Syftet med denna studie har varit att studera hur media, under år 2018, skildrade orsaker till kvinnlig prostitution och hur medias beskrivningar förhåller sig till de orsaker som forskning om kvinnlig prostitution redovisar. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomförts av 17 artiklar från Aftonbladet och DN. Resultatet av studien har visat att tidningsartiklar kring orsaker till kvinnlig prostitution beskriver flera skiftande orsaker som har kunnat relateras till den tidigare forskningen. Däremot finns det en överrepresentation av sådana orsaker som genomsyras av tvingande karaktär. Med utgångspunkt i teorin om sensationell journalistik kan det förstås som att denna typ av artiklar är överrepresenterad då den innehåller ett större mått av sensation och därmed högre nyhetsvärde. Resultatet från studien diskuteras utifrån ett dagordningsteoretiskt perspektiv. Allmänhetens föreställningar om orsaker till kvinnlig prostitution tolkas som påverkade av medias rapportering om tvingande orsaker. / The aim of this research has been to investigate how during 2018 media have described causes of female prostitution and how these descriptions relate to earlier research on female prostitution. In order to fulfill the aims of the study a qualitative content analysis was carried out on 17 articles from Aftonbladet and DN. The result of this investigation has shown that newspaper articles express several different reasons for female prostitution that can be related to earlier research on prostitution. However there is an overstatement of causes with compelling character. Based on the sensational journalism theory, it is understood that these types of articles are overrepresented as they contain greater measure of sensation and higher news value. The results of the study are discussed from the theoretical agenda-setting perspective. It has been interpreted that the public's beliefs about causes of female prostitution are affected by reports in media about compelling causes.

一、研究目的：本研究的目的在了解以下的問題：１、「購買店頭販賣之 壽險商品的潛在消費者」與非潛在消費者的人口統計變項是否有所差異？ ２、「購買店頭販賣之壽險商品的潛在消費者」與非潛在消費者對店頭販 賣壽險商品的態度為何？３、「購買店頭販賣之壽險商品的潛在消費者」 與非潛在消費者間之心理因素是否有所差異？４、「購買店頭販賣之壽險 商品的潛在消費者」對壽險資訊來源及對壽險資訊的注意程度。５、「購 買店頭販賣之壽險商品的潛在消費者」對壽險店頭市場地點的偏好？６、 「購買店頭販賣之壽險商品的潛在消費者」對店頭市場販賣壽險商品的偏 好？７、「購買店頭販賣之壽險商品的潛在消費者」對於壽險供應商有無 偏好？二、研究方法： 本研究以居住在大台北地區的民眾為研究對象， 並以壽險店頭市場為研究範圍，採用便利抽樣法抽樣，再利用統計方法上 的因素分析、卡方檢定、變異數分析、次數分析及相關分析等來作檢定與 分析。三、研究結果： 1.「年齡」、「婚姻狀況」、「教育程度」、「 個人所得約佔家中總所得比例」等人口統計變項，潛在與非潛在消費者有 顯著差異。 2.潛在與非潛在消費者對購買店頭市場販賣之壽險商品的態 度無顯著差異。 3.心理因素中，潛在與非潛在消費者只對「風險規避」 一項有顯著差異。 4.潛在消費者的資訊來源主要為「親友介紹」、「業 務員」、「報 紙」、「雜誌」、「電視」。 5.潛在消費者較偏好在「 銀行」、「百貨公司」購買壽險商品。 6.潛在消費者較偏好「終身壽險 」、「失能保險」、「醫療保險」及「生死合險─還本型」等壽險商品 。 7.潛在消費者多數表示只要保單合適，什麼性質的公司並不重要。

Sammanfattning Uppsatsens titel: 2013 – Året det vårades för blankning Datum: 2013-05-21 Uppsats nivå: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi (61-90 hp) Författare: Erik Alvarado och Billy BengtssonHandledare: Sven-Ola CarlssonExaminator: Marita Blomkvist Nyckelord: Blankning, Förbud, Regleringar, Effektiva marknadsteorin, Behavioral finance, Strategi Syfte: Vårt syfte med uppsatsen är att förstå och analysera hur mäklarna samtförvaltare på svenska finansiella institut arbetar med blankning gentemotsina kunder idag. Problemformulering: Hur arbetar mäklare och förvaltare på svenska finansiella institut medblankningsaffärer åt sina kunder?Metod: Metodvalet föll på en kvalitativ studie med en induktiv ansats. Den datasom utgör empirin har samlats in genom besöks- och telefonintervjuer. Teori: I november 2012 valde regeringen att gå EU:s linje och börja följa derasförordning angående regleringar mot blankning. Detta ställer krav på attFinansinspektionen publicerar gårdagen genomförda blankningsaffärermorgonen efter. Något som lett till en mediedebatt kring att intresset förblankning kan öka, då investerare nu kan ta rygg på andra blankare.Blankning kan vara ett populärt investeringsalternativ utifrån ett flertalstrategier medan anledningarna till att blanka kan vara många. Antingen blankar investerare utifrån rationella värderingar och tillgången på informationsom finns på en effektiv marknad. Vidare kan du utgå ifrån känsloinpulser,något som kan kopplas till behavioral finance-perspektivet. Empiri: Primärdata har samlats in från fyra svenska finansiella institut: AvanzaBank, Handelsbanken, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken och Simplicity AB. Resultat: Intresset för blankning bland de finansiella institutens kunder är relativtsvalt, något som främst beror på en lång teknisk process och höga kostnader.En slutsats som ligger helt i linje med den ledande teorin kring regleringaroch förbud mot blankning, nämligen Diamond-Verrecchia hypothesis. / Abstract Title: 2013 – Sweden, it’s time for short-selling! Date: 2013-05-21 Level: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration (61-90 hp) Authors: Erik Alvarado and Billy BengtssonAdvisor: Sven-Ola CarlssonExaminer: Marita Blomkvist Keywords: Short-selling, Ban, Regulations, Efficient-market hypothesis, Behavioralfinance, Strategy Purpose: Our purpose with the thesis is to understand and analyze how brokers andequity managers in Swedish financial institutions working with shortsellingtowards their customers.Research question: How do brokers and equity managers at Swedish financial institutionswork with short-selling for their customers? Methodology: The thesis is based on a qualitative methodology with an inductive approach.The primary data has been collected through face-to-face interviewsas well over telephone. Theory: Since November 2012 the Swedish government is following the currentEU regulation against short-selling. The EU regulation requires that completedshort sales are published the next day on the Swedish comparison tothe U.S: Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Finansinspektionen.The new regulation his risen a debate in media, since investors now canfollow the published short sales. Short-selling can be a popular alternativefor investors, since there are many strategies that are including shortselling.However, the reasons for investors to short-sell can be many. Either the investors’ decision is rationally based on the available informationon the efficient market or they base their decisions on feeling. Financialdecision based on feelings can be explained by behavioral finance. Empiric: The primary data representing the empirical framework has been collectedfrom four Swedish financial institutions: Avanza Bank, Handelsbanken,Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken and Simplicity AB. Result: At the moment short-selling is not the most popular choice for investorswho are interested in going short. The short-selling process is at the momenttechnical difficult and costly for the investors and financial institutions.The result is in line with the leading theory of short-selling regulations,the Diamond-Verrecchia hypothesis.

<p>Background</p><p>Marketing spending has grown dramatically over the last decade but the traditional market-ing strategies such as advertising in TV, on billboards and posters might not be as effective as they used to be. The phenomena, how to work with marketing with the use of limited capital, has attracted attention in different contexts lately. It may sound hopeless to reach all the way through by the use of limited capital but it although exist examples of compa-nies that have succeeded with this; they are doing more with less.</p><p>Purpose</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how firms, by the use of no or limited finan-cial resources, could market themselves successfully and how such a marketing process look like. The other purpose is to identify or map out the difference among traditional marketing and doing more with less.</p><p>Method</p><p>With a more inductive research approach and a qualitative research method the data was collected for this thesis. Four companies were carefully selected and interviewed over the phone. The chosen respondents are; Tomas Gustafsson representing Brämhults, Per Holk-nekt at Odd Molly, Jan Gustafsson at Saltå Kvarn and Hanna Lundgren at WeSC.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We have concluded that many strategies can be successful in doing more with less. The strategies found in this study are; Public Relations, Brand Management, Packaging, Product Placement, Event Marketing and Unique Selling Propositions. A coherent pattern or proc-ess could not be identified but it exist similarities in the way that companies make use of marketing strategies concerning doing more with less. Moreover we came up with the con-clusion that the difference between traditional marketing and the strategies identified as do-ing more with less, besides the obvious cost aspect, is the connection that they are often presented in a way which is not as easy for the potential consumer to perceive as commer-cial.</p>

Most retailers and scientists agree that supporting the buying decisions of individual customers or groups of customers with specific product recommendations holds great promise. Target-oriented promotional campaigns are more profitable in comparison to uniform methods of sale promotion such as discount pricing campaigns. This seems to be particulary true if the promoted products are well matched to the preferences of the customers or customer groups. But how can retailers identify customer groups and determine which products to offer them? To answer this question, this dissertation describes an algorithmic procedure which identifies customer groups with similar preferences for specific product combinations in recorded transaction data. In addition, for each customer group it recommends products which promise higher sales through cross-selling if appropriate promotion techniques are applied. To illustrate the application of this algorithmic approach, an analysis is performed on the transaction database of a supermarket. The identified customer groups are used for a simulation. The results show that appropriate promotional campaigns which implement this algorithmic approach can achieve an increase in profit from 15% to as much as 191% in contrast to uniform discounts on the purchase price of bestsellers. (author's abstract)

abstract / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Background Marketing spending has grown dramatically over the last decade but the traditional market-ing strategies such as advertising in TV, on billboards and posters might not be as effective as they used to be. The phenomena, how to work with marketing with the use of limited capital, has attracted attention in different contexts lately. It may sound hopeless to reach all the way through by the use of limited capital but it although exist examples of compa-nies that have succeeded with this; they are doing more with less. Purpose The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how firms, by the use of no or limited finan-cial resources, could market themselves successfully and how such a marketing process look like. The other purpose is to identify or map out the difference among traditional marketing and doing more with less. Method With a more inductive research approach and a qualitative research method the data was collected for this thesis. Four companies were carefully selected and interviewed over the phone. The chosen respondents are; Tomas Gustafsson representing Brämhults, Per Holk-nekt at Odd Molly, Jan Gustafsson at Saltå Kvarn and Hanna Lundgren at WeSC. Conclusion We have concluded that many strategies can be successful in doing more with less. The strategies found in this study are; Public Relations, Brand Management, Packaging, Product Placement, Event Marketing and Unique Selling Propositions. A coherent pattern or proc-ess could not be identified but it exist similarities in the way that companies make use of marketing strategies concerning doing more with less. Moreover we came up with the con-clusion that the difference between traditional marketing and the strategies identified as do-ing more with less, besides the obvious cost aspect, is the connection that they are often presented in a way which is not as easy for the potential consumer to perceive as commer-cial.

Tyrimo objektas - ekologiškų maisto produktų vartotojai. Tyrimo dalykas - ekologiškų maisto produktų rėmimas. Darbo tikslas - nustačius vartotojų žinias apie ekologiškus maisto produktus, parengti pasiūlymus ekologiškų maisto produktų rėmimui tobulinti. Siekiant darbo tikslo buvo iškelti tokie uždaviniai: 1) išanalizuoti ekologiškų maisto produktų rėmimo teorinius aspektus; 2) parengti tyrimo metodiką vartotojų žinioms apie ekologiškus maisto produktus nustatyti ir sudaryti anketą; 3) atlikti anketinę apklausą ir nustatyti vartotojų žinais apie ekologiškus maisto produktus; 4) parengti pasiūlymus ekologiškų maisto produktų rėmimui tobulinti. Tyrimo metodai - Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių mokslinės literatūros analizė bei sintezė, loginis abstrahavimas, anketinė apklausa, duomenų grupavimas, statistiniai metodai, grafinis vaizdavimas. Išstudijavus lietuvių ir užsienio autorių mokslinius veikalus bei periodinę literatūrą apie ekologiškus žemės ūkio ir maisto produktus, ekologiškų maisto produktų rėmimą, empirinio tyrimo pagrindu nustatytos vartotojų žinios apie ekologiškus maisto produktus, identifikuoti rėmimo veiksmai skatinantys ekologiškų maisto produktų vartojimą, bei pateikti pasiūlymai ekologiškų maisto produktų rėmimui tobulinti. / Research object - consumers of ecological food products. Research subject - promotion of ecological food products Research aim – established consumers knowledges, to present suggestions to emprove promotion of ecological products. Tasks: 1) To analize theorical aspects of promotion of ecological products 2) To prepare the research methodic of consumers knowledges about ecological food products establish. 3) To conduct a sample survey and to identify consumers knowledges about ecological food products. 4) To present suggestions to improve promotion of ecological products. Research methods - Lithuanian and foreign authors scientific literature analysis and synthesis, logical abstracts, sample survey, data grouping, method of statistical analysis, graphic presentation. Suggestions to improve promotion of ecological products are based on Lithuanian and foreign authors theoretical principles of outward, inward and marketing factors impact on identify consumers knowledges, sample survey, identified the actions stimulating usage of ecological food products and present suggestions to improve promotion of ecological products.

Syfte: Syftet med vår undersökning är att skapa bättre förståelse för hur en säljare förmedlar empati för kunden i en säljrelation. Tidigare forsknings uppmärksamhet för förståelsen och empatins påverkan utgör grunden till att vi mer specifikt vill undersöka; hur kunden uppfattar att fastighetsmäklaren förmedlar affektiv respektive kognitiv empati i en säljrelation. Metod: En studie av kvalitativ art valdes med bakgrund till studiens syfte. För insamling av kvalitativ data använde vi oss av tidigare forskning samt semistrukturerade intervjuer, vilka utfördes med respondenter som anlitat en fastighetsmäklare inom de närmaste tre föregående åren. Well-grounded theory användes sedan som analysmetod av det empiriska materialet. Slutsats: Studien indikerar att kunden uppfattar både affektiv och kognitiv empati i mötet med fastighetsmäklaren. Vi har genom analysen uppmärksammat skillnader och likheter i respondenternas svar, mer specifikt har vi funnit att kundernas uppfattning av empati upplevs olika av olika personlighetstyper och situationer. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vi anser att vidare forskning bör ta hänsyn till fler variabler, exempelvis ålder, kön, personlighetstyp eller situation. Detta är en brist i vår studie och vi menar att det vore intressant att undersöka hur empati uppfattas beroende på olika individers personlighetstyp, ålder och situation.   Uppsatsen bidrag: Vi har i vår studie funnit större förståelse för förmågan att förmedla empati för kunden. Vi har genom vårt arbete kommit fram till kategorier vilka kunder värdesätter i kommunikationen med säljaren, vilket bidrar till att kunden uppfattar empati. / Aim: The aim of this study is to better understand how a seller indicate empathy in the relationship with a customer. Previous research regarding empathy effects is the main focus in our interest for this study and more specifically; how a customer experience that the real estate agent indicating affective and cognitive empathy in a sales relationship.   Method: With regards to the aim of the study, a study of qualitative nature was chosen. For qualitative data, we used previous research materials and semi-structured interviews. The interview have been conducted with respondents who have hired a real estate agent in the past three years. Well-grounded theory was used as analytical method of the empirical material.   Conclusions: The study indicates that the customer experience both affective and cognitive empathy in the encounter with the real estate agent. Through the analysis we noticed the differences and similarities of the answares from the interview. More specifically, we believe that customer perception of empathy is experienced differently by different individuals.   Suggestions for future research: In our opinion further research should include more variables, such as age, sex, personality or situation. This is a deficiency in our study and we believe that it would be interesting to examine how empathy is perceived depending on individual factors susch as personality, age and background. Contribution of the thesis: We believe that trough this study we have gained a better understanding of the ability to indicate empathy for the customer and through our work we have detected different categories from which customers experience empathy.

A Comunicação, dos “Ps” do Marketing, Promotion, trata do intercâmbio de informações entre sujeitos. No caso da Comunicação entre Empresas (B2B), os sujeitos, ditos emissor e receptor, têm papéis e necessidades diferentes daqueles que possuem em suas vidas cotidianas, como consumidores finais de um produto. Quando se comunicam dentro de um ambiente corporativo, compradores e vendedores vêem-se diante de desafios importantes, como os de comprar/vender bens de alto valor para um processo industrial complexo e, normalmente, com grandes riscos envolvidos. O ambiente dessas relações entre empresas chama-se Marketing Industrial. Entender como funciona o comportamento de um vendedor e de um comprador organizacional pode ser estratégico para uma organização. Mais ainda, identificar potenciais ruídos de comunicação entre o que é dito/visto por um vendedor X (versus?) o que é percebido por um comprador de uma empresa cliente pode aproximar ainda mais as duas partes, diminuir gaps de entendimento e aumentar a eficiência da máquina produtiva. É para isto que foi feito este estudo. Para identificar potenciais ruídos de comunicação entre uma empresa vendedora de produtos e serviços da cadeia de celulose e papel e dois de seus clientes, e sugerir ações que possam melhorar o fluxo de comunicação entre as partes estudadas. / The Communication, the "Ps" of Marketing, Promotion, addresses the exchange of information between subjects. In the case of communication between companies (B2B), the subjects, so called communicator and receiver, play different roles and needs from those performed by both in their daily lives, as final consumers of a product. When they communicate within a corporate environment, buyers and sellers face major challenges, such as those related to the purchasing/selling of goods with high added value to a complex industrial process and, normally, with high added value and major risks involved. The relationship environment between the two companies involved is called Industrial Marketing. To understand what the organizational behavior of a seller and a buyer is like may be strategic for an organization. Furthermore, to be able to identify the potential noises in the communication between what is said / perceived by a seller X, and that that is perceived by a purchaser of a client company can increasingly draw near the two parties involved, reducing the understanding gaps and, with that, increase the efficiency of the productive machine. This is the aim of the current study: identify potential noises in communication between a company which sells products and services from a chain of cellulose and paper and two of its clients and, with that, recommend actions that can enhance the flow of communication between the studied parties.