A cromatografia por injeção sequencial com extração em fase sólida (EFS) em linha foi explorada para a determinação de ácido salicílico em amostras vegetais. Uma mini coluna de polietileno, preenchida com sílica funcionalizada C18, foi utilizada para EFS, com tampão fosfato pH 5,2 como eluente. O eluato foi diretamente transferido para a separação cromatográfica em uma coluna monolítica C18, utilizando solução de acetonitrila/tampão acetato pH 4,75 (5:95, v/v) como fase móvel. A detecção foi realizada por fluorescência com excitação em 298 nm e emissão em 406 nm. Os sinais analíticos foram baseados na altura do pico cromatográfico referente ao ácido salicílico em um tempo de retenção de 9.0 min. Os limites de detecção (99,7% de confiança) e quantificação foram estimados em 80 e 240 ?g L-1, respectivamente. A precisão foi estimada através do coeficiente de variação intradia (n = 10) em 0,99% e interdia (3 dias) em 3,6%. A resposta foi linear até 8,0 mg L-1 (r = 0,996). A resolução em relação aos demais componentes da matriz, o número de pratos e a altura equivalente a um prato foram estimados em 6,0; 3980 e 12,6 ?m, respectivamente. Utilizando calibração pelo método das adições de padrão, foram estimadas recuperações entre 74,2 e 96,4% em 4 amostras de folhas de soja. Com estes resultados conclui-se que o procedimento é adequado à determinação de ácido salicílico nos materiais vegetais com a remoção de interferentes em linha, tendo as vantagens de ser um procedimento rápido (ca. 17 min por determinação), limpo (consumo de ca. 320 ?L de acetonitrila por determinação), de custo relativamente baixo, suficientemente sensível e seletivo / Sequential injection cromatography with on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) was explored for the determination of salicylic acid in vegetable samples. A polyethylene column filled with C18-bonded silica was used for SPE, with a phosphate buffer pH 5.2 as eluent. The treated extract was directly sent towards chromatographic separation in a C18 monolithic column with an acetonitrile/acetate buffer solution, pH 4,75 (5:95, v/v) as mobile phase before fluorescence detection (excitation at 298 nm and emission at 406 nm). The analytical signals were based on peak height at the 9.0 min retention time. Limits of detection (99.7% confidence level) and quantification were estimated at 80 and 240 ?g L-1. Precision was estimated through intraday coefficient of variation (n = 10) at 0.99% and interday (3 days) at 3.6 %. A linear response up to 8.0 mg L-1 was estimated (r = 0.996). Resolution, number of plates and the height equivalent to one plate were estimated at 6.0, 3980 and 12,6 ?m, respectively. With calibration by the standard additions method recoveries within 74.2 and 96.4 % were estimated to four soy leaves samples. Thus, the procedure is suitable for the determination of salicylic acid in the extracts with on-line removal of interferences, being a rapid (ca. 17 min per determination), clean (ca. 320 ?L of acetonitrile by determination), inexpensive, and suitably sensitive and selective

Profenofós é um organofosforado empregado como inseticida e acaricida amplamente utilizado no Brasil para o controle de pragas de cebolas, milho, soja, café, tomate, algodão, feijão, batata e outros. A irradiação é um processo empregado em todo o mundo e recomendada por diversos órgãos de saúde para a conservação de alimentos. A radiação ionizante utiliza raios gama, raios X ou aceleradores de elétrons e tem sido aplicada para eliminar ou reduzir a ação de agentes patogênicos e contribuir para aumentar o tempo de estocagem de vários alimentos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: (a) avaliar a degradação de soluções aquosas de profenofós submetidas à radiação ionizante, identificar e quantificar a formação de novos produtos por GC-MS; (b) analisar o efeito de feixe de elétrons em ervilhas inoculadas com soluções aquosas de profenofós; (c) sintetizar Polímeros Molecularmente Impressos (MIP) e Sílica Impressa Molecularmente (MIS), posteriormente, caracterizar os adsorventes em fase sólida e verificar sua seletividade para profenofós. O tratamento com aceleradores de elétrons com dose 31,6 kGy promoveu a formação de um novo produto de degradação e redução de 93,40 % de profenofós em soluções aquosas. Em ervilhas inoculadas com 1 μg de profenofós submetidas à radiação ionizante de 30,4 kGy promoveu uma redução na concentração de profenofós em 57,46 %. Além disso, foram realizadas sínteses de MIP e MIS para a extração em fase sólida de profenofós. Os MIS sintetizados por sol-gel mostraram-se eficazes para o reconhecimento molecular e extração seletiva de profenofós. / Profenofos is an organophosphate widely used in Brazil as insecticide and acaricide in the control of pests in onions, corn, soybeans, coffee, tomato, cotton, beans, potatoes among others. Irradiation is a process used worldwide and recommended by many health agencies for food preservation. Food irradiation preserving process uses accelerated electrons, gamma rays or X-rays. Ionizing radiation treatment is applied to eliminate or to reduce the action of pathogens and to increase the shelf life of some foods. The objective of this study were (a) to evaluate the degradation of aqueous solutions of Profenofos by ionizing radiation, identify and quantify the formation of new products by GC-MS; (b) to analyze the effects of electron beam in peas inoculated with aqueous solutions of Profenofos; (c) to synthesize Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) and Molecularly Imprinted Silica (MIS), subsequently characterize the adsorbents in solid phase and check its selectivity for profenofos. The treatment with electron accelerators with 31.6 kGy dose promoted the formation of a new by-product and 93.40 % reduction of profenofos in aqueous solutions. In peas inoculated with 1 μg of profenofos by ionizing radiation of 30.4 kGy promoted a reduction of 57.46 % in the concentration of profenofos. Furthermore, the MIP and MIS were performed for solid phase extraction of profenofos. The MIS synthesized by sol-gel proved to be effective for the recognition molecular and selective extraction of profenofos.

Malgré une sensible baisse des ventes depuis quelques années, la France reste le premier utilisateur européen de phytosanitaires. Ceci n’est pas sans conséquences sur l’environnement et les organismes non visés par ces produits. De nombreuses études ont permis d’une part de mieux comprendre les phénomènes de transfert des pesticides dans les compartiments eau-air sols et d’autre part de mettre en évidence leur contamination. Les données concernant l’eau sont plus nombreuses du fait de son statut de réceptacle ultime des pollutions.et des normes établies par les textes réglementaires. La Directive Cadre européenne sur l’Eau (DCE) adoptée en 2000 vise à atteindre le bon état chimique et écologique des eaux d’ici 2015 avec une obligation de résultats. Le bon état chimique dépend du respect des normes de qualité environnementales (NQE) établies notamment pour 24 pesticides. En 2012, 5% des points de mesure en cours d’eau et 19% des points de mesure en eaux souterraines ne respectent pas ces NQE.Le Languedoc Roussillon est depuis de nombreuses années la première région viticole de France et souffre d’une pression phytosanitaire importante. En 2014, un rapport de l’Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) fait même état de l’utilisation encore récente de pesticides interdits (simazine, terbuthylazine…) depuis le début des années 2000. L’ARS a de plus affirmé que la plupart des cas de non-conformité avérés pouvaient être rattachés à la présence d’activité agricole dans le bassin versant du captage.Remédier à ces contaminations passe par le suivi de la qualité des eaux et la caractérisation de la pollution. Les outils actuels s’avèrent ne pas être toujours représentatifs de cette pollution ;de nouveaux outils sont donc mis au point. L’étude présentée ici porte sur l’utilisation de l’échantillonnage passif de type POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) pour le suivi de la contamination en pesticides de trois bassins versants languedociens : Paulhan,Puissalicon, Roujan.Dans un premier temps, l’étude des limites possibles du dispositif POCIS a été faite pour évaluer son applicabilité dans les conditions d’exposition imposées par le terrain. Le comportement des molécules au sein de l’outil a été étudié pour une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes de diffusion qui s’y produisent. Ces études ont mené à la mise en place de calibrations en laboratoire en conditions contrôlées. [...] La mise en place des dispositifs POCIS sur les trois sites d’études a mis en évidence la prédominance de pesticides utilisés en viticulture et a montré tout l’intérêt de l’outil d’un point de vue qualitatif. La comparaison de l’outil avec l’échantillonnage automatisé montre des disparités entre concentration réelle et concentration estimée via le POCIS. Ce dernier reste à améliorer d’un point de vue quantitatif pour obtenir un échantillonneur fiable et robuste pour ce type de milieu d’exposition. / Despite a noticeable sales decrease since few years, France remains the first european user of phytosanitary products. This is not without consequences on the environment and the untargeted organisms. Several studies allowed on one hand to better understand phenomena of pesticides transfer in water-air and soils compartments and on the other hand to highlight their contamination. Data concerning the water are more numerous cause of its status of ultimate receptacle of pollution and standards established by regulatory texts. The european Water Framework Directive (WFD) adopted in 2000 aims to achieve good chemical and ecological status of water bodies by 2015 with an obligation of results. The good chemical status depends on respect for the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) established, for instance, for 24 pesticides. In 2012, 5% of river measurement points and 19%of groundwater measurement points do not respect these EQS. For many years, Languedoc Roussillon is the first wine-producing region of France and suffers from a significant pesticide pressure. In 2014, a report from the Regional Health Agency (RHA) has mentioned a relatively recent use of banned pesticides since the early 2000’s like simazin and terbutylazin. Moreover, RHA stated that most of recognized cases of non-compliance could be linked to the presence of agricultural activity in the catchment basin.[...] The establishment of POCIS devices on the three study sites showed the predominance ofpesticides used in viticulture and showed all the interest of the tool on a qualitative point ofview. The comparison of the tool with the automated sampling shows disparities between real concentration and concentration estimated with the POCIS. However, it remains to improvethe tool on a quantitative way to obtain a reliable and robust sampler for this type of exposure medium.

Profenofós é um organofosforado empregado como inseticida e acaricida amplamente utilizado no Brasil para o controle de pragas de cebolas, milho, soja, café, tomate, algodão, feijão, batata e outros. A irradiação é um processo empregado em todo o mundo e recomendada por diversos órgãos de saúde para a conservação de alimentos. A radiação ionizante utiliza raios gama, raios X ou aceleradores de elétrons e tem sido aplicada para eliminar ou reduzir a ação de agentes patogênicos e contribuir para aumentar o tempo de estocagem de vários alimentos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: (a) avaliar a degradação de soluções aquosas de profenofós submetidas à radiação ionizante, identificar e quantificar a formação de novos produtos por GC-MS; (b) analisar o efeito de feixe de elétrons em ervilhas inoculadas com soluções aquosas de profenofós; (c) sintetizar Polímeros Molecularmente Impressos (MIP) e Sílica Impressa Molecularmente (MIS), posteriormente, caracterizar os adsorventes em fase sólida e verificar sua seletividade para profenofós. O tratamento com aceleradores de elétrons com dose 31,6 kGy promoveu a formação de um novo produto de degradação e redução de 93,40 % de profenofós em soluções aquosas. Em ervilhas inoculadas com 1 μg de profenofós submetidas à radiação ionizante de 30,4 kGy promoveu uma redução na concentração de profenofós em 57,46 %. Além disso, foram realizadas sínteses de MIP e MIS para a extração em fase sólida de profenofós. Os MIS sintetizados por sol-gel mostraram-se eficazes para o reconhecimento molecular e extração seletiva de profenofós. / Profenofos is an organophosphate widely used in Brazil as insecticide and acaricide in the control of pests in onions, corn, soybeans, coffee, tomato, cotton, beans, potatoes among others. Irradiation is a process used worldwide and recommended by many health agencies for food preservation. Food irradiation preserving process uses accelerated electrons, gamma rays or X-rays. Ionizing radiation treatment is applied to eliminate or to reduce the action of pathogens and to increase the shelf life of some foods. The objective of this study were (a) to evaluate the degradation of aqueous solutions of Profenofos by ionizing radiation, identify and quantify the formation of new products by GC-MS; (b) to analyze the effects of electron beam in peas inoculated with aqueous solutions of Profenofos; (c) to synthesize Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) and Molecularly Imprinted Silica (MIS), subsequently characterize the adsorbents in solid phase and check its selectivity for profenofos. The treatment with electron accelerators with 31.6 kGy dose promoted the formation of a new by-product and 93.40 % reduction of profenofos in aqueous solutions. In peas inoculated with 1 μg of profenofos by ionizing radiation of 30.4 kGy promoted a reduction of 57.46 % in the concentration of profenofos. Furthermore, the MIP and MIS were performed for solid phase extraction of profenofos. The MIS synthesized by sol-gel proved to be effective for the recognition molecular and selective extraction of profenofos.

Separation technologies have occupied a central role in the current practices of analytical methods used for drug analysis today. As the emphasis in contemporary drug analysis shifts towards ultra-trace concentrations, the contribution from unwanted matrix interferences takes on greater significance. In order to single out a trace substance with confidence from a rapidly expanding list of drug compounds (and their metabolites) in real complex specimens, analytical technologies must evolve to keep up with such trends. Today, the task of unambiguous identification in forensic toxicology still relies heavily upon chromatographic methods based on mass spectrometric detection, in particular GC-MS in electron ionisation (EI) mode. Although the combined informing power of (EI) GC-MS has served faithfully in a myriad of drug application studies to date, we may ask if (EI) GC-MS will remain competitive in meeting the impending needs of ultra-trace drug analysis in the fut ure? To what extent of reliability can sample clean-up strategies be used in ultra-trace analysis without risking the loss of important analytes of interest? The increasing use of tandem mass spectrometry with one-dimensional (1D) chromatographic techniques (e.g. GC-MS/MS) at its simplest, considers that single-column chromatographic analysis with mass spectrometry alone is not sufficient in providing unambiguous confirmation of the identity of any given peak, particularly when there are peak-overlap. Where the mass spectra of the individual overlapping peaks are highly similar, confounding interpretation of their identities may arise. By introducing an additional resolution element in the chromatographic domain of a 1D chromatographic system, the informing power of the analytical system can also be effectively raised by the boost in resolving power from two chromatographic elements. Thus this thesis sets out to address the analytical challenges of modern drug analysis through the application of high resolut ion comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC„eGC) to a series of representative drug studies of relevance to forensic sciences.

<p>The general aim of the present project was to increase the understanding of the in vivo dissolution of poorly soluble drugs and thereby improve possibility to predict in vivo solubility from substance properties. Increased understanding of the in vivo limitations of drug solubility could potentially also generate ideas for improved formulation principles for poorly soluble compounds and more relevant in vitro dissolution test methods used in formulation development.</p><p>The dynamic gastrointestinal secretory and enzymatic responses to a liquid meal were studied in human intestinal fluid (HIF) by in vivo perfusion of a nutritional drink. The main diversity found compared to simulated intestinal fluids was the presence of dietary lipids in fed human intestinal fluid. This difference was showed to be of importance in the solubility of low soluble drugs, since this parameter was underestimated in the simulated fluid. Thus suggesting that simulated intestinal fluids should be prepared with the addition of dietary lipids for better in vitro in vivo predictions. </p><p>Solubility and dissolution determinations in fasted and fed HIF showed that the solubility was higher in fed state fluid, probably owing to the higher concentration of lipids in this media. The higher solubility was correlated to both the lipophilicity and aqueous solubility of the drug. The dissolution rate also increased, but not to the same extent as the solubility. These findings need to be considered in the design of in vitro models and in the prediction of food effects on oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.</p><p>In addition, an in vivo porcine perfusion study was performed to investigate importance of different mechanisms in food-drug interactions. The results showed that solubilisation might be a more important factor than P-gp inhibition for food-related effects on the intestinal absorption kinetics of Class II drugs. </p>

The general aim of the present project was to increase the understanding of the in vivo dissolution of poorly soluble drugs and thereby improve possibility to predict in vivo solubility from substance properties. Increased understanding of the in vivo limitations of drug solubility could potentially also generate ideas for improved formulation principles for poorly soluble compounds and more relevant in vitro dissolution test methods used in formulation development. The dynamic gastrointestinal secretory and enzymatic responses to a liquid meal were studied in human intestinal fluid (HIF) by in vivo perfusion of a nutritional drink. The main diversity found compared to simulated intestinal fluids was the presence of dietary lipids in fed human intestinal fluid. This difference was showed to be of importance in the solubility of low soluble drugs, since this parameter was underestimated in the simulated fluid. Thus suggesting that simulated intestinal fluids should be prepared with the addition of dietary lipids for better in vitro in vivo predictions. Solubility and dissolution determinations in fasted and fed HIF showed that the solubility was higher in fed state fluid, probably owing to the higher concentration of lipids in this media. The higher solubility was correlated to both the lipophilicity and aqueous solubility of the drug. The dissolution rate also increased, but not to the same extent as the solubility. These findings need to be considered in the design of in vitro models and in the prediction of food effects on oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In addition, an in vivo porcine perfusion study was performed to investigate importance of different mechanisms in food-drug interactions. The results showed that solubilisation might be a more important factor than P-gp inhibition for food-related effects on the intestinal absorption kinetics of Class II drugs.

This thesis describes bioanalytical methods for drug determination in biological matrixes, with drugs in focus used against diseases largely affecting low-income countries. Solid-phase extraction is used for sample cleanup, and processed samples are analyzed by liquid chromatography. Developed bioanalytical methods are validated according to international guidelines. Eflornithine (DFMO) is a chiral drug, used for treating human African trypanosomiasis. A bioanalytical method for determination of DFMO enantiomers in plasma is presented. The enantiomers are detected by evaporative light-scattering detection. The method has been applied to determination of D-DFMO and L-DFMO in rats, after intravenous and oral administration of racemic DFMO. It is concluded that DFMO exhibits enantioselective absorption, with the more potent enantiomer L-DFMO being less favored. Sulfadoxine (SD) and sulfamethoxazole (SM) are sulfa-drugs used for malaria and pneumonia respectively. Two methods are described for simultaneous determination of SD and SM in capillary blood sampled on filter paper. The former method allows direct injection of extracts from dried blood spots (DBS), while for the latter method solid-phase extraction is added. Pre-analytical factors contributing to measurement uncertainty is also discussed, and it is concluded that it is of high importance that homogeneity in type of sampling paper and sampling volume is assured. Piperaquine (PQ) is an antimalarial, increasingly used in artemisinin combination therapy. A method for determination of piperaquine in DBS is presented. By using a monolithic LC column, a very short LC analysis of two minutes per sample is achieved. A method for simultaneous determination of three antiretroviral drugs i.e. lamivudine (3TC), zidovudine (AZT) and nevirapine (NVP), in DBS samples is described. The method is applied to drug determination in two subjects after receiving standard antiretroviral treatment. Conclusion is that the method is suitable for determination of 3TC and NVP, and to some extent for AZT.

Polar organic compounds (POCs) are chemicals with polar functional groups in their structure. The functional groups make the compounds hydrophilic and less prone to partition with biota. However, the knowledge of their fate is limited due to difficulties associated with their measurements. Although, the persistence of POCs in the environment is generally low, they are considered to be semi-persistent compounds due to their continuous introduction to the environment via wastewater. Studies have shown that complex mixtures of POCs of different classes may have synergistic toxic effects on biota at environmental concentration levels. Therefore, it is important to develop analytical methods in order to establish the occurrence and fate of POCs in aquatic environments. In Study I, a positive correlation between the sorption of a novel poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-co-carbon monoxide) (PEVAC) material and the theoretical logarithmic dissociation partition coefficient (Log D) for seven POCs was observed. The PEVAC material showed an enhanced sorption of the POCs compared to the silicone material. Study II, demonstrated that the PEVAC sampler assess the freely dissolved concentration of POCs in aquatic environments. The results showed that the PEVAC polymer is an attractive alternative to silicone for mimicing the biological uptake of POCs in aquatic environments. Additionally, Study II showed that total extraction is appropriate for determination of the freely dissolved concentration of uncharged POCs with Log KOW &lt; 2.67 in natural water. In study III, a novel bag-solid phase extraction (bag-SPE) technique was compared to a conventional SPE-technique. Despite that the extraction efficiencies for POCs in wastewater were lower using the bag-SPE method, the two methods showed similar detection limits due to the lower ion-suppression experienced with the bag-SPE. In study IV the bag-SPE method was further developed with the aim of lowering the detection limits for POCs. Detection limits (LOD) below 13 ng/L showed that the bag-SPE method was suitable for determination of POCs in surface sea water. / This research was financially supported by European Union (European Commission, FP6 Contract No. 003956) “Novel Methods for Integrated Risk Assessment of Cumulative Stressors in the Environment” (NoMiracle) and by the Swedish research council Formas.

D'entre els defectes organolèptics associats al vi, en destaca l'anomenat "gust de suro" habitualment vinculat a la presència de cloroanisoles, els quals són productes de l'activitat microbiana formats a partir dels corresponents clorofenols. La present tesi doctoral recull, en primer lloc, metodologies analítiques adreçades principalment a la determinació dels compostos clorofenòlics (2,4,6-triclorofenol, 2,3,4,6-tetraclorofenol i pentaclorofenol) en el control de qualitat dels taps suro, emprant dissolucions hidroalcohòliques com a medi de maceració o d'extracció i utilitzant les tècniques d'extracció en fase sòlida (SPE) i microextracció en fase sòlida (SPME) acoblades a la cromatografia de gasos (GC).En segon lloc, per tal de dur a terme l'anàlisi de cloroanisoles juntament amb els seus precursors en matrius de suro s'ha avaluat un mètode basat en l'extracció amb dissolvent orgànic, el qual ha estat aplicat per a l'estudi de diferents sistemes d'eliminació d'aquests anàlits en la matriu citada. En darrer lloc, s'han proposat metodologies per l'anàlisi de mostres de vi, en les quals d'una banda s'han determinat els compostos clorofenòlics utilitzant la SPME i de l'altra el 2,4,6-tricloroanisole i el 2,4,6-tribromoanisole mitjançant l'acoblament de la SPE i la injecció de grans volums (LVI) en el sistema cromatogràfic. / The organoleptic defect known as cork taint is associated with a musty or mouldy aroma in wine. Chloroanisoles, which are produced through a process of detoxification by fungal methylation of chlorophenolic compounds, are considered to be the main contributory substances. In the present work, analytical methods for the determination of chlorophenols (2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachloropheol and pentachlorophenol) in cork matrices using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) as preconcentration techniques were evaluated. Therefore, hydroalcoholic solutions have been proposed as extractant solvent in order to test the quality of cork stoppers.Furthermore, a methodology based on extraction with an organic solvent for the simultaneous determination of chloroanisoles and chlorophenols in cork matrices was proposed. This methodology was applied with the aim of checking the efficiency of several washing treatments to remove the target analytes in naturally contaminated cork samples.Finally, different procedures have been developed for the analysis of wine samples. On one hand, chlorophenols were quantified by employing a SPME method. On the other hand, a reliable SPE method coupled to large volume injection was proposed for the determination of both 2,4,6-trichloroanisole and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole.