Objectif : L’objectif est l’étude de plusieurs méthodes de prise en compte des facteurs de confusion, mesurés ou non mesurés, ce en situation observationnelle de population de patients psychotiques ou schizophrènes. Méthodes : Deux méthodes ont été utilisées : le score de propension (adaptés aux données mesurées) et les analyses de sensibilité (pour les informations non mesurées). Le champ d’application est celui de l’épidémiologie clinique en psychiatrie, et plus spécifiquement celui de la schizophrénie. Le développement s’appuie sur trois parties successives. La première partie met en exergue la question de la discussion du biais résiduel. Pour cela, on s’appuie sur les résultats d’une étude transversale d’exposition à un facteur contextuel (la prison), ce dans le cadre de la présence de troubles psychotiques (au sens axe DSM IV), à partir d’une méthodologie d’ajustement conventionnelle classique. La deuxième partie est une comparaison d’une technique d’ajustement classique à un ajustement par score de propension. Pour cela, on utilise les résultats issus d’une étude de cohorte avec la survenue d’un évènement selon l’exposition à un traitement en population schizophrène, à partir de l’utilisation du score de propension comme outil d’ajustement. La troisième partie est une synthèse sur la modélisation de l’incertitude et des biais de confusion non mesurés multiples. Les théories et méthodes sont décrites, puis appliquées aux résultats des deux études précédentes. Résultats : L’étude transversale, dont les résultats non montrés jusqu’à présent, permet de poser la problématique de la qualité de l’ajustement dans le cadre d’une exposition à un facteur en situation observationnelle. L’étude de cohorte permet de comparer une technique d’ajustement classique à un ajustement par score de propension (SP). Nous avons étudié plusieurs méthodes d’ajustement (multivarié standard, avec ajustement sur SP, avec appariement sur SP). Et nous mettons en évidence que, selon la méthode d’ajustement utilisée, les résultats obtenus sont différents. La méthode de stratification sur SP semble être la meilleure. Les méthodes de prise en compte des facteurs de confusion non mesurés sont ensuite étudiées. Une première étape fait état de l’apport des théories probabilistes et des techniques apparentées, ensuite une combinaison de ces théories est proposée avec une application pratique aux deux études présentées précédemment. Conclusion : Dans le cas des études observationnelles, l’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier, de décrire et d’appliquer des techniques de modélisation pour mieux prendre en compte les différences initiales, potentiellement source de confusion. C’est un travail à la frontière entre la méthodologie, les biostatistiques et l’épidémiologie. Nous nous appuyons sur des difficultés rencontrées, en pratique en épidémiologie psychiatrique (pathologies mentales à étiologies multifactorielles et interdépendantes) pour proposer une approche pragmatique de la prise en compte optimale des facteurs de confusion potentiels, mesurés ou non mesurés. / Objective : To evaluate control methods for measured or unmeasured confusion bias, in observational situation of psychotic or schizophrenic patients. Methods : Propensity score method (for measured confusion bias) and analyses of sensibility (for unmeasured confusion bias) were applied in the field of psychiatric epidemiology, specifically in schizophrenia. In first, the question of residual bias was underlined by the results of a transversal study. The exposition at a contextual parameter (prison) was studied in link with psychotic disorders (DSM IV), with a classic control method.Second, to lead to an unbiased estimation of treatment effect, we compared a classic control method with a method based on propensity score. These approach were applied to a cohort of French schizophrenic patients where we studied the event (relapse) by the treatment exposition (polypharmacy or not).Third, we developed a synthesis on modelisation of uncertainty and non-measured confusion bias. Theories and methods were described, and then applied on results of previous studies. Results : The transversal study, with non-demonstrated results still then, allow us to reach the question of control quality in the case of exposition to a parameter in observational situation. The cohort study permit to compare a classic control method and propensity score (PS). We highlighted different results according to some control method. Stratification method on PS seemed to be the best method to predict relapse according to treatment exposition. Non-measured bias control methods were then described. And a combination of probabilistic methods was applied to the previous studies. Conclusion : In the case of observational studies, the objective was to study, to describe and to apply modelisation methods to take in account differences at baseline, potentially source of confusion bias. This research is at the crossroads of methodology, biostatistics and epidemiology.

No description available.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-09-30T21:45:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Izenildes.pdf: 1777189 bytes, checksum: 0469e81124302d46cbc37e8f42673af7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-30T21:45:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Izenildes.pdf: 1777189 bytes, checksum: 0469e81124302d46cbc37e8f42673af7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / This research starts by assuming that children, as natural and cultural beings, need to interact and live with the natural world. This is one of the children?s unquestionable rights and it is a condition for their fully development. Children?s separation from nature is one of the features of contemporary childhood. It is a result of a long historical process that started with modernity which instrumentalized nature for merchandizing ends and withdrew human beings from its conviviality. The consequences of this vision for infant schooling are the increase of an education distant from life, performed in self-contained spaces that imprison the body which gives no regard to the specifics of children cultures, thus, it blocks up children?s potentialities for development. This research had the goal to systematize meanings and senses expressed by children when in presence and in action in green areas in order to discuss the way these senses contribute to his/her construction as multi-dimensional beings. Our research (of qualitative approach) took place at the Apito Children School, located in the municipality of Cama?ari, State of Bahia, Brazil, where we promoted participant observation in a five year old children class and facilitated a focal group with four educators and five trainees. Among its approaches, it included: first childhood environmental education; organization of learning environment; children as culture producers; sensibility development as a necessary condition for the growth of new ways of life. Data revealed that green areas are the ones most preferable by the children, in which they play, interact, imagine and create - places where their bodies move freely in accordance with their own desires and interests. Furthermore, through planting and care for animals spontaneous experiences, children learn about the natural world and practice a loving attention for other forms of life. Thus, conviviality with other beings and elements of nature is one of the most primal means in our humanization process. Composed by rational, bodily, spiritual and emotional dimensions, our humanity enhances and enlarges itself in interaction with the natural world, which we are part, resulting in ways of being regulated mostly by sensibility. / Este estudo parte do pressuposto de que as crian?as, enquanto seres constitu?dos de natureza e de cultura, necessitam de conv?vio com o mundo natural, sendo este um dos seus direitos inalien?veis e uma das condi??es para que elas se desenvolvam plenamente. O afastamento das crian?as da natureza ? uma das caracter?sticas da inf?ncia contempor?nea e ? resultado de um longo processo hist?rico, que, a partir da era moderna, instrumentalizou a natureza para fins mercadol?gicos e retirou o ser humano do seu conv?vio. Uma das consequ?ncias desta vis?o nas escolas da inf?ncia ? uma educa??o distante da vida, realizada em espa?os fechados que aprisionam o corpo, desconsideram as especificidades das culturas infantis, e, consequentemente, bloqueiam o desenvolvimento das potencialidades das crian?as. Esta pesquisa buscou sistematizar significados e sentidos expressos pelas crian?as quando convivem e atuam nas ?reas verdes e discutir de que modo estes sentidos contribuem para sua forma??o enquanto seres compostos de m?ltiplas dimens?es. A investiga??o, de natureza qualitativa, se deu na Escola Infantil Apito, no munic?pio de Cama?ari, Bahia, atrav?s da observa??o participante junto a uma turma de crian?as de cinco anos de idade e da realiza??o de um grupo focal com quatro educadoras e quatro estagi?rias. Teve, entre seus referenciais, os estudos sobre: a educa??o ambiental na primeira inf?ncia; a organiza??o dos ambientes de aprendizagem; a escuta das crian?as enquanto produtoras de cultura; o desenvolvimento da sensibilidade como condi??o necess?ria para constru??o de novos modos de vida. Os dados revelam que as ?reas verdes s?o espa?os amplamente preferidos pelas crian?as, nos quais elas brincam, interagem, imaginam e criam, onde o corpo se movimenta livremente a partir de seus desejos e interesses. Al?m disso, pelas experi?ncias espont?neas, de plantios e cultivos, de cuidado com os animais, as crian?as aprendem sobre o mundo natural e exercitam o cuidado amoroso com outras formas de vida. Nossa humanidade, constitu?da pelas dimens?es racional, corporal, espiritual, emocional, se amplia e se aprofunda a partir da integra??o com o mundo natural, do qual somos parte, resultando em modos de viver pautados, prioritariamente, pela sensibilidade. O conv?vio com os demais seres e elementos da natureza ?, portanto, um dos caminhos primordiais em nosso processo de humaniza??o.

Neste trabalho estudamos as aplicações do método do Gradiente Espectral Projetado (SPG) em Meteorologia nos campos de previsibilidade, estabilidade e sensibilidade. Inicialmente revisamos os Vetores Singulares Lineares (LSVs) e em seguida apresentamos a teoria das Perturbações Condicionais Não-Lineares Ótimas (CNOPs). Enquanto os métodos clássicos estão baseados no Modelo Tangente Linear, as CNOPs são uma formulação do mesmo problema baseado em Programação Não-Linear. As CNOPs são descritas na literatura como responsáveis por melhorias em relação aos métodos anteriores. Finalmente analisamos três exemplos de aplicação do método à problemas de previsibilidade, estabilidade e sensibilidade. / A revision about applications of Spectral Projected Gradient (SPG) in meteorology is done in the fields of predictability, stability and sensitivity. Initially we review about Linear Singular Vectos (LSVs) and we present the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal perturbations (CNOPs). While the classic methods are based on the Tangent Linear Model, CNOPs are another formulation of the problem based on Nonlinear Programming. CNOPs are described in bibliography as responsible by better results than older methods. Finally we analyze three applications in predictability, stability and sensibility.

The cult of sensibility in the eighteenth century celebrates delicate emotional responses. Such susceptibility to emotion, however, has to rely on somatic representations such as sighs, tears, convulsion, and faints. So, paradoxically, interiority is known to others only by outer bodily signs, signs that could just as easily reflect an affectation of sensibility as sensibility proper. The attempt to control the slippage in the reference between interiority and appearance becomes an anxious cultural feature of eighteenth-century men and, especially, women, of the higher classes. If sensibility requires such careful control and practice, its assumed spontaneity becomes a fiction. The performing body of sensibility turns into a screen that veils one¡¦s true interiority rather than a transparent reflection of it. The performing body is theatricalized¡X placed on the stage as a spectacle, examined by spectators. Sensibility falls prey to insincere, artificial, and affected performances. Emotional representations are constantly facing inroads of theatricality. When emotional expressions are rendered formulaic and reproducible, they lose their naturalness. Moreover, sensibility requires witnesses, spectators who can vouch for its authenticity (but never validate it beyond all doubt). Sensibility cannot proclaim itself because such proclamation would violate sensibility¡¦s principle of sheer sincerity and spontaneity. Theatricality, as an abstracted concept of theater, points both to the formulaic performances and to the model of spectator and spectacle in the theater. Sensibility is closely related to theatricality in these terms. This thesis aims to reveal the dynamics of the interplay between theatricality and sensibility in two eighteenth-century British novels. Both novels present a young heroine making her debut in the world after spending her formative years in seclusion with a male guardian. The Introduction reviews the eighteenth-century cult of sensibility. Chapter One discusses the theoretical and contextual relations between theatricality and sensibility. Chapter Two deals with Charlotte Lennox¡¦s novel The Female Quixote (1752), and how the heroine¡¦s sensibility is ridiculed as a form of self-theatricalization. Lennox gives the clash between sensibility and ridicule a generic dimension by blaming romance for the heroine¡¦s delusions. Chapter Three examines Frances Burney¡¦s epistolary novel Evelina (1778) and argues that the heroine¡¦s sensibility is both sealed and revealed in Burney¡¦s epistolary form since it enables Evelina to switch between being both spectator and spectacle. The conclusion briefly sums up the previous chapters and points out how, more generally, interpretations of literature can benefit from a recognition of the dynamics of theatricality and sensibility.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The Culture of Sensibility permeates both Burney’s and Austen’s novels. Burney and Austen both use anomalous bodies and minds as a vehicle to explore the performative requirements of the Culture of Sensibility. The performance of disability, including bodily manifestations of nervous disorders, melancholy, and hypochondria, allows sensibility to become visible on the body. This dissertation examines the similarities between Burney’s and Austen’s portrayals of disability in order to understand how Austen’s texts engage and reflect Burney’s influence. Despite the frequency with which disability is necessary for the production of Sensibility, the connection between disability and Sensibility remains unexplored. This dissertation investigates the connection between various performances of disability with the Culture of Sensibility and exposes the narrative reliance on the anomalous body in both Burney’s and Austen’s novels. Through a combination of disability theory and performance theory, this dissertation examines the Culture of Sensibility’s reliance on the non-normative body for the performance of sentimental behaviour. Disability theory allows for the examination of the anomalous body beyond that of a strictly medical definition. Mansfield Park’s Fanny Price illustrates the difference between the medical and social construction of disability. Using only the medical model, Fanny’s debility represents her poor health; however, the social construction of disability connects Fanny’s debility to the fetishization of the anomalous body by the Culture of Sensibility. Disability features in Burney’s and Austen’s courtship narratives, as temporary physical and mental impairment provide opportunities for physical proofs of Sensibility, somatic communication of desire, and narrative resolution. Both Burney’s and Austen’s illness narratives of characters with permanent disabilities reveal concerns of the appropriation of the ii invalid’s favourable position within the Culture of Sensibility through an affected performance of disability. Male characters with temporary or permanent physical impairment suffer effeminization and exclusion from courtship narratives, whereas instances of female invalidism contribute to successful resolution of courtship narratives. I conclude that Burney’s and Austen’s reliance on the anomalous body to prove sensibility indicates that the late-eighteenth century sentimental novel normalizes the anomalous body.

Money factors into the lives of all of Jane Austen’s heroines and, in many of her novels, the heroines struggle on the marriage market. Austen concludes every one of her novels with the marriage of the heroine and, while Austen made the choice to become a writer instead of marrying, she is consequently very mindful of what marriage means for each of her heroines and who they ultimately choose for a husband. Given that economics is the social science concerned with how individuals and institutions make optimal choices under conditions of scarcity, knowledge of some of the basic concepts in economics and an understanding of the economic theory behind how people make choices can enhance readings of Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. Through a survey of some of the existing economic literature on marriage, I demonstrate how one might apply economic theory to these two novels. Subsequently, I explore how there are limits on how far the economics of marriage can be extended to analyze Austen’s novels, but ultimately conclude that the theory presented nevertheless helps explain how many of the characters choose their future partner.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la phénoménologie visuelle et auditive dans la poésie du poète romantique Britannique William Wordsworth. Je soutiens que l’œil, bien qu’il soit usurpateur, joue un rôle fondateur dans le développement de la conscience chez ce poète. L’oreille, quant à elle, souvent présentée comme organe rédempteur, a aussi des imperfections. Ensemble, l’œil et l’oreille, dépassent leurs imperfections respectives et joignent leurs forces dans la construction du poème et, au- delà de cela, à la construction de la conscience du poète. / This thesis is concerned with the visual and aural phenomenology in Wordsworth’s poetry. It places Wordsworth’s aesthetics between the most immediate embodied experience and the most exalted operations of the mind. My contention in the first two chapters is that one way to understand Wordsworth’s ambivalence toward the eye is to consider that visual perception is not a substratum on which imagination is coated or fabricated. Both bodily vision and imagination constitute characteristic and, strictly speaking, necessary ways of seeing. In the third chapter I deal exclusively with the ear, its status as an “organ of vision” as well as its impairments. The fourth chapter concentrates on the notion of synesthesia and delineates how beyond their negativity the eye and the ear contribute evenly to the growth of the poet’s mind.

Esta tese de doutorado é um estudo de caso sobre uma família com um bebê com deficiência visual e a efetividade de uma intervenção precoce, dividindo-se em quatro artigos. O primeiro objetivou revisar a produção científica sobre intervenção precoce na área da deficiência visual. O segundo artigo investigou o duplo impacto da prematuridade e da deficiência visual, examinando as reações emocionais dos pais de um bebê nesse contexto e seu impacto na parentalidade. O terceiro artigo investigou a efetividade de uma intervenção precoce com foco na sensibilidade materna – e paterna, analisando o pré e o pós-intervenção. O último estudo trata-se de um relato de experiência que examina o processo da intervenção. As discussões sobre o impacto da prematuridade junto à deficiência visual lançam bases para o trabalho de intervenção na interação pais-bebê. As análises sugerem ser a intervenção precoce efetiva em termos de promoção de mudanças na interação parental com o bebê e de expressão de emoções. / This doctoral thesis is a single case study of a family with a baby that has vision impairment and the effectiveness of an early intervention, which is divided in four articles. The first aims to review the scientific literature in the field of early intervention in the area of visual impairment. The second article investigated the double impact of the both prematurity and the vision impairment on parenthood, examining the parents emotional reactions in that context. The third article investigates the effectiveness of an early intervention focusing on maternal and paternal sensibility, by analysing the pre- and the post intervention. The last study is a narrative of the experience of the intervention process. Discussions involving the impact of prematurity on vision impairment promote the basis for the intervention in the parent-baby interaction. The results suggest that early intervention may be effective by promotion changes in the parental interaction with baby and by allowing the expresssion of parents emotions.