Les nouvelles normes prudentielles Solvabilité II se penchent sur question du contrôle de la solvabilité des acteurs de marché d’assurance et de réassurance. Nous nous sommes proposé dans cette thèse de présenter les moyens techniques permettant la recherche des besoins de couverture de la solvabilité des assureurs se traduisant par la mise en œuvre d’une probabilité de ruine à moins de 0,5%, dans le cadre des modèles internes. La première partie, en mettant l’accent sur le problème de valorisation économique des passifs d’assurance vie lié aux options incluses dans les contrats d’assurance et donc d’obtention de la distribution de la situation nette à un 1 an et donc de son quantile d’ordre 0.5%, présentera les différentes approches de modélisation permettant de contourner ces problèmes :– Approche des simulations dans les simulations purement simulatoire et trop coûteuse en temps de calcul,– Algorithme d’accélération des simulations dans les simulations pour contourner les limites de la première approche,– Approche par portefeuille répliquant– Approche par fonction de perteDans une deuxième partie, l’accent sera mis sur la modélisation des risques techniques mal appréhendés par les assureurs en développant deux approches stochastiques pour modéliser, dans le cadre d’un modèle interne, les risques de longévité, de mortalité et aussi le risque dépendance. La troisième partie intéressera à l’optimisation du capital économique en mettant en œuvre la réassurance comme outil de gain en capital économique en proposant des approches de choix optimal en réassurance / The new prudential standards, Solvency II, consider the question of controling of insurer and reinsurer’s solvency. In this thesis, we’ve proposed technical solution for solvency capital assessment to keep ruin’s probability under the target of 0.5% aimed by the Solvency II project in internal model prospect. The First part will discuss the problem of economic valorization of life insurance liabilities and will present di_erent modeling approaches to determine the net assets value distribution and assess the 0.5% percentile that can solve it :– Nested simulation approach which is too much time consumer,– Nested simulation accelerator,– Replication portfolio approach,– Loss function approach.In the second part, we will focus on biometric risks modeling. Two stochastic modeling approaches was developped in order to model mortality & longevity and morbidity risks. The third part will focuss on capital optimization using reinsurance as a tool of capital reduction

Název práce: Cena kmene neživotního pojištění Autor: Bc. Marek Pavko Katedra: Katedra pravděpodobnosti a matematické statistky Vedoucí diplomové práce: Mgr. Pavel Koudelka, Generali Pojiš'ovna a.s. Abstrakt: V práci se věnujeme r·zným přístup·m k ocenění portfólia neživotního pojištění. Podrobněji rozebíráme návrh modelu, který zkoumá hodnotu aktuálního obchodu pojiš'ovny. Odděleně se zaměřujeme na hodnotu obchodu pocházejícího z nadbytku rezerv na jedné straně a zvláš' analyzujeme hodnotu obchodu pocházejí- cího z obnovených smluv na straně druhé. V teoretické části návrhu se zaobíráme simulační metodou bootstrap, kterou využijeme k analýze rizika škodních rezerv. Navržený model aplikujeme na reálná data, která odpovídají odvětví neživotního pojištění. V závěru práce zkoumáme citlivost hodnoty aktuálního obchodu vzhledem ke změně jednotlivých parametr· navrženého modelu a diskutujeme možnost jejich ovlivnění z pohledu pojiš'ovny. Klíčová slova: ocenění portfólia, hodnota aktuálního obchodu, bootstrap, neživotní pojištění, Solvency II 1

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alex Moura Magalhaes.pdf: 5395813 bytes, checksum: 0b1c28f586684b224405b247f6768318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-27 / This study is the result of a financial evaluation using insolvency models applied in the financial statements of the leading call center companies operating in Brazil. These companies have great representation for the financial sector as well as great potential employment. The goal to be achieved with this study is to identify if there is risk of insolvency in these call center companies, since a research by a consultancy that accompanies the call center market raised the financial risk that occurs in the continuity of business enterprises small and medium-sized due to the high cost of investment to maintain their respective operations and not pass this cost in the final price of the service to the contractors, who do not recognize such investment as value added service / Este estudo é resultado de uma avaliação financeira por meio de modelos de insolvência aplicados nas demonstrações financeiras das principais empresas de call center atuantes no Brasil. Essas empresas possuem grande representatividade financeira para esse setor, como também grande potencial empregatício. O objetivo a ser alcançado com este estudo é identificar se há riscos de insolvência nessas empresas, já que uma pesquisa realizada por uma consultoria que acompanha o mercado de call center levantou o risco financeiro que ocorre na continuidade desse negócio em organizações de pequeno e médio portes, devido ao alto custo de investimentos para manter as suas respectivas operações e o não repasse desse custo no preço final do serviço para as empresas contratantes, que não reconhecem tal investimento como valor agregado ao serviço

一、研究目的：本研究擬透過對歐美保險先進國家的評鑑制度的了解和現 行制度之問題分析，規劃出預警制度的設立藍圖，希望藉此促保險主管機 關能儘速建立一套完整的預警制度。二、研究內容：第一章為研究緒論， 提出本研究之研究動機、目的、範圍、研究大綱。第二章為保險業清償能 力之探討，說明清償能力之函意與其重要性，並概要指出影響壽險業清償 能力之主要原因。第三章探討歐美保險先進國家的預景模式，包括美國Ｎ ＡＩＣ的保險監理資訊系統，美國貝斯特評價制度和ＩＳＩ國際清償能力 報告。第四章為我國現行清償能力標準之規定和現行制度所面臨得問題。 第五章為探討預警制度之設立所應思考之問題及規劃方向。第六章為結論 。

Il sistema delle garanzie finanziarie del mercato assicurativo è, allo stato attuale, oggetto di processi di riforma comunitari (c.d. progetto Solvency II). Le ipotesi fino ad ora elaborate, nonostante siano lontane dal potersi definire conclusive, prevedono l'apprezzamento del margine di solvibilità relativo al rischio di tasso d'interesse (IRR) assumendo che la struttura per scadenza sia oggetto di shift paralleli della curva. Noti i limiti dell'approccio deterministico ed in forza dei principi fino ad ora consolidati, il presente elaborato si propone l'obiettivo di quantificare il requisito di capitale di una compagnia operante nel ramo vita, a fronte dell'IRR, ipotizzando che la dinamica dei tassi sia governata da un processo stocastico nella forma del modello Cox Ingersoll e Ross (CIR). Le simulazioni sono state sviluppate sugli equilibri patrimoniali di una teorica compagnia, al fine di apprezzare in maniera asettica il contributo dell'impostazione promossa. / Nowadays, the financial guarantees system of insurance market is being interested by a Community reform process (Solvency II project). Even if the current hypothesis are far to be definitive, the present guidelines state that the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) related to Interest Rate Risk (IRR) has to be quantified assuming deterministic shocks to the yield curve. The aim of the thesis is to improve the assessment of SCR connected to IRR, calculating interest rates according to Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (cir) stochastic model. Simulations are developed on the asset liability equilibria of a theoretical life insurance company, in order to better appreciate the SCR algebra sensitivity to changes in CIR model parameters.

In many regions of the world, the solvency regulation of insurers is becoming more principle-based and market oriented. However, the exact forms of the solvency standards that are emerging in individual jurisdictions are not entirely consistent. A common risk and capital framework can level the global playing field and possibly reduce the cost of capital for insurers. In the thesis, a conceptual framework for measuring the insolvency risk of life insurance companies will be proposed. The two main advantages of the proposed solvency framework are that it addresses the issue of incentives in the calibration of the capital requirements and it also provides an associated decomposition of the insurer's insolvency risk by term. The proposed term structure of insolvency risk is an efficient risk summary that should be readily accessible to both regulators and policyholders. Given the inherent complexity of the long-term guarantees and options of typical life insurance policies, the term structure of insolvency risk is able to provide stakeholders with more complete information than that provided by a single number that relates to a specific period. The capital standards for life insurers that are currently existing or have been proposed in Canada, U.S., and in the EU are then reviewed within the risk and capital measurement framework of the proposed standard to identify potential shortcomings.

In many regions of the world, the solvency regulation of insurers is becoming more principle-based and market oriented. However, the exact forms of the solvency standards that are emerging in individual jurisdictions are not entirely consistent. A common risk and capital framework can level the global playing field and possibly reduce the cost of capital for insurers. In the thesis, a conceptual framework for measuring the insolvency risk of life insurance companies will be proposed. The two main advantages of the proposed solvency framework are that it addresses the issue of incentives in the calibration of the capital requirements and it also provides an associated decomposition of the insurer's insolvency risk by term. The proposed term structure of insolvency risk is an efficient risk summary that should be readily accessible to both regulators and policyholders. Given the inherent complexity of the long-term guarantees and options of typical life insurance policies, the term structure of insolvency risk is able to provide stakeholders with more complete information than that provided by a single number that relates to a specific period. The capital standards for life insurers that are currently existing or have been proposed in Canada, U.S., and in the EU are then reviewed within the risk and capital measurement framework of the proposed standard to identify potential shortcomings.

In this paper, I examine the impact of direct equity injections and troubled asset purchases on bank lending and solvency and analyze how ex ante tighter caps on leverage affect ex post decisions between both interventions. Extending the model of Bachmann (2018) by adding the government as a liquidity supplier, illiquid banks can either sell troubled assets at fire sale prices to collateralized financed liquid banks or to the government. If illiquid banks are forced to sell all troubled assets in order to meet premature withdrawals and the government is left with excess liquidity compared to direct equity injections, they can use these funds to bid up prices. Higher prices reduce future returns on buying illiquid assets and motivate liquid banks´ incentive to lend by crowding out their speculative motive for liquidity hoarding. As a result, troubled asset purchases weakly dominate direct equity injections in terms of lending and solvency, directly amplified by a drop in collateral liquidity. Additionally, regulating illiquid banks ex ante by tighter caps on leverage affects the government's decisions about ex post interventions to effectively stabilize lending and solvency conditions, as the self-reinforcing downward spiral between fire sale prices and collateral liquidity is mitigated. Hence, I find that there exists an inherent nexus between ex ante regulations and ex post interventions. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Initialement, la modélisation des risques en assurance non vie, supposait l'indépendance entre les différentes variables des modèles actuariels. De nos jours, cette hypothèse d'indépendance est souvent relâchée afin de tenir compte de possibles interactions entre les différents éléments. Cette thèse a pour but de contribuer à la littérature existante de la modélisation de la dépendance en assurance non vie. Concrètement, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthodologie d'analyse des risques en assurance à travers le développement des modèles de dépendance, principalement dans un cadre dynamique. Dans le premier chapitre de la thèse nous introduisons le contexte actuel de solvabilité, ainsi que la modélisation de la dépendance en assurance, avec une présentation des principaux résultats. Le deuxième chapitre est essentiellement constitué d'un article coécrit avec Christian de Peretti et Lotfi Belkacem, intitulé "Modelling Temporal Dependence of Claims In Insurance Using Autoregressive Conditional Amount Models" (voir Araichi et al. (2013)). Dans ce chapitre nous montrons l'existence d'une forme de dépendance temporelle (dynamique) entre les montants de sinistres d'une même branche d'assurance. Nous proposons un nouveau modèle nommé Autoregressive Conditional Amount Model (ACA), qui permet de capturer le comportement dynamique des sinistres. Également, nous développons un nouveau modèle nommé Generalized Extreme Value ACA model (GEVACA), afin d'analyser la dépendance dynamique des montants élevés, au niveau des queues de distribution. Enfin, nous donnons une nouvelle expression pour la Value at Risk (VaR) paramétrique adaptée pour des risques à dépendance temporelle. Des applications sur des données réelles et des techniques de backtesting sont ensuite effectuées afin de montrer la pertinence des modèles proposés. Le troisième chapitre est constitué d'un article coécrit avec Christian de Peretti et Lotfi Belkacem, intitulé "Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Sinistrality Model : A novel model for claims reserving in Non life insurance", (voir Araichi et al. (2015)). Dans ce chapitre, nous abordons d'abord le problème de l'évaluation des réserves dans un cadre dynamique. Nous montrons l'existence d'une forme de dépendance dynamique dans un triangle de liquidation. En particulier, nous nous intéressons à l'analyse de la dépendance temporelle entre les sinistres, ainsi qu'entre les années de développement. Nous proposons un nouveau modèle nommé "Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Sinistrality Model (GACSM), qui constitue une extension du modèle linéaire généralisé classique. Ensuite, nous fournissons une méthode de simulation bootstrap basée sur le modèle GACSM, qui permet d'évaluer les réserves en tenant compte du caractère dynamique des sinistres. Enfin, afin de montrer l'impact du modèle proposé sur l'évaluation des réserves et du capital, nous effectuons une comparaison des résultats obtenus avec ceux obtenus des modèles classiques (Chain Ladder et modèle linéaire généralisé). Dans le quatrième chapitre de la thèse, qui est constitué d'un article, coécrit avec Christian de Peretti et Lotfi Belkacem, intitulé "Time Varying Copula Model for claims reserving in Non life insurance". Nous intéressons à évaluer le montant agrégé des sinistres, en analysant conjointement la dépendance dynamique inter-sinistres ainsi qu'entre les sinistres de deux branches. Nous proposons un modèle basé sur le modèle GACSM et les copules conditionnelles, qui permettent de suivre l'évolution de la dépendance au cours du temps. Enfin, nous effectuons des applications sur des données réelles, ainsi que des méthodes de simulation sont considérées. En comparant les résultats obtenus, nous avons pu illustrer l'impact de la dépendance dynamique sur les réserves et le besoin en capital / In this thesis a different aspects of dependence modeling are considered. Indeed, temporal dependence structures between claims amounts and between lines of business are analyzed. In the first chapter, a general introduction on modeling dependence in insurance is provided. The second chapter is essentially constituted by the article "Modeling Temporal Dependence of Claims In Insurance Using Autoregressive Conditional Amount Models", written with Christian de Peretti and Lotfi Belkacem, (see Araichi et al. (2013)) It deals with the problem of existing a temporal dependence structure between claims amounts of one line of business. To this end, we propose a new model for handling the dynamic behaviour of claims amounts in insurance companies using an Autoregressive Conditional Amount (ACA) framework. This model will be named Autoregressive Conditional Amount Model (ACA). A Gamma ACA model and a Generalized Extreme Value ACA model are proposed. It is shown that these models are more appropriate to describe and to forecast the process of claims of the lines Auto Damage and Auto Liability than traditional models. Furthermore, a parametric Value at Risk based on ACA framework (VaR ACA) is proposed for evaluating a coverage amount of these claims. Using backtesting techniques, the VaR ACA provides an accurate estimation of risk. The third chapter of this thesis is based on the article "Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Sinistrality Model: A novel model for claims reserving in Non life insurance", written with Christian de Peretti and Lotfi Belkacem, (see Araichi et al. (2015)). In this chapter, a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Sinistrality Model (GACSM) for claims is proposed. We extend the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) by incorporating temporal dependence between claims amounts of one triangle. The GACSM is used for model parameter estimation and consistency of such estimate is proved. Bootstrap procedure is implemented for prediction reserves and prediction errors. Results show that taking into account the temporal dependence between losses improves the precision of the reserve distribution estimate, and thus evaluates an accurate SCR. Finally the fourth chapter is based on the article "Time Varying Copula Model for claims reserving in Non life insurance", written with Christian de Peretti and LotfiBelkacem. In this chapter, a time varying copula models to understand the behavior of claims amounts of two lines of business. Time varying copula functions with a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Sinistrality model are used to analyze the evolution in time of dependence between two lines and the temporal dependence between claims of each line. Simulation study is performed to highlight the impact on reserves and Solvency Capital Requirement. Results show that our approach provides a diversification effect between claims amounts

本研究挑選54檔台灣上市營建類股之股價為研究標的，以季資料的頻率探討股價與財報資訊及總經因子的關係，並分析償債能力的優劣是否影響實證結果。蒐集近二十年國內不動產相關事件及國際重大金融事件，將樣本分類探討，並使用事件研究法討論國際事件對營建股的影響。實證結果顯示，屬於財報資訊的每股盈餘、存貨，屬於景氣領先指標的股價指數、半導體接單出貨比及外銷訂單指數皆對營建股股價有顯著影響。而償債能力較佳的投資組合，模型有較佳的解釋力，償債能力越高，模型的解釋力及與股價顯著相關的變數越多。國內正面及負面事件在實證結果上沒有太大差異，顯著的變數為每股盈餘、存貨、半導體出貨比及核發建照面積。但在各國際重大金融事件發生期間，營建類股普遍皆有顯著負向的累積異常報酬率(CAR)。 / This study select the stock price of 54 Taiwan listed construction company as the subject of research. We investigate the relationship between stock price and the factors of financial statement and macroeconomic. We also investigate whether the solvency of each portfolio affect the original results. Collect nearly 20 years of domestic real estate-related events and major international financial events to classify samples and analyze it. Finally, we investigate the impact of international events on construction stocks by event study. The empirical results show that EPS, inventory, stock index, semiconductor B/B ratio, and export order index have significant impact on stock price. The model has better explanatory power in solvency-high portfolio. The higher the solvency, the more explanatory power of the model and the more significant variables associate with the stock price. There is not much difference in the empirical results of domestic positive events and domestic negative events. EPS, inventory, stock index, semiconductor B/B ratio, and issued area have significant impact on stock price. During the period of major international financial events construction stock generally have significant negative CAR.