Nesta pesquisa o esporte é abordado como prática cultural capaz de mobilizar a subjetivação dos seus praticantes. Desta forma, jovens atletas considerando suas experiências vividas, principalmente no esporte, se orientam existencialmente, ou seja, eles se valem das experiências no esporte para tomar decisões que nortearão o decorrer de sua vida. A partir disso, o presente estudo almeja explorar o horizonte de experiências vivenciadas por esportistas adolescentes buscando a compreensão de como eles passam por momentos decisivos, sendo inteira e publicamente envolvidos por suas atividades esportivas. Ou seja, o propósito deste estudo é identificar e compreender o horizonte de experiências vividas contextualizadas na prática esportiva de jovens atletas pertencentes a categorias de base de quatro modalidades esportivas (futebol, basquete, atletismo e tênis). Adota-se, para isso, uma atitude investigativa que contemple essa temática enquanto processo cultural, buscando ir além dos conceitos e fatores já pré-estabelecidos. Com efeito, o método fenomenológico na perspectiva clássica atinge, como resultado, um caráter descritivo-estrutural, em decorrência de um processo rigoroso de coleta e análise dos dados. Esse processo perpassa por procedimentos conhecidos como Entrevista Fenomenológica e Cruzamento Intencional. Estes consistem em um percurso que tem, em um primeiro momento, a intenção de apreender a experiência singular de cada sujeito, por relato guiado, em primeira pessoa; em seguida, contrastar estes relatos experienciais numa análise que explicite os elementos intencionais que estruturem a experiência vivida em questão. Por conseguinte, foram efetuadas e transcritas 24 entrevistas, com atletas pertencentes a categorias de base das modalidades citadas. Os resultados apontam para alguns aspectos predominantes entre os praticantes destas modalidades, como a constante tensão eminente da negociação que circunscreve o cotidiano destes jovens atletas por trafegar entre compromissos, treinamentos e lazer. / This research treats sports as a cultural practice that mobilizes the subjectivation of its practitioners. In this way, young athletes considering their experiences, mainly in sports, are existentially oriented, which means that they use sports experiences to make decisions that will guide the course of their life. From this, the present study aims to explore experiences experienced by adolescent athletes, with the view to understand how they go through decisive moments, being fully and publicly involved by their sports activities. In other words, the purpose of this study is to identify and understand lived experiences contextualized in the sports practice of young athletes from youth academy of four modalities (soccer, basketball, athletics and tennis). For this, an investigative attitude that contemplates this theme as a cultural process is adopted, seeking to go beyond pre-established concepts and factors. The phenomenological method in its classical perspective reaches, as a result, a descriptive-structural character, due to a rigorous process of data collection and analysis. This process is structured by procedures known as Phenomenological Interview and Intentional Crossing. The course has, at first, the intention to apprehend the unique experience of each subject, by guided report; then, in a second moment, it intends to contrast these experiential accounts in an analysis that explains the intentional elements that structure the lived experience in question. Therefore, 24 interviews were conducted with athletes belonging to the youth academy of the mentioned modalities. The results show some predominant aspects, such as the constant eminent tension of the negotiation that circumscribes the daily life of these young athletes by traveling between commitments, training and leisure.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a variação espectrofotométrica da cor da pele dos atletas de Handebol, Ginástica Artística e Voleibol nas atividades pré e pós-treinos. Como possível sinal de estados psicofisiológicos associados ao amarelão, em decorrência do estresse do esporte de rendimento, propiciado pelo coping das crenças religiosas caracterizadas como: primitiva, intelectual, emocional e ético-moral e o lócus do controle: interno e externo: sorte-azar, pessoas poderosas. A hipótese que o ambiente do esporte constitui-se em um modelo de manifestações neuropsicológicas, bioinstintivas, psicofisiológicas, psicossociais e intrapessoais que se estrutura e desenvolve-se sinalizado por respostas dadas pelo organismo humano, ao se delinear entre os atletas e as formas de comportamentos alinhadas ao estresse e coping das crenças. Os dados foram coletados em um clube social e esportivo da cidade de São Paulo, por meio da Lista de Sintomas de Stress (LSS/VAS); Inventário Pratt de Crenças Religiosas no Esporte (IPCRE); Escala Multidimensional de Lócus de Controle do Esporte (EMLCE). As mensurações da cor da pele foram realizadas, utilizando-se o Espectrocolorímetro Minolta Chromameter CR 410 e avaliadas com base nas dimensões da cor definidas pelo Commission Internationale de Eclairege (CIE L*a*b*), conforme as dimensões: L (claro-escuro); a (vermelho-verde) e b (azul-amarelo). As variações da cor da pele denominadas no senso comum como amarelão foram caracterizadas no estudo pela cor da pele significativamente menos amarela no braço e menos clara no rosto (palidez), que se associou com diferentes sintomas de estresse podendo ser detectadas antes ou depois dos treinos. O estudo mostrou que o coping oferecido pela crença da interferência de Deus como ajuda para superar obstáculos no esporte é ineficiente, pois os atletas que apresentaram indícios de maior freqüência de sintomas de estresse foram os que recorreram à ajuda da intervenção divina no esporte / The purpose of the present study was investigated the spectrophotometric reflectance changes of skin colour of competitive Handball, Volleyball and Artistic gymnastic athletes before and after the trainings as possible signs of psychophysiological states associated whit the yellow stress due to competitive sport, propitiated for the religious coping characterized as the faiths: primitive, intellectual, emotional and ethical-moral, impacted with locus of control internal and external chance and powerful others. The hypothesis of the environment of competitive sport as model of neurophysiological, bioinstives, psychophysiological, psychosocial and intrapersonal manifestations, structured and signalized according to functional states of the human organism delineated between athletes behaviors aligned with their stress coping skills. The data were collected in a social sport club in the city of São Paulo, through the List of stress symptoms (LSS/VAS); Sport Pratt inventory of religious faiths (IPCRE); Sport multidimensional locus of control scale (EMLCE). The skin colour changes were measured with the Minolta chromameter CR 410 and evaluated in the colour space as defined by the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE L*a*b*) according to dimensions L* (clear-dark); a* (red-green) and b* (blue-yellow). The change of skin colour denominated yellow stress was significantly correlated with the measurements of skin colour changes before and after the trainings as less yellow in the ventral arm and less lighter in the face associates with symptoms of stress. Results also showed the coping provided for pray and faith in God to overcome sports obstacles is inefficient because athletes who presented indications of major stress symptoms appealed for divine intervention in sport

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar traços de personalidade em atletas brasileiros, de diferentes modalidades esportivas, por meio da teoria de personalidade dos Cinco Grandes Fatores. Os atletas foram submetidos ao teste Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Participaram do estudo 613 atletas, de 7 modalidades, entre elas, Atletismo, Futebol, Futebol de base, Rugby, Rugby olímpico, Tênis de mesa olímpico e paraolímpico. Os resultados demonstraram que o teste apresentou nível satisfatório de precisão na maioria de suas variáveis relacionadas aos cinco grandes fatores, com exceção do fator Abertura. Já em relação as facetas, das variáveis investigadas, apenas 4 facetas apresentaram níveis satisfatórios de precisão, quanto a amostra geral esportiva. Também foram verificadas alterações da confiabilidade dos resultados quando do agrupamento por modalidades, alternando fatores e facetas com níveis de precisão satisfatórios. Foram realizados estudos de diferenças de média por t de Student, análise de variância ANOVA e Tukey da diferença honestamente significativa HSD. São apresentados estudos de comparação entre as modalidades investigadas e uma pesquisa em um processo de seleção de um programa de atletismo. As análise sugeriram não haver um perfil comum de personalidade do atleta, sendo verificado variáveis investigadas no teste que se diferem em amostras de atletas se comparado à normatização do teste, e também fatores e facetas da personalidade que se diferem entre modalidades esportivas. De maneira que são encontrados traços em comum no grupo de esportistas, tais como, rebaixada instabilidade emocional, índices medianos mais baixos em socialização e também rebaixado em abertura para novas experiências. No outro sentido, os atletas apresentaram médias mais elevadas em extroversão e interações sociais e também no fator Realização, apesar da baixa magnitude de diferença, porém significativas estatisticamente. Concluiu-se que os achados não foram suficientes para a afirmação da existência de um perfil comum de atleta, nem para o sentido de um perfil médio em razão das diferenças entre modalidades. Sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados com instrumentos de investigação de personalidade em esportistas, buscando uma maior compreensão psíquica e emocional dos atletas, considerando os determinantes das modalidades esportivas, em situações específicas de jogo, treinos e em momentos de competição, de maneira a contribuir com treinadores, equipes técnicas e sobretudo com os próprios atletas / The aim of this study was to assess personality traits in Brazilian athletes of different sports, through the theory of the Big Five Personality Factors. The evaluation of athletes in these factors and their facets was performed using the Battery Factor Personality Test. 613 athletes participated in the study, divided into seven types of sport, including, Athletics, Football, grassroots Football, Rugby, Rugby Olympic, Paralympic and Olympic Tennis table. The results showed satisfactory level of confiability in most of its variables related to the Big Five factors, with the exception of Opening factor. Regarding the facets of the variables investigated, only 4 facets showed satisfactory levels of confiability in the sport overall sample. Changes in the reliability of the results when the grouping arrangements were also verified by alternating factors and facets with satisfactory levels of confiability. Were performed studies of mean differences by Student t test, ANOVA and Tukey\'s honestly significant difference variance. Studies comparing certain modalities and a research in the process of selecting an athletics program are presented. The analysis not suggested that there a common personality profile athlete, confirmed the test variables investigated that differ in samples of athletes compared to the standardization of the test, and also the personality factors and facets that differ between types sports. So that traces are found in common in the group of athletes, such as lower median rates in emotional instability, lower median rates in socialization and also relegated in openness to new experiences. In another sense, the athletes had higher means on extroversion and social interactions and also the Conscienctiousness factor, despite the low magnitude of difference, though statistically significant. It was concluded that the findings were not sufficient to affirm the existence of a common profile athlete, nor the sense of an average profile due to differences between types of sports. It is suggested that further studies be carried out with instruments of investigation of personality in sports, seeking greater mental and emotional understanding of athletes, considering the determinants of sports in specific game situations, and training in times of competition, so that contributing coaches, technical staff and especially with athletes

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-04-29T19:34:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávia de Oliveira Rocha Rami.pdf: 5648800 bytes, checksum: d7dce38d11ec52c42668585a5314e2a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-29T19:34:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávia de Oliveira Rocha Rami.pdf: 5648800 bytes, checksum: d7dce38d11ec52c42668585a5314e2a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Introduction: In high-performance amateur sports, for athletes who practice them are looking for results such as victory, which means the search for skilled professionals who can train them and help them achieve their best performance is essential. The Psychology of Sports is a part of the preparation of the athletes and teams, and takes into consideration social, cultural and biological implications, among others, which can directly influence the individual’s motivation, interpersonal relationships, and well-being inside and outside the sports. Purpose: To verify the perceptions of Sports Psychology Works by identifying motivation, communication, leadership and teamwork in a women’s handball team of medical students playing in college championships. Method: A descriptive, qualitative and quantitative study of a Sports Psychology Work intervention was carried out based on a field diary, characterization questionnaires for each player, objectives and goals of handball, and motives that help with the practice of handball and focus group. A thematic analysis was conducted considering motivation, communication, leadership and teamwork. Results: Twenty-six athletes from years 1 and 6 of medical school took part in the intervention. Effectiveness of the Sport Psychology Work had confluent results in motivation, communication and teamwork. With respect to leadership, the work was not effective, influenced by university culture. Conclusion: The Sport Psychology Work was efficient for these high-performance amateur college teams and points out the need to consider both traditions and the structural, social and cultural aspects of the environment in which they are inserted. Other studies should be carried out in this direction in order to contemplate sports and modify university aspect / Introdução: Em esporte alto rendimento amador, para os atletas que o praticam e estão em busca de resultados como vitória, a procura por profissionais especializados para atingir seu melhor desempenho, torna-se essencial. A Psicologia do Esporte faz parte na preparação de atletas e equipes, levando em consideração suas implicações biológicas, sociais, culturais, entre outros, que influenciam diretamente suas motivações, relações interpessoais e bem-estar dentro e fora do ambiente esportivo. Objetivos: Verificar as percepções do Trabalho de Psicologia do Esporte identificando motivação, comunicação, liderança e trabalho em grupo de uma equipe feminina de handebol, estudantes de medicina, participantes de campeonatos universitários. Método: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, qualiquantitativo, de uma intervenção do Trabalho de Psicologia do Esporte, a partir de registros de diário de campo, questionários de caracterização das participantes objetivos e metas dentro do handebol e motivos que a mantém à Prática do handebol e grupo focal. Foi realizada análise temática considerando motivação, comunicação, liderança e trabalho em grupo. Resultados: Participaram da intervenção e do estudo 26 atletas, estudantes do 1º ao 6º ano do curso de medicina. A efetividade do Trabalho de Psicologia do Esporte teve resultados confluentes sobre motivação, comunicação e trabalho em grupo. Em relação a liderança, o trabalho não foi efetivo, influenciado pela cultura universitária. Conclusões: O Trabalho de Psicologia do Esporte, mostrou-se eficiente para essa equipe universitária de alto rendimento amadora e apontando a necessidade de se considerar os aspectos estruturais, culturais, sociais e tradições, do ambiente que está inserida. Há necessidade de outros estudos nessa direção, com vistas a contemplar o esporte e modificar aspectos universitários

The performances of athlete pairs correspond to the agency observed in self, relational, and collective efficacy beliefs. A dyadic perspective offers potentially important conceptual and methodological advantages to the investigation of interdependent action. The general purpose of this thesis was to investigate how athletes influence one another in athlete pairs of different (i.e., distinguishable) roles with a specific focus on the efficacy-performance relationship. Chapters 1 and 2 provide the general introduction and review of literature on dyads and efficacy beliefs. Chapters 3-6 include original research. In Chapter 3 relationships among the individual- and dyad-level performances of cheerleading pairs competing at a national-level competition were assessed to provide a measurement tool for dyadic performance settings in which athletes have distinguishable roles. In Chapter 4 person-related sources of variance (in line with the Social Relations Model framework) in athletes’ efficacy beliefs and performances were examined during repeated performance trials of a paired-cheerleading stunt-task with distinguishable roles. The purpose of Chapter 5 was to examine the efficacy-performance predictive chain of an athletic dyad task to extend Feltz’ (1982) efficacy-performance path analysis in an individual sporting context in conjunction with the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model appropriate for dyads with distinguishable roles. The purpose of Chapter 6 was to conduct a replication of the Social Relations Model investigation in Chapter 4 using same-gender distinguishable dyads and extending the framework to four-person cheerleading groups. The final chapter is a summary of the findings with commentary on the findings’ implications, strengths and limitations of the studies, identification of future research directions, and significance of the findings. Overall, the findings in this thesis support that task structure, dyadic relations, and athlete role in a team-task influence how athletes perceive and are perceived relative to self, relational, and collective abilities, with some effects including implications for efficacy-performance predictive relationships.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar traços de personalidade em atletas brasileiros, de diferentes modalidades esportivas, por meio da teoria de personalidade dos Cinco Grandes Fatores. Os atletas foram submetidos ao teste Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade - BFP. Participaram do estudo 613 atletas, de 7 modalidades, entre elas, Atletismo, Futebol, Futebol de base, Rugby, Rugby olímpico, Tênis de mesa olímpico e paraolímpico. Os resultados demonstraram que o teste apresentou nível satisfatório de precisão na maioria de suas variáveis relacionadas aos cinco grandes fatores, com exceção do fator Abertura. Já em relação as facetas, das variáveis investigadas, apenas 4 facetas apresentaram níveis satisfatórios de precisão, quanto a amostra geral esportiva. Também foram verificadas alterações da confiabilidade dos resultados quando do agrupamento por modalidades, alternando fatores e facetas com níveis de precisão satisfatórios. Foram realizados estudos de diferenças de média por t de Student, análise de variância ANOVA e Tukey da diferença honestamente significativa HSD. São apresentados estudos de comparação entre as modalidades investigadas e uma pesquisa em um processo de seleção de um programa de atletismo. As análise sugeriram não haver um perfil comum de personalidade do atleta, sendo verificado variáveis investigadas no teste que se diferem em amostras de atletas se comparado à normatização do teste, e também fatores e facetas da personalidade que se diferem entre modalidades esportivas. De maneira que são encontrados traços em comum no grupo de esportistas, tais como, rebaixada instabilidade emocional, índices medianos mais baixos em socialização e também rebaixado em abertura para novas experiências. No outro sentido, os atletas apresentaram médias mais elevadas em extroversão e interações sociais e também no fator Realização, apesar da baixa magnitude de diferença, porém significativas estatisticamente. Concluiu-se que os achados não foram suficientes para a afirmação da existência de um perfil comum de atleta, nem para o sentido de um perfil médio em razão das diferenças entre modalidades. Sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados com instrumentos de investigação de personalidade em esportistas, buscando uma maior compreensão psíquica e emocional dos atletas, considerando os determinantes das modalidades esportivas, em situações específicas de jogo, treinos e em momentos de competição, de maneira a contribuir com treinadores, equipes técnicas e sobretudo com os próprios atletas / The aim of this study was to assess personality traits in Brazilian athletes of different sports, through the theory of the Big Five Personality Factors. The evaluation of athletes in these factors and their facets was performed using the Battery Factor Personality Test. 613 athletes participated in the study, divided into seven types of sport, including, Athletics, Football, grassroots Football, Rugby, Rugby Olympic, Paralympic and Olympic Tennis table. The results showed satisfactory level of confiability in most of its variables related to the Big Five factors, with the exception of Opening factor. Regarding the facets of the variables investigated, only 4 facets showed satisfactory levels of confiability in the sport overall sample. Changes in the reliability of the results when the grouping arrangements were also verified by alternating factors and facets with satisfactory levels of confiability. Were performed studies of mean differences by Student t test, ANOVA and Tukey\'s honestly significant difference variance. Studies comparing certain modalities and a research in the process of selecting an athletics program are presented. The analysis not suggested that there a common personality profile athlete, confirmed the test variables investigated that differ in samples of athletes compared to the standardization of the test, and also the personality factors and facets that differ between types sports. So that traces are found in common in the group of athletes, such as lower median rates in emotional instability, lower median rates in socialization and also relegated in openness to new experiences. In another sense, the athletes had higher means on extroversion and social interactions and also the Conscienctiousness factor, despite the low magnitude of difference, though statistically significant. It was concluded that the findings were not sufficient to affirm the existence of a common profile athlete, nor the sense of an average profile due to differences between types of sports. It is suggested that further studies be carried out with instruments of investigation of personality in sports, seeking greater mental and emotional understanding of athletes, considering the determinants of sports in specific game situations, and training in times of competition, so that contributing coaches, technical staff and especially with athletes

São poucos os estudos sobre gestão de carreira esportiva abordando os processos de transição, seus ciclos e a pós-carreira atlética nas Ciências do Esporte. É também incomum o uso de métodos de pesquisa que utilizam entrevistas abertas com atletas e pós-atletas que abordam de forma abrangente a vida do atleta onde esse tópico está inserido. No caso específico do futebol o jornalismo de uma forma geral costuma explorar esse tema, principalmente com a intenção de denunciar situações que contradizem o glamour e a visibilidade que o atleta vive durante a fase produtiva da carreira. A modalidade foi escolhida pelo poder de influência nas políticas públicas nacionais, e por apresentar um grupo expressivo de atletas que vivenciou tanto a fase amadora quanto a profissional. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar como se dá o processo de gestão da carreira esportiva entre atletas olímpicos do futebol que também viveram uma carreira longeva no futebol profissional a partir da perspectiva da transformação da identidade nos diferentes ciclos que compõem a carreira do atleta. Busca discutir os processos de formação de identidade atlética, bem como as formas de gestão profissional da carreira esportiva apontando significados e sentidos no decorrer do seu desenvolvimento, em sua finalização e na construção de uma nova carreira. Para tanto foram intencionalmente selecionados 12 atletas, 10 deles já afastados da atividade profissional e 02 atletas ainda em atividade, todos eles acima de 33 anos de idade, originários de várias regiões do Brasil. O método utilizado foi as narrativas biográficas de atletas brasileiros que fizeram parte de pelo menos uma seleção brasileira que participou de uma edição dos Jogos Olímpicos entre as décadas de 1960 e 2000. A tese defende que a gestão da carreira esportiva é feita na relação que o indivíduo tem com sua carreira subjetiva e com a carreira construída socialmente, viabilizando o conceito de carreira como projeto de vida seguindo as ideias propostas pelo paradigma Life Design / There are few studies about sports management career addressing the processes of transition, their cycles and post athletic career in sports science. It is also unusual using research methods that use open interviews with athletes and post athletes which approach in a widely way the athlete\'s life where this topic is inserted. In the specific case of football, journalism in general, tends to explore this topic, principally intending to report situations that contradict the glamour and visibility that the athlete lives during his productive phase of the career. The modality was chosen by the influence power in national public policies, and for presenting an impressive group of athletes who experienced both amateur and professional phases. The objective of this research was to identify and analyze how it is the process of managing career among Olympic athletes in football who also lived one long-lived career in professional football from the perspective of identity transformation in the different cycles that make up the athlete\'s career. It is worth to discuss the formation processes of athletic identity, as well as the ways of management of professional sports career pointing its meanings and feelings during its development, in its finalization and in the construction of a new career. However, it was intentionally selected 12 athletes, 10 of them already removed from the professional activity, and 2 others yet in activity, all of them over 33 years old from several parts of Brazil. For both, the method used was the biographical narratives of Brazilian athletes who took part of at least one Brazilian team that participated of an edition of the Olympic Games between the decades of 1960 and 2000. The thesis argues that the management of sports career is made based on the relation the individual has with his subjective career and the career socially built enabling the career concept as a life project following the ideas proposed by the paradigm, Life Design

São escassos os estudos que analisam o contínuo temporal dos estados de ânimo ao longo de um período competitivo esportivo. Embora os estados de ânimo pareçam estáveis ao longo do tempo, diferentes estímulos e contextos presentes modificam a intensidade e a valência desses estados. Além disso, há fenômenos psicológicos como decaimento, em que traços de informação perdem sua ativação devido, principalmente, à passagem do tempo e a expectativa, que é a espera pela ocorrência de um evento em um determinado tempo. O objetivo desse estudo foi examinar as alterações dos estados de ânimo em jovens atletas de futebol, separados por posição e função, que ocorreram num período competitivo, em função do decurso temporal. Assim, processos como decaimento dos estados de ânimo e a influência da expectativa pela ocorrência jogo foram analisados, bem como a influência do contexto nas variações dos estados de ânimo dos atletas. Participaram deste estudo 18 jovens atletas (média de 15,4 anos ± 0,266) de um clube de futebol que estava disputando um campeonato estadual. Para o acesso aos estados de ânimo, foi utilizada a versão reduzida da Lista de Estados de Ânimo Presentes (LEAP), juntamente com um formulário de instruções de preenchimento, aplicada minutos antes de alguns treinamentos e jogos. Foram calculados os valores de presença de cada Fator da LEAP em cada evento para cada participante. Os dados foram coletados em três tipos de Eventos: antes do último treino antecedente ao jogo (Treino-Pré), antes do jogo (Pré-jogo) e antes do primeiro treino subsequente ao jogo (Treino-Pós). Os 18 jogadores foram divididos em dois grupos: Ações Defensivas (AD) e Ações Ofensivas (AO). Foram encontrados padrões de alteração dos estados de ânimo, representados pelos Fatores II (Fadiga), VII (Interesse) e XII (Serenidade) da LEAP, em função do decurso temporal, permitindo a análise dos processos de decaimento desses estados de ânimo e a influência da expectativa nessas alterações. Também foi encontrado que alguns estados de ânimo diferiram seus padrões de alteração de acordo com um intervalo temporal (Fatores IV Limerência/Empatia e; VII Interesse), bem como tiveram valores de presença diferentes na comparação entre esses intervalos. Além disso, os Fatores III (Esperança), V (Fisiológico) e XI (Receptividade) apresentaram padrões de alteração em função do decurso temporal em diferentes intervalos temporais. Variáveis contextuais, como o resultado das partidas e a competição esportiva em si, também foram influentes nessas alterações. Fadiga, esperança, empatia, estados ligados à propriocepção, interesse, receptividade e serenidade foram os estados de ânimo presentes durante todo o estudo. Ressalta-se a importância de incluir a temporalidade como variável influente nos modelos de variação de processos neurobiológicos, sobretudo nas investigações acerca de aspectos subjetivos como os estados de ânimo. / There are few studies analyzing the time course of mood during a competitive sports season. Although moods seem stable over the time course, different stimuli and present contexts change their intensity and valence. Furthermore, there are psychological phenomena like the decay process, in which information traces lose activation with the passage of time and expectancy, which is a waiting for an occurrence of an event in a given time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to exam mood changes in youth soccer players, grouped by position and role, which occurred during a competitive season, in function of time course. Processes like mood decay and the influence of expectation for the game were analyzed, as well as the influence of context in the athletes mood variations. Eighteen young players (15.4 ± 0,266 year-old) from a soccer club, which was playing for a state championship, participated in this study. For the assessment of mood, a short form of Lista de Estados de Ânimo Presentes (LEAP Present Mood List) was used, along with instructions to fill the form, applied few moments before some training sessions and matches. Presence values of each LEAPs Factor were calculated for each participant in each event. The data was collected in three types of events: prior to the last trainning session before the match (Treino-Pré), at a few moments before the match (Pré-jogo) and prior to the first training session after the match. The eighteen players were divided in two groups: Defensive Actions (AD) and Offensive Actions (AO). Results have shown patterns of mood changes, represented by LEAPs Factors II (Fatigue), VII (Interest) and XII (Serenity), in function of time course, allowing the analysis of mood decay process and the influence of the expectation in these changes. Also, some moods showed different patterns in function of a given time interval (Factors IV Limerence/Empathy and VII Interest), as well as different presence values in these time intervals comparison. Moreover, Factors III (Hope), V (Physiologic) and XI (Receptivity) have shown patterns of mood changes in function of time course in different intervals of time. Contextual variables, like the outcome of the matches and the sport competition itself, were influential in these changes. Fatigue, hope, empathy, states related to proprioception, interest, receptivity and serenity were the present moods all along the study. The importance of including temporality as an influential variable in neurobiological models is noteworthy, especially in the investigations about subjective aspects like mood.

<p>When athletes and coaches discuss reasons for success or failure the word concentration has an important role. Likewise, in sport research, the term attention tends to have the same central position. This notion gives the impression that everyone seems to know what concentration is and how it affects sport performances. However, the many theories in cognitive psychology are not primarily designed to be applied in the setting of sport and exercise, and thus have little or no validity in that field. Instead of applying scientific knowledge, the field of sport enhancement often utilizes myths and folklore as bases for practice and exercise.</p><p>This thesis started as a quest for this well-known concentration and often required state of mind. The overarching purpose of this hunt was to discover aspects that influence the ability of concentration in sport and exercise settings. The aim was to examine the usefulness of cognitive psychology and scientific methods in the field of sports. The search for concentration has follows three tracks. The first line of investigation was to study variations in concentration. The second path was to validate the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS), (Nideffer, 1976). The third trail was to review the theory of ironic processing in mental control (Wegner, 1992) and try out its applications on sport performances movements.</p><p>The search of variations in concentration was carried out through interviewing and measuring heart rate of athletes from golf, pistol shooting, basketball, tennis, and handball. The results showed that the concentration vary within and between sports and athletes. The validation of TAIS was performed on a sample of 1230 athletes from different sports. The result confirms that the basic theory of TAIS not was adequate to explain the functions of attention on the basis of modern theories of cognition. TAIS did not manage to differentiate between different level of skills and between different sports. The original subscales of TAIS were not validated by a factor analysis. The application of ironic processing in sport settings was examined in a series of six studies. The result of these studies showed no support of any impact of ironic processing.</p><p>The overall conclusions of the quest for the covet concentration in sport settings can be summarized in one word, variation. It is difficult to consider the notion of general concentration in sports settings because of great differences within and between sports and individuals. These results cast doubt on the efficiency of universal concentration improving techniques. The review of theories of cognitive psychology showed that many modern theories are conspicuous by one's absence in the field of sport psychology. Perhaps the improvements in the sport arenas could be faster if the knowledge of cognitive psychology was better.</p>

When athletes and coaches discuss reasons for success or failure the word concentration has an important role. Likewise, in sport research, the term attention tends to have the same central position. This notion gives the impression that everyone seems to know what concentration is and how it affects sport performances. However, the many theories in cognitive psychology are not primarily designed to be applied in the setting of sport and exercise, and thus have little or no validity in that field. Instead of applying scientific knowledge, the field of sport enhancement often utilizes myths and folklore as bases for practice and exercise. This thesis started as a quest for this well-known concentration and often required state of mind. The overarching purpose of this hunt was to discover aspects that influence the ability of concentration in sport and exercise settings. The aim was to examine the usefulness of cognitive psychology and scientific methods in the field of sports. The search for concentration has follows three tracks. The first line of investigation was to study variations in concentration. The second path was to validate the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS), (Nideffer, 1976). The third trail was to review the theory of ironic processing in mental control (Wegner, 1992) and try out its applications on sport performances movements. The search of variations in concentration was carried out through interviewing and measuring heart rate of athletes from golf, pistol shooting, basketball, tennis, and handball. The results showed that the concentration vary within and between sports and athletes. The validation of TAIS was performed on a sample of 1230 athletes from different sports. The result confirms that the basic theory of TAIS not was adequate to explain the functions of attention on the basis of modern theories of cognition. TAIS did not manage to differentiate between different level of skills and between different sports. The original subscales of TAIS were not validated by a factor analysis. The application of ironic processing in sport settings was examined in a series of six studies. The result of these studies showed no support of any impact of ironic processing. The overall conclusions of the quest for the covet concentration in sport settings can be summarized in one word, variation. It is difficult to consider the notion of general concentration in sports settings because of great differences within and between sports and individuals. These results cast doubt on the efficiency of universal concentration improving techniques. The review of theories of cognitive psychology showed that many modern theories are conspicuous by one's absence in the field of sport psychology. Perhaps the improvements in the sport arenas could be faster if the knowledge of cognitive psychology was better.