under situationer som den rådande COVID-19 pandemin. / Background, this thesis describes the restrictions and recommendations that people have had to follow during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how these have led to a different and altered everyday life. College- and University students are one group that have been affected, especially since they had to switch from in-person learning to online platforms. There have been prior studies regarding the health of students and how their health has been affected during the pandemic, however the extent to which the occupational pattern of students has changed has been less explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in student’s occupational patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method that was used was a quantitative design. A convenience sample was used, and the respondents were recruited through social media platforms (Facebook). The population included 49 students. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data that was collected from the survey. Results, the study showed a change in student’s occupational patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic and a connection was seen between loss of meaningful activities, satisfaction regarding their activity distribution, and perceived everyday balance. In conclusion, the overall changes in student’s occupational patterns had a negative effect. The authors expect that this study will lead to a higher understanding of the occupational patterns that relate to the health problems that can occur during situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bakgrund: Covid-19 pandemin som orsakades av Sars-Cov-2-viruset innebar en betydande utmaning för världen. I synnerhet påverkades hälso- och sjukvården av dess framfart. Sjuksköterskor som arbetade inom slutenvården under denna tid var särskilt utsatta och föremål för en rad olika upplevelser både positiva och negativa. Dessa erfarenheter är värdefulla att analysera för att bättre kunna hantera kommande pandemier. Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser inom slutenvården under covid-19 pandemin. Metod: Litteraturöversikt genomförd i enlighet med Fribergs metod. Elva kvalitativa originalartiklar valdes från databaserna PubMed och Cinahl Complete för analys. Resultat: Tre huvudteman identifierades vilka var: Rädsla, Osäkerhet och Sjuksköterskans upplevelser rörande yrkesrollen. Slutsats: Rädsla var en dominerande upplevelse bland sjuksköterskor och antog ett flertal olika former. Sjuksköterskor upplevde även osäkerhet relaterat till det oklara kunskapsläget, föränderlig information, den egna kompetensen samt brist på material och personal. Sjuksköterskor upplevde både positiva och negativa känslor relaterade till yrkesrollen. Förberedelse i form av utbildning av sjuksköterskor och allmänhet, genomtänkta rutiner och riktlinjer samt förbättrad lagerhållning av skyddsmaterial är viktigt för att minska negativa effekter under kommande pandemier. / Background: The Covid-19-pandemic caused by the Sars-Cov-2-virus constituted a significant challenge for the world. In particular the healthcare systems were affected during its course. Nurses working within inpatient care were especially vulnerable and might have had several different experiences, which could be either negative or positive. These experiences are valuable and worth analyzing in order to be better prepared for forthcoming pandemics. Aim: To analyze nurses´experiences in inpatient care during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: A literary overview conducted in accordance with the method of Friberg. Eleven qualitative original articles were selected from the databases PubMed and Cinahl Complete and analyzed. Results: Three main themes were identified which were: Fear, uncertainty and nurses experiences related to the profession. Conclusions: Fear was a dominant experience among nurses and took a variety of forms. Nurses also experience uncertainty related to the unclear state of knowledge, changing information, their own competence and due to a shortage of materials and other staff. Nurses experienced both positive and negative emotions in relation to their profession. Preparation in the form of eduaction for both nurses and the general public, well-thought-out routines and guidelines as well as improved stockpiling of protective equipment is essential to reduce the negative effects of future pandemics.

Purpose: To quantify the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in students and teachers in 14 Secondary schools in eastern Saxony, Germany. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in study population. Number of undetected cases. - Methods: Serial seroprevalence study. - Results: The role of educational settings in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic is still controversial. Seroprevalence increases from 0.8 to 5.9% from October to December when schools remained open and to 12.2% in March/April during a strict lockdown with closed schools. The ratio of undetected to detected cases decreased from 0.76 to 0.44 during the study period. - Conclusion: During the second and third wave of the pandemic in Germany, students and teachers are not overrepresented in SARS-CoV-2 infections. The percentage of undetected cases is moderate and decreases over time. The risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 within the household is higher than contracting it in educational settings making school closures rather ineffective in terms of pandemic control measures or individual risk reduction in children and adolescents. - Trial registration: DRKS00022455 (July 23rd, 2020).

The outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in Wuhan challenges pediatric oncologists in an unexpected way. We provide a comprehensive overview, which systematically summarizes and grades evidence (QoE) on SARS-CoV-2 infections in pediatric cancer patients at 1.5 years of pandemic. A systematic literature search in PubMed combined with an additional exploratory literature review in other international databases was conducted to identify studies on children (aged < 18 years) with a malignant disease and COVID-19 infections. In total, 45 reports on 1003 pediatric cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified out of 1397 reports analyzed. The clinical course of COVID-19 was reported mild or moderate in 358 patients (41.7%), whereas 11.1% of patients showed severe COVID-19. In 12.7% of patients, chemotherapy was postponed, whereas 19% of patients with different underlying malignancies received chemotherapy during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Twenty-five patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections died, potentially related to COVID-19. Conclusion: Despite a favorable COVID-19 outcome in most pediatric cancer patients, the morbidity is reported higher than in children without comorbidities. However, no severe COVID-19 complications were associated to the continuation of chemotherapy in some cohort studies and reports on two patients. Therefore, the risk of cancer progress or relapse due to interruption of chemotherapy has carefully to be weighed against the risk of severe COVID-19 disease with potentially fatal outcome.

Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated to be a valuable tool in monitoring community-level virus circulation and assessing new outbreaks. It may become a useful tool in the early detection and response to future pandemics, enabling public health authorities to implement timely interventions and mitigate the spread of infectious diseases with the fecal excretion of their agents. It also offers a chance for cost-effective surveillance. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) is the most commonly used method for viral RNA detection in wastewater due to its sensitivity, reliability, and widespread availability. However, recent studies have indicated that reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RTddPCR) has the potential to offer improved sensitivity and accuracy for quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater samples. In this study, we compared the performance of RTqPCR and RTddPCR approaches for SARS-CoV-2 detection and quantification on wastewater samples collected during the third epidemic wave in Saxony, Germany, characterized by low-incidence infection periods. The determined limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were within the same order of magnitude, and no significant differences were observed between the PCR approaches with respect to the number of positive or quantifiable samples. Our results indicate that both RTqPCR and RTddPCR are highly sensitive methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, the actual gain in sensitivity associated with ddPCR lags behind theoretical expectations. Hence, the choice between the two PCR methods in further environmental surveillance programs is rather a matter of available resources and throughput requirements.

År 2020 slog coronapandemin till mot världen med full kraft, orsakad avviruset SARS-CoV-2. Nyheter och information om pandemins utvecklingpräglade informationsflödet tillsammans med åtskilliga visuella elementmed informativa syften. Antal insjuknade i sjukdomen COVID-19 samtett snabbt växande antal dödsfall i kombination med nyheter om ensjukvård nära bristningsgränsen rapporterades kontinuerligt i olikainformationskanaler. En bild som ofta förekom tillsammans medinformation om pandemin var en 3D-gestaltning gjord av två grafiskaformgivare på uppdrag av amerikanska Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC). Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hurett urval mottagare upplevde CDC´s 3D-gestaltning av viruset SARS-CoV-2. Metod: Metoden som användes för studien var semiotiskbildanalys där den denotativa nivån undersöktes objektivt med hjälp avanpassade frågor och den konnotativa nivån byggde på intervjuer medelva respondenter. Resultat: Ur intervjuerna framkom både ikoniska- ochsymboliska tecken som främst indexerade negativa upplevelser hosrespondenterna, kopplade till både personliga- och samhälleligaperspektiv.