L’étude prend sa source dans une préoccupation qui anime la plupart des dirigeants de fédérations et de clubs sportifs au Sénégal : leur difficulté à mobiliser un public nombreux lors des évènements sportifs qu’ils organisent. Cette situation renvoie à un questionnement sur leur capacité actuelle à répondre aux besoins et attentes des spectateurs, les fidéliser et en conquérir de nouveaux. Dans ce contexte, notre question de recherche principale est de savoir quels sont les facteurs qui influencent la décision des spectateurs d’assister à des évènements sportifs au Sénégal ; en d’autres termes, comprendre les motivations des spectateurs à fréquenter (ou à ne pas fréquenter) les lieux de ces évènements. Pour cela, nous avons analysé les cas de trois types de spectacles sportifs : (1) celui d’un sport moderne d’importation (le championnat de football professionnel) ; (2) celui d’un sport traditionnel (la lutte avec frappe) et (3) celui d’une pratique se situant entre tradition communautaire et modernité - sport moderne « tropicalisé » - (le championnat populaire navétane), afin de mettre en lumière des spécificités explicatives.Les résultats révèlent six facteurs majeurs pouvant influencer la fréquentation d’un évènement sportif au Sénégal : la proximité des lieux de compétition, l’affirmation d’une appartenance identitaire, la passion du sport, la recherche d’interactions sociales, la quête du plaisir et du divertissement, la stimulation émotionnelle. Parallèlement, ils nous ont amené à mettre en évidence quelques critères pouvant conduire à mieux segmenter l’offre de spectacle sportif : la motivation de fréquentation, la régularité, le degré de participation aux actions de supportérisme, le rapport à la violence ; soit autant de critère permettant de construire une offre adaptée aux différentes catégories de publics.D’un point de vue managérial, ce travail de recherche livre des informations utiles aux organisateurs. En effet, elles peuvent leur permettre d’avoir une meilleure visibilité de la demande : d’une part, une identification plus fine des publics sous la forme d’une typologie, d’autre part, une caractérisation actualisée de leurs besoins et attentes et de leurs comportements de consommation ; cette meilleure connaissance du marché devant logiquement les conduire à des stratégies marketing plus efficaces en matière de segmentation de leur offre et de ciblage des différentes catégories de publics. / The study has its source in a concern that drives most leaders of federations and sports clubs in Senegal: their difficulty to mobilize a big audience during the sports events which they organize. This situation raises questions about their current capacity to meet the needs and expectations of spectators, to make them loyal and to try conquer new ones. In this context, the main aim of our research question is to know what are the factors which influence the decision of the spectators to attend sports events in Senegal; in other words, understand the motivations of the spectators to go (or not to go) to these events places. For that purpose, we analyzed the cases of three types of sports shows : (1) that of a modern import sport (the professional football championship); (2) that of a traditional sport (wrestling) and (3) that of a practice between communitarian tradition and modernity - "tropicalized" modern sport - (the popular Navetane championship), in order to highlight explanatory specificities.The results reveal six major factors which can influence the attendance of a sport event in Senegal: the proximity of the competition venues, the affirmation of identity, the passion for sport, the search for social interaction, the pursuit of pleasure and entertainment, emotional stimulation. At the same time, they allow us to highlight some criteria which can lead to better segment the offer of sports show: Their motivation to attend, their regularity, their degree of participation in the actions of “supporterism”, the link with violence , these are enough criteria that can help build an offer adapted to different categories of public.From a managerial point of view, this research work delivers information useful for the organizers. Indeed, they can allow them to have a better visibility of the demand (request): on the one hand a finer identification of public in the form of a typology, on the other hand, a characterization updated by their needs and expectations of their consumer behavior; this good knowledge of the market must lead them logically to more effective marketing strategies regarding segmentation of their offer and targeting of the various categories of public.

No description available.

Sport im Allgemeinen und Fußball im Besonderen erfreuen sich nicht nur unter aktiven Sportlern, sondern auch unter Zuschauern aktuell hoher Beliebtheit. Angesichts teils enormer Einschaltquoten scheint es wahrscheinlich, dass Fußballspiele nicht nur von Fans der beteiligten Mannschaften verfolgt werden. Dies kann sowohl gänzlich neutrale Zuschauer als auch Anhänger anderer Teams betreffen. Während Fans allerdings durch die Literatur bereits ausführliche Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben und durch relativ eindeutige und verlässliche Denk- und Verhaltensweisen gekennzeichnet scheinen, bleibt dies für ‚sonstige‘ Zuschauer bisher unbeleuchtet. Aufbauend auf der Theorie der Selbstkategorisierung (Turner et al. 1987) widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit deshalb – ohne explizite Einschränkung auf Anhänger einer Mannschaft – der Zuordnung von Zuschauern zu den beteiligten Teams eines Fußballspiels und beleuchtet, inwieweit diese teambezogenen Kategorien als Grundlage für das Denken und Handeln herangezogen werden. Hierfür werden theoretische Annahmen über eine Selbstkategorisierung zweiter Ordnung formuliert, welche das Entstehen salienter Selbstkategorien auch ohne das Vorliegen hoher Identifikation mit dem Team erklären. Die durchgeführten empirischen Studien stützen die Annahmen und zeigen, dass auch von Spiel zu Spiel wechselnde Selbstzuordnungen auftreten können.

本論文では、スポーツ振興政策を牽引するアクターとしてスポーツ観戦に注目し、そのメカニズムを明らかにすること、そのメカニズムがソーシャル・キャピタルに影響があるという仮説を提示することを目的とした。これらを明らかにすることで、スポーツ観戦需要に貢献することだけでなく、まちづくりの方向性を示すことができる。また、社会性の強い投資資金も流入することが期待され、スポーツの自立性が可能となると考えるからである。 / The purpose of this discourse is to analyze the mechanism of sport spectator through an empirical analysis and set up the hypothesis, its mechanism affecting social capital. Through those research assignments, those findings would contribute not only the demand of sport spectator but also the direction of community development. And a new social investment money would be resulted in flow to sport promotion policy to meet stake holders' expectation, and then sport would become financially independent. / 博士(経済学) / Doctor of Economics / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

M. Tech. (Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Sport has become the great unifier globally since governments, countries and organisations are using it as a resource to bring people together. The sport industry is one of the fastest rising business segments and its primary aim/objective is to generate the revenue from sport spectators. In the past decade, the behaviour of sport spectators has received increasing attention in academic literature. A better understanding of how and why sport spectators go to stadiums and travel great distances to support their sport clubs is of great interest to sport marketers. Soccer, in particular, is perhaps one of the greatest sport phenomena in terms of its attraction for hundreds of thousands of occasional spectators of every age and gender, who come together in soccer stadiums around the globe every week to watch games. In South Africa, soccer is the leading sport from both a participation and spectator viewpoint. Understanding sport consumers willingness to attend is arguably one of the most important concerns in sport marketing and consumer-relationship management. As found in sport consumption literature, a “good relationship with sport consumers by sport clubs is an essential factor for a successful sport business” because it is much cheaper to serve satisfied consumers and easier to sustain their support. The purpose of this study was to examine selected motivational variables that influence spectators’ attendance of professional women’s soccer matches to better understand the development of the sports consumption sector. There is an absence of research conducted concerning this direction and subsequently a lack of existing literature, especially among women’s sport. To contribute to filling this void, this study attempts to measure the relationships between these variables. Earlier research has demonstrated that consumers’ willingness to attend is highly determined by their satisfaction. This study is descriptive and correlational in nature and follows a quantitative research approach. The target population comprised spectators of professional women’s soccer in the Gauteng province of South Africa. A snowball sampling technique was used to identify the participants fitting the predetermined sample standards. A total number of 316 questionnaires were received and analysed. Relevant areas, research approaches and data acquiring procedures were described. Additionally, means and factor analysis were performed to determine the level of selected motivational variables, team satisfaction and willingness to attend of spectators and to establish the underlying factors of the constructs respectively. Moreover, a correlation analysis was conducted to establish the strength and direction of the relationship between the study variables. Lastly, a regression analysis was performed to check the predictive relationship between the study’s constructs. The study revealed that motivational variables (vicarious achievement, involvement, social interaction, perceived value) have a significant relationship with spectator satisfaction. In addition, spectator satisfaction was found to be the determinant of spectator willingness to attend professional women’s soccer matches. Based on the results of this study, this research adds to the scant literature on spectators of women’s sport and proposes perspectives on the level of motives and behaviours of spectators, which can be used by women’s sport organisations and government organisations in elevating women’s soccer in South Africa. In this way, sport organisations could develop spectator engagement campaigns and marketing materials in order to engender and enhance women’s spectator participation. Further, sport managers and sport marketers should make every effort to increase the perceived value of services such as fees which are fair, albeit under the global negative economic climate, in order to satisfy the needs of spectators and at the same time reap rewards from the presence of spectators in stadiums and ensure that this presence continues. Based on these findings, limitations as well as future research opportunities and contributions of this study are discussed.

[pt] Da proposição ao gesto: diálogos sobre Primeira Pedra de Matheus Rocha Pitta pretende, a partir de uma análise profunda acerca de Primeira Pedra (2015) de Matheus Rocha Pitta, articular as múltiplas camadas de entendimento solicitadas pela obra, bem como investigar as dinâmicas que envolvem a sua montagem e exibição. Ao se debruçar na pesquisa desta instalação escultórica, um estudo não-cronológico, porém demasiadamente atento à trajetória do artista em evidência, ocorre como um efeito de causa e consequência. No entanto, para além de um estudo sobre o artista, o aprofundamento acerca da obra permite-nos traçar diálogos acerca de assuntos relevantes para a produção artística contemporânea, uma vez que não só Primeira Pedra, como também outros trabalhos do artista, esbarram em conceitos chave para a História da Arte: somos conduzidos de modo espontâneo para uma reflexão crítica sobre autoria, reprodutibilidade, valoração e participação. Esta parece ser, senão, uma das qualidades de Rocha Pitta: a de fornecer conteúdos tão urgentes para o tempo atual de maneira sútil, estimulando o espectador a elaborar formulações críticas para assuntos do cotidiano, disponibilizados pelo artista através de um gesto. Nesse ponto, entende-se que além de uma noção atualizada sobre o estatuto do espectador, a proposta elaborada por Rocha Pitta em Primeira Pedra - que implica uma transação de uma escultura assinada e datada por uma pedra ordinária - desperta também uma suspensão da ideia tradicional de escultura. À vista disso, esta pesquisa aponta e elabora sobre as categorias elucidadas pela obra em questão, considerando suas remontagens em instituições de diversas naturezas, articulando–a não somente com outras obras do artista, mas também com outros artistas que de alguma forma se entrelaçam ao caminhar de Matheus Rocha Pitta. / [en] From proposition to gesture: dialogues about Primeira Pedra by Matheus Rocha Pitta aims, through a deep analysis about Primeira Pedra (2015) by Matheus Rocha Pitta, to articulate the multiple layers of understanding requested by the work, as well as to investigate the dynamics that involve its assembly and exhibition. The current investigation, although non-chronological, takes into consideration the artist s repertoire, which enables a deep analysis on the main object of this study. However, beyond being a study of the artist, this research allows us to outline dialogues on relevant subjects for contemporary artistic production, since not only Primeira Pedra, but also other works by the artist, gather key concepts for the History of Art: we are spontaneously led to a critical reflection on authorship, reproducibility, valuation and participation. This seems to be one of Rocha Pitta s qualities: providing urgent content for nowadays in a subtle manner, stimulating the spectator to elaborate critical interpretations of everyday matters, made available by the artist through a gesture. At this point, it is understood that in addition to an updated notion of the status of the spectator, the proposal for Primeira Pedra - which implies a transaction of a sculpture signed and dated by an ordinary stone - also suspends the traditional idea of sculpture. In light of this, this research points out and elaborates on the categories elucidated by the work in question, considering its reassemblies in institutions of different natures, articulating it not only with Rocha Pitta s productions, but also with other artists works, which somehow intertwined with Matheus Rocha Pitta s trajectory.

In this paper, I will investigate the digital sphere as a part of the public sphere. Within this framework, I will explore forms of permanent and ephemeral commemoration that take place in the urban environment and in the digital realm, and, in particular, how these dialogue between the online and offline domains. Questioning the permanence of memorials and their relationship with time and space, I will present as a case study “Initiative 19. Februar Hanau”, which was founded in the aftermath of the racist attack that occurred in February 2020 in Hanau, Germany. The initiative operates online via social networks and a website, as well as in a widespread series of events, including recent exhibitions, taking place in different cities across the country. I will question how the digital shapes and affects the act of commemorating online and offline. Analyzing to what extent digital commemoration can be interpreted as an urban and potentially activist practice, I will also reflect upon the role played by the so-called expanded spectator in this process.

恐怖電影一直都是好萊塢主流電影中一項重要並且流行的一種類型。在一九七零年代末期，出現了一種新型的恐怖片，也就是所謂的跟蹤客/砍殺電影。雖然這類電影誇張地凸顯性別差異，不過還是以其展現出極度暴力以及色情的風格，迅速地受到廣大觀眾的歡迎。過去國外對於此類電影的研究多半由批評家蘿拉•莫薇的觀點出發，指出由於跟蹤客/砍殺電影中男性總被描寫為強壯的角色，而女性總是被窺視及性慾化的個體，因此唯有男性觀眾得以由此類電影當中獲得視覺上的快感。然而，很明顯地此一詮釋並不能夠完全解釋為何女性在跟蹤客/砍殺電影的忠實觀眾中佔有相當的份量。因此，有鑑於此，以及國內對於此類電影研究的稀少，本論文將仔細探討之前詮釋的缺失，並尋找一個更適當及周詳的理論來詮釋兩種性別觀眾的觀看議題，特別是在跟蹤客/砍殺電影這種性別刻畫差異極大的類型中。 本論文分為四個章節。第一章介紹跟蹤客/砍殺電影如何誇張地呈現性別差異，以及之前的評論家如何詮釋此類電影中的刻板元素。第二章則探討莫薇如何批評好萊塢主流電影為傳播父權意識型態的機制，以及跟蹤客/砍殺電影如何成為此意識型態的傳聲筒。第三章則指出莫薇如何為了將批判父權體系為重心而在引用佛洛依德的理論時刻意忽略了女性在獲得視覺快感的能動性。更重要地，第四章引用「幻象」的概念，指出視覺快感不應該因觀眾的性別而有所不同；唯有在「幻象」的領域中，不管是男性或是女性都可以主動地獲得視覺快感，那怕是像跟蹤客/砍殺電影這種刻意凸顯性別差異的電影類型。最後，第五章為前述論點作個總結，指出「幻象」為現有的理論中最能詮釋觀眾在觀看跟蹤客/砍殺電影時所獲得的視覺快感。 / Horror films have been an important and popular form of mainstream Hollywood films. In the late seventies, a special type of horror films, stalker/slasher films, characterized by their demonstration of extreme violence and sex, immediately attracted a huge amount of spectators despite that males are always depicted as powerful agents whereas females the powerless and eroticized objects. Previous critics analyze stalker/slasher films by adopting Laura Mulvey’s concepts, indicating that only males can require visual pleasure through the films. However, the interpretation obviously fails to account for the fact that females comprise a significant amount of stalker/slasher films spectators. As a result, the thesis aims to indicate the defects of those critics and, moreover, to search for a theory that provides a better interpretation of spectators’ visual pleasure in viewing stalker/slasher films. The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One introduces how stalker/slasher films dramatize gender differences and how the previous critics analyze their conventional elements. Chapter Two discusses how Mulvey criticizes mainstream Hollywood cinema as a mechanism that spreads patriarchal ideology and how stalker/slasher films manifest the patriarchal ideology. Chapter Three, on the other hand, points out how Mulvey selectively adopts Freud’s theory because of her political nature and how her theory fails to account for a spectatorship with which both men and women can acquire visual pleasure in viewing stalker/slasher films. Most importantly, Chapter Four, introduces the concept of fantasy, indicating that spectatorship should not be demarcated along biological gender lines; within the realm of fantasy both men and women are the active agents acquiring visual pleasure through adopting multiple and fluid spectating positions. Finally, Chapter Five concludes that fantasy may be a better perspective that accounts for not only males’ but also females’ visual pleasure in viewing stalker/slasher films.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Este trabalho busca relatar e analisar as relações entre ensino, aprendizagem e expressão da linguagem teatral vivenciadas pelos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de montagem e apresentação do espetáculo As Bastianas, realizada pela Cia. São Jorge de Variedades em convívio com os usuários dos Albergues Municipais Projeto.Oficina.Boracéa e Canindé - Núcleo de Cidadania, durante o período de 2002 a 2004. A partir da documentação fotográfica, vídeográfica e escrita disponível, esta pesquisadora pôde narrar toda trajetória do espetáculo teatral desde as primeiras garatujas sobre o texto de Gero Camilo ainda no Teatro de Arena Eugenio Kusnet, até sua estréia e temporada no Canindé e no Projeto.Boracéa. / This work aims at reporting and analyzing the relationships between teaching, learning and expression in theatrical language experienced by individuals involved in the process of creating and presenting the play As Bastianas, which was developed by the theater group Cia. São Jorge de Variedades in two different municipal homeless shelters in São Paulo from 2002 to 2004, in daily acquaintance with its inhabitants. From the available written, photographic and videographic documentation the author relates the trajectory of the play, since the first raw sketches from the text by Gero Camilo, when the group was still based in the famous and tiny Teatro de Arena Eugenio Kusnet, until its premiere and season in both shelters.