Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka om positivt Self-talk (ST) och självreflektion (SR) i form av att skriva i en träningsdagbok kan påverka reaktionstiden hos unga idrottare.   Sker det förändringar i reaktionstid mellan första och andra gången testet genomförs?   Är det en skillnad i hur stora förändringar som sker i reaktionstid när positivt self-talk gruppen och självreflektionsgruppen jämförs med en kontrollgrupp?   Hur upplevde idrottarna uppgiften att skriva träningsdagbok?   Metod Studien är ett randomiserat laboratorieexperiment och skillnader i reaktionstid kan enbart ses på gruppnivå. Deltagarna (n=29) bestod av både manliga och kvinnliga 16 åriga idrottare som randomiserades i två experimentgrupper och en kontrollgrupp. Kvinnor och män var jämt fördelade mellan grupperna. Först genomfördes två olika reaktionstest (Simple RT och 4choice RT) med hjälp av ett datorprogram för alla deltagare.  Experimentgrupp 1 (EG 1) genomförde en intervention där de under en vecka fick skriva ned sitt eget positiva ST i samband med träning. Experimentgrupp 2 (EG2) två skrev under en vecka ner vad de kunde förbättra med sin träning och vilka konsekvenser dessa förändringar kunde leda till. Kontrollgruppen (CG) fick utöver sin träning skriva ner sitt TV-tittande som en placebo. Efter interventionen genomfördes ett eftertest av reaktionstid och en enkät delades ut där deltagarna fick svara på hur de upplevde dagboken och om de trodde den kunde ha effekt på deras prestation.   Resultat Inom grupperna var det enbart EG 2 (de som tillämpade självreflektion) som hade en statistiskt signifikant förbättring av reaktionstid mellan det första och det andra testtillfället. Detta gällde både för Simple RT (p=0.028) och Choice RT (p=0.018). CG och EG 1 hade små förbättringar i RT mellan det första och andra testtillfället men inga som var statistiskt signifikanta. Gällande jämförelser mellan grupper fanns inga statistiskt säkerställda skillnader i förbättring mellan CG och EG 1. I EG 2 fanns ingen skillnad i förbättrad RT jämfört med CG i simple RT dock återfanns en statistiskt säkerställd skillnad i Choice RT där EG 2 hade en större förbättring jämfört med CG (p=0,003). Gällande hur grupperna upplevde interventionen med träningsdagböcker var resultaten relativt lika i de olika grupperna. Generellt upplevde grupperna att dagboken kunde ha en liten effekt på prestation samt att dagboksskrivandet i sig inte var så givande. Intressant var att de som skrev ner vad de såg på TV upplevde att detta kunde påverka deras prestation lika mycket som de som skrev ner positivt ST eller SR.   Slutsats I självreflektionsgruppen hade en statistiskt signifikant förbättring skett både inom gruppen och jämfört med en kontrollgrupp. Inga signifikanta skillnader återfanns i positivt ST gruppen. Resultaten tolkas utifrån teorier som Self-determination, information processning och förmågan att fokusera uppmärksamheten. Styrkor och svagheter behandlas och slutsatsen är att fler upprepade studier behövs för att stärka och förstå sambandet mellan positivt ST och SR kopplat till reaktionstid. Ska denna typ av dagbok föras in i en klubb eller ett lag bör designen göras om så att den blir mer omtyckt av idrottarna. / Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate if positive Self-talk (ST) or Self-Reflection (SR) by writing in a training diary can affect Reaction Time (RT) in young Swedish Athletes.   Does reaction time change between the pre-test and the post-tests?   Is there a difference in reaction time changes between groups when the positive ST group and the SR group are compared to the control group?   How did the athletes experience the intervention?   Experiment design This study is a randomized laboratory experiment. It is a between subjects design and therefore differences will only be seen on a group level. The participants N=29 were male and female 16 year old athletes. They were randomized in to two experiment groups (EG 1, EG 2) and a control group (CG), males and females were evenly distributed between groups. First two different (RT) tests were conducted with a computer program for all participants (Simple RT and 4Choice RT). After this an intervention of positive ST (EG1) or SR (EG2) was conducted with the use of training diaries for one week. The CG wrote down their habits of watching TV and this was used as a placebo. A re-test of RT was conducted after the completion of the intervention. After this an inquiry was handed to the participants to address their thoughts about using the diary and if they believed it could affect their performance.   Results EG2 was the only group that provided a statistically significant decrease in RT time compared to the pre-test in both simple RT (p=0.028) and choice (p=0.018). No statistical significant differences in RT were found in EG1 or in the CG when comparing pre-and post tests of both simple and choice RT. Comparing between groups showed no statistical significant difference in improved RT between the CG and EG 1 in simple RT or in 4choice RT. A statistical significant difference in improved RT was found between CG and EG2 in choice RT (p=0.003) where the EG 2 had a statistical significant improvement in RT compared to the CG. Comparing simple RT no statistical significant differences was found between EG2 and CG. The three groups experienced using the diary in a similar way. In general they found the diary intervention somewhat giving and believed that the diary could have a little affect on performance. Interesting to notice is that the participators that wrote down their TV habits believed this could have the same impact on performance as the participators writing down positive ST or SR.   Conclusions A connection was found between strategies of SR an RT. These results are analyzed regarding the theoretical framework provided by Self-determination theory, information processing and focus of attention. Strength and weakness is discussed and the conclusion is that more and reproduced studies are needed to determine the connection between interventions positive ST, SR and RT. If a training diary would be used in a team or a club some modifications should be done to make them more meaningful for the athletes.

Collective case study (Creswell, 2014; Stake, 1995) was used to explore the journey of coach-athlete dyads who were able to successfully maintain their training and interpersonal relationships throughout the course of the athlete enduring a mental block. Three coach-athlete dyads, plus one additional athlete, completed in-depth one-on-one interviews, discussing their coach-athlete relationship before, during, and after the mental block. All dyads were same sex, nationally ranked coach-athlete pairs, from sports involving mandatory elements that include both twisting and flipping components. Categorical aggregation of participant statements lead to the formation of five main themes associated with dyads successfully overcoming a mental block (where success was defined as the athlete regaining the ability to perform the skill that they had previously been unable to do on account of the mental block and the dyad maintaining their training and interpersonal relationship): 1) Get to Know Your Athlete: The Need for High Quality Communication; 2) Be a United Front; 3) Mistakes and Miscommunications Happen: Recovery is Key; 4) Seek Outside Resources; 5) Be Patient. Results suggest that an environment for success can flourish when each party is open, honest, and self-aware of their own limitations. It is suggested that future research utilize the 3 + 1Cs Model of the coach-athlete relationship in exploring how dyads can successfully overcome a mental block.

Sporte kaip ir gyvenime konfliktai yra gana dažni. Pastebėta, jog ilgai trunkantys, dažni konfliktai mažina sportininko veiklos efektyvumą, žlugdo tarpasmeninius santykius. Jie tampa net pagrindine kliūtimi siekiant aukštų rezultatų. Darbe buvo bandoma išsiaiškinti kokie konfliktai vyrauja krepšinį žaidžiančių moksleivių ir studentų komandose. Kaip jų išvengti ir ar verta vengti, kokios galimybės spręsti įsiliepsnojusius konfliktus. Taigi tyrimo problema: kokie yra krepšinį žaidžiančių moksleivių ir studentų konfliktų ypatumai ir jų sprendimo būdai. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti krepšinį žaidžiančių studentų ir moksleivių konfliktų ypatumus ir jų sprendimo būdus. Tikslui įgyvendinti buvo pasirinkti uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti vyraujančias krepšinį žaidžiančių moksleivių ir studentų konfliktų sprendimų strategijas. 2. Ištirti krepšinį žaidžiančių studentų ir moksleivių polinkį konfliktuoti. 3. Ištirti konfliktų, vyraujančių tarp krepšinį žaidžiančių moksleivių ir studentų ypatumus. Tyrimo hipotezė – nėra skirtumų tarp sportuojančių moksleivių ir studentų konfliktų sprendimo strategijų. Tyrimas buvo atliktas Kauno rajono Ežerėlio vidurinėje ir Zapyškio pagrindinėje mokyklose, bei LKKA. Jame dalyvavo 36 Ežerėlio vidurinės mokyklos mokiniai, 20 Zapyškio pagrindinės mokyklos moksleivių ir 60 LKKA Sporto Edukologijos ir Sporto Technologijų fakultetų studentų. (116 respondentų). Tyrimo metodai: literatūros šaltinių analizė; K. Tomaso metodika reakcijų į konfliktines situacijas tipų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In sport as well as in life conflicts are rather frequent. It has been observed that long-lasting and frequent conflicts reduce the effectiveness of activities of athletes and frustrate interpersonal relationships. The conflicts may even become the major retardation in seeking high results. In this paper it has been attempted to find out what kinds of conflicts prevail in the teams of students and pupils who play basketball; how to obviate conflicts and is it worth obviating them; what are the possible ways to solve these conflicts. Thus, the problem of the research is the following: what are the peculiarities of conflicts among students and pupils who play basketball and what are the possible ways to solve them. Aim of research – to reveal the peculiarities of conflicts among students and pupils who play basketball as well as the possible ways to solve them. To implement this aim the following goals were chosen: 1. To determine prevailing strategies in solving conflicts among students and pupils who play basketball. 2. To examine students and pupils’ who play basketball tendency to conflict... 3. To investigate the peculiarities of conflicts which prevail among students and pupils who play basketball. Hypothesis of research – there are no differences between students basketballers and pupils basketballers’ in solving conflicts. The research was carried out in Ezerelis and Zapyskis schools in Kaunas area and in LKKA. In this research participated 36 pupils from Ezerelis and... [to full text]

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The importance of mental skills training (MST) is emphasized by previous/available research findings which show that by combining MST with physical training it enhances players’ ability to cope with the demands of the sport and subsequently results in better sport performance. The main aims of the present study (presented in two articles which can be read independently) were twofold. The first was to determine field hockey players’ perceived need for MST, and their perception regarding their ability to prepare psychologically for matches, as well as compile a general profile of their psychological skill for the total group and by gender. The second aim of the study was to determine the possible positional differences in mental skill levels among 91 South African tertiary institutions’ male field hockey. A total of one hundred and ninety seven (91 males and 106 females) South African field hockey players who competed in the 2008 University Sport of South Africa tournament participated in the study. The participants completed the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI) and the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool–3 (OMSAT–3) questionnaires. The results from Article 1 showed significant gender differences from the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI) according to which the males outperformed the females in the skills of concentration, activation and activation control. In addition, significant gender differences were observed for mental skills training (MST) measures for goal–setting and commitment in which the females outperformed the males, whilst the males fared better than the females in stress reaction. The hockey players perceived MST as important to enhance performance in field hockey. The players furthermore perceived their ability to prepare psychologically for matches as good, which contradicts the results from the questionnaires as the players showed poor mean scores for five of the six subscales of the PSI questionnaire. The results from article 2 showed that the goalkeepers had the lowest scores for seven of the 12 tested skills, whereas midfielders outperformed the other positions in six of the 12 subscales. It is clear from these results that MST is important for field hockey and therefore warrants the attention of all role players in field hockey. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The importance of mental skills training (MST) is emphasized by previous/available research findings which show that by combining MST with physical training it enhances players’ ability to cope with the demands of the sport and subsequently results in better sport performance. The main aims of the present study (presented in two articles which can be read independently) were twofold. The first was to determine field hockey players’ perceived need for MST, and their perception regarding their ability to prepare psychologically for matches, as well as compile a general profile of their psychological skill for the total group and by gender. The second aim of the study was to determine the possible positional differences in mental skill levels among 91 South African tertiary institutions’ male field hockey. A total of one hundred and ninety seven (91 males and 106 females) South African field hockey players who competed in the 2008 University Sport of South Africa tournament participated in the study. The participants completed the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI) and the Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool–3 (OMSAT–3) questionnaires. The results from Article 1 showed significant gender differences from the Psychological Skills Inventory (PSI) according to which the males outperformed the females in the skills of concentration, activation and activation control. In addition, significant gender differences were observed for mental skills training (MST) measures for goal–setting and commitment in which the females outperformed the males, whilst the males fared better than the females in stress reaction. The hockey players perceived MST as important to enhance performance in field hockey. The players furthermore perceived their ability to prepare psychologically for matches as good, which contradicts the results from the questionnaires as the players showed poor mean scores for five of the six subscales of the PSI questionnaire. The results from article 2 showed that the goalkeepers had the lowest scores for seven of the 12 tested skills, whereas midfielders outperformed the other positions in six of the 12 subscales. It is clear from these results that MST is important for field hockey and therefore warrants the attention of all role players in field hockey. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Sport Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Orientador: Jair Lopes Júnior / Banca: Tereza Maria de Azevedo Pires Serio / Banca: Maria Regina Cavalcante / Resumo: No âmbito da Análise do Comportamento, instruções são definidas como estímulos verbais que descrevem, de modo completo ou fragmentado, relações de contingência em contextos específicos, sendo que as consequencias explicitadas ou implicadas poderiam ter modelado os mesmos repertórios descritos na ausência da instrução. A identificação de relações funcionais entre instruções e desempenhos operantes constitui-se em relevante objeto de investigação para a Análise do Comportamento. Este estudo procurou ampliar o alcance de tal objeto concentrando ênfase em caracterizar o comportamento do treinador de fornecer instruções de três jogos consecutivos da fase classificatória de um torneio de futebol júnior. Participaram a comissão técnica e 25 atletas. As verbalizações foram gravadas em vídeo na sala de preleções do hotel na qual a delegação esteve hospedada, bem como no campo de treinamento. O procedimento consistiu em duas etapas. Na Etapa 1 ocorreu um período de ambientação da pesquisadora com a equipe durante as atividades de preparação para a competição. Inicialmente sem a filmadora e posteriormente com a mesma, a pesquisadora observou e gravou preleções ministradas em situações de treinamentos de campo. A Etapa 2 consistiu na gravação em vídeo de três ocorrências consecutivas de três fases: Fase 1) preleção efetuada antes do último treino de campo que precedeu o jogo; Fase 2) preleção realizada antes do jogo no dia em que este foi realizado; Fase 3) preleção efetuada no primeiro treino após o jogo. Todos os registros em vídeo foram transcritos. Foram adotados três critérios para a classificação das instruções emitidas pelo treinador: audiência, topografia e características relacionais, definidas pelos elementos de contingências presentes no enunciado da instrução. A caracterização dos relatos foi efetuada simultaneamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Behavior Analysis, instructions are verbal stimuli that make entire or breaking up description about contingencies relations in situational constraints. The explicit or implied consequences in contingencies could shaped the same repertoires described in the instruction fault. The identification of functional relations among instructions and operant behaviors corresponds to relevant object of investigation to the Behavior Analysis. This study aimed to broaden the extent of such object by emphasizing the sporting coach's behavior when giving instructions in the routine of three consecutive games in the classificatory phase of a junior soccer tourney. The technical committee and twenty five athletes have participated on this project. The verbalizations were recorded on video on the conference room of the hotel, where the delegation had been accommodated, as well as in the training field. The procedure consisted of two stages. In the first stage, an involvement period was carried out among the researcher and the team during the preparation for the compettion. Initially, without the camera and after that with it, the researcher observed and recorded previous instructions ministered in training situations in the field. The second stage consisted in the video recording of the three consecutive events of three phases: Phase 1) previous instructions which happened before the last training field that preceded the game; Phase 2) previous instructions that happened before the game, on the day it was accomplished; Phase 3) previous instructions that happened on the first training after the game. All the video records were transcribed. Three criteria were adopted to classify the instructions that were given by the coach: audience, topography and relational characteristics, defining as contingencies elements related by instructions. The characterizations of the instructions were simultaneously... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Desde uma perspectiva cartográfica, este trabalho pretende analisar os processos de subjetivação no campo dos esportes orientados para o alto rendimento. Em primeiro lugar, escolhemos criticar a psicologia do esporte, propondo que esta disciplina, ao invés de privilegiar a expansão da vida, multiplica uma série de valores capitalísticos como a competitividade, a produtividade, a homogeneidade e o recorde. Em seguida, nós apresentamos a Democracia Corinthiana como um acontecimento que demonstra uma real experiência de democracia plena dentro de um dos maiores clubes de futebol do Brasil. Finalmente, consideramos que a emergência da Democracia Corinthiana promoveu um movimento de resistência à subjetividade capitalística a partir do âmbito das práticas esportivas de alto rendimento. / From a cartographic perspective, this work intends to analyze the processes of subjectivation on the field of the high performance sports. At first, we chose to criticize the sports Psychology, suggesting that this discipline, instead of producing life expansion, develops capitalistic values such as competitiveness, productivity, homogeneity and record. After that, we introduce the “Democracia Corinthiana” as a happening which demonstrates a real experience of full democracy with in one of de biggest soccer clubs in Brazil. And finally, we consider that the emergence of the “Democracia Corinthiana” promoted a movement of resistance to the capitalistic subjectivity started on the field of high performance sporting practices.

This qualitative study focused on how Danish practitioners made the transition into established professionals in the Danish field of applied sport psychology. This was done by: (1) examining demands, resources, barriers, coping strategies experienced during this transition into an established practitioner, and (2) to highlight the most important learning experiences made by the participants after having become established members of the Danish applied field of sport psychology. There were 6 participants in this study, 4 male- and 2 female. All considered established and accomplished within the Danish field of applied sport psychology. The level of experience ranged from 8-30 years of working with individual clients and teams. A semi-structured interview guide was created with help of the theoretical model by Stambulova (2003) i.e. the athletic carrier transition model. The interviews were coded using thematic content analysis and uncovered 256 raw data units which were categorized into five profiles; demands, barriers, resources, coping strategies and lessons learned during the transition. Rønnestad and Skovholt's (2003) theory of therapist development was used to determine what was required in order to consider an established professional. The results are discussed in relation to previous research and theoretical models. Lastly, the author has attempted to use the results to provide guidance and give advice to the new generation of novice practitioners in Danish field of applied sport psychology as well as Danish educational institutions. / Denna kvalitativa studie fokuserade kring hur danska praktiserande har lyckats etablera sig inom applicerad sportpsykologi i Danmark. Detta gjordes genom: (1) att undersöka krav, resurser, barriärer, copingstrategier inom övergången till en etablerad konsulent och (2) att uppvisa de viktigaste lärdomar deltagarna i studien gjorde sig genom deras etablering inom det praktiska fältet i dansk applicerad idrottspsykologi. I denna studien deltog 6 deltagare, 4 manliga och 2 kvinnliga. Alla betraktades som etablerade och succéfulla inom det danska fältet av dansk applicerad idrottspsykologi. Erfarenhetsnivån varierade från 8–30 års arbete med individuella klienter, grupper och lag. En semi-strukturerad intervjuguide gjordes med hjälp av den teoretiska modellen av (Stambulova, 2003) i.e. the athletic career transition model och användes för att samla in data i studien. Intervjuerna blev kodade och analyserade genom tematisk innehålls analys och 256 rådata utdrogs ur intervjuerna som i efterhand kategoriserades i en av sex profiler; krav, resurser, barriärer, copingstrategier eller lärdomar genom övergångs. Rønnestad and Skovholts (2003) teori om terapeuters utveckling användes för att värdera vad som behövdes för att kunna betraktas som etablerad professionell. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till tidigare forskning och teoretiska modeller. Slutligen försöka författaren att använda resultaten genom at ge goda råd och stöd till den nästa generationen av idrottspsykologiska rådgivare och danska akademiska institutioner.

Desde uma perspectiva cartográfica, este trabalho pretende analisar os processos de subjetivação no campo dos esportes orientados para o alto rendimento. Em primeiro lugar, escolhemos criticar a psicologia do esporte, propondo que esta disciplina, ao invés de privilegiar a expansão da vida, multiplica uma série de valores capitalísticos como a competitividade, a produtividade, a homogeneidade e o recorde. Em seguida, nós apresentamos a Democracia Corinthiana como um acontecimento que demonstra uma real experiência de democracia plena dentro de um dos maiores clubes de futebol do Brasil. Finalmente, consideramos que a emergência da Democracia Corinthiana promoveu um movimento de resistência à subjetividade capitalística a partir do âmbito das práticas esportivas de alto rendimento. / From a cartographic perspective, this work intends to analyze the processes of subjectivation on the field of the high performance sports. At first, we chose to criticize the sports Psychology, suggesting that this discipline, instead of producing life expansion, develops capitalistic values such as competitiveness, productivity, homogeneity and record. After that, we introduce the “Democracia Corinthiana” as a happening which demonstrates a real experience of full democracy with in one of de biggest soccer clubs in Brazil. And finally, we consider that the emergence of the “Democracia Corinthiana” promoted a movement of resistance to the capitalistic subjectivity started on the field of high performance sporting practices.