El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on logistics and supply chain costs to provide an analysis of sources of publication, citations and authorship using bibliometric analysis techniques (VOSviewer and CitNetExplorer tools). Design/methodology/approach: A review of 756 articles published during the period 2014 to 2019 referenced in the Scopus database was performed. The review was limited to articles published in English and directly related to logistics and supply chain costs. Findings: The research identified more than 2,000 authors representing more than 5,000 keywords and 10,000 references from a total of 155 journals investigated. A critical synthesis of the resulting data revealed several insights about various aspects of studies in this field. For instance, the review identified a scarcity of academic publications in three key areas, namely “supply chain,” “optimization” and “transportation”, which are concepts focused on the total supply chain. Originality/value: This research highlights important areas of attention for both researchers and practitioners considering costs associated with logistics and supply chain operations and strategies. The results can also help identify thematic areas, journals and topics for future research. The paper identifies and proposes research areas to contribute to the literature when challenges to investigating logistics and supply chain costs are discussed.

Purpose: The study aims to explore the supply chain factors that impacts reshoring decisions.Methods: The study followed a qualitative research method based on exploratory research. In order to attain the context of situation-based interpretation, semi-structured interviews were conducted based on two Swedish firms engaged in reshoring initiatives. The collected data were individually analysed followed by a cross-case analyses.Findings: The research findings identified several experiences within the supply chain factors that have an influence over the reshoring decision. Firstly, firms are required to secure the replacement of offshored suppliers in their home country and ensure the access to the abundance of raw materials while reshoring. Secondly, realignments are needed for components to suit with organizational values, integrate to obtain independence from external entities and utilize pre-existing assets to mitigate challenges. Thirdly, increase in customer participation for firm’s product decision and locally produced goods can further enhance brand perception. Lastly, proximity allowed firms to streamline logistical communication, deter investment cost and promote R&D capabilities.Contribution: The study contributes in the knowledge of reshoring through the lens of supply chain management and also provides managerial context for reshoring decisions. The sole focus on supply chain factors enhances the theoretical expansion of reshoring and allowing further study materials into the emerging research field of reshoring. In addition, the research findings from four different supply chain factors allows a multifaceted contribution for organizational managers. Managers can individually or conjointly utilize the ideas on resource, reconfiguration, customer and proximity for reshoring decisions.Conclusions: The results from the study and the fulfilment of the aim shows that reshoring is a case of strategic decision making by firms who aim to secure a better competitive standpoint by repatriating production back to the home country.

Every year, several scandals occur in the food sector where approximately 600 millionpeople become ill with food related diseases. To counteract the problem and increasetransparency between producers and consumers, Blockchain technology can be usedto increase food security. A literature study of Blockchain provides a basis forpresenting advantages and disadvantages that an implementation may bring. Theliterature study shows that the implementation of Blockchain adds increasedtransparency but also adds an initial increased cost. The areas for improvement intransparency were that the traceability of the food becomes more controlled, whichleads to improved food safety. The increase in transparency leads to improvedtraceability and a better overview of production costs of food, which in turn facilitatestroubleshooting and identification of problems along the supply chain. Theconsequence of the increase in transparency is a reduction in costs in several areas.The disadvantage is that implementation costs are still very high and this is due to thefact that the level of experience in the area is still low, which leads to higher salaries.The work shows with the help of a SWOT analysis that Blockchain adds many positiveaspects that can have an effect on the food sector in a positive way, whiledisadvantages are more linked to costs, lack of knowledge and that the method is notsufficiently proven. / Årligen uppstår det flera skandaler inom livsmedelssektorn där ungefär 600miljoner människor blir sjuka med matrelaterade sjukdomar. För att motverkaproblemet och öka transparensen mellan producent och konsument kanBlockchainteknologin användas för att undersöka om matsäkerheten ändras.En litteraturstudie av Blockchain ger underlag för att framställa fördelar ochnackdelar som en implementering kan komma att tillföra. Litteraturstudienvisar att implementeringen av Blockchain tillför en ökad transparens men tillfören initialt ökad kostnad. Transparensens förbättringsområden var attspårbarheten på matvarorna blir mer kontrollerade som leder till attmatsäkerheten blir förbättrad. Transparensens ökning tillför en förbättradspårbarhet och bättre översyn över produktionskostnader av matvaror som isin tur underlättar felsökning och identifiering av problem längsförsörjningskedjan. Påföljden av transparens ökning är en kostnadsminskning iflera områden. Nackdelen är att implementeringskostnaden fortfarande ärväldigt hög och detta beror på att erfarenhetsnivån inom området är låg vilketleder till högre löner. Arbetet visar med hjälp av en SWOT-analys attBlockchain tillför många positiva aspekter som kan påverka livsmedelssektornpå ett positivt sätt medans nackdelar är mer kopplad till kostnader, brist påkunskap och att metoden inte är tillräckligt beprövad.

This study considers whether or not optimizing process metrics and settings across a supply chain gives significantly different outcomes than consideration at a firm level. While, the importance of supply chain integration has been shown in areas such as inventory management, this study appears to be the first empirical test for optimizing process settings. A Partial Least Squares (PLS) procedure is used to determine the crucial components and indicators that make up each component in a supply chain system. PLS allows supply chain members to have a greater understanding of critical coordination components in a given supply chain. Results and implications give an indication of what performance is possible with supply chain optimization versus local optimization on simulated and manufacturing data. It was found that pursuing an integrated approach over a traditional independent approach provides an improvement of 2% to 49% in predictive power for the supply chain under study.

Syfte: I problembeskrivningen konstaterades att de logistikproblem som upplevs på byggprojekt ofta är kopplade till glappet mellan projekterings- och produktionsfasen. Problemen är även kopplade till brist på informationsutbyte, projektförståelse och långvariga relationer samt attityd till samarbeten och skilda tolkningar. Syftet är att undersöka hur informations- och materialflödena hanteras på anläggningsprojekt samt vad som kan göras för att optimera försörjningskedjan och därmed främja logistiken.  Metod: Undersökningens huvudsakliga angreppssätt är en kvalitativ studie. Kvalitativa data, i form av primärdata, samlas in genom en intervjustudie. För att få en teoretisk bakgrundsförståelse samlas sekundärdata in genom att studera tidigare litteratur inom ämnet. Detta ligger till grund för att uppnå det formulerade målet för undersökningen.  Resultat: Studien konstaterar att ett gränsöverskridande samarbete och ett helhetsperspektiv behövs för att gynna försörjningskedjan och logistikarbetet på ett anläggningsprojekt. Om aktörer i de olika faserna involveras i varandras arbete skapas bättre förutsättningar för att hantera informations- och materialflödena och därmed främja logistiken på projektet. Resultatet bidrar till ökad inblick i hur flödena hanteras idag samt vilka begränsningar och förbättringsmöjligheter som finns. Detta ger en indikation på varför anläggningsbranschen inte har nått samma framgångar kring förbättring av försörjningskedjan som andra företag.  Konsekvenser: För att möta den utmaning som finns i anläggningsbranschen med avseende på logistiken krävs följande:  Att informations- och materialflödet hanteras på ett strukturerat sätt. Att skapa långvariga relationer, använda digitala verktyg i större omfattning och att entreprenörerna gör integrerade inköp. Att aktörer inom de olika faserna integreras i varandras arbete, ha en samordningsansvarig inom projektet och använda sig utav logistikcentra.  Begränsningar: Studien avgränsades till att fokusera på aktörer som i regel inte har en direkt inverkan på logistikarbetet. I efterhand görs bedömningen att det varit till rapportens fördel att intervjua fler aktörer som kan påverka logistiken. Detta för att få en bredare bild av den syn som finns i projekterings- och planeringsfasen samt byggfasen. Trots att studien visar på olika aktörers perspektiv av situationen uppnås inte en rättvis bild och ett mer balanserat urval av respondenter hade behövts. Det är viktigt att nämna att studien inte fokuserar på att undersöka hur förbättringarna kan genomföras.  Nyckelord: Logistik, Supply Chain Management, ramverk för Supply Chain Planning, anläggningsprojekt, informations- och materialflöden. / Purpose: In the introduction it was concluded that the experienced logistical difficulties on a construction site often were related to multiple reasons. Examples of these are the disconnection between the design and production phase, lack of information exchange, project understanding and relationships as well as attitude towards cooperation and the various interpretations. The aim of this study is to investigate how information and material flows are managed within construction projects as well as finding options to optimize the supply chain and in turn promote the logistics.  Method: For the methodological approach of the study, a qualitative method is used. Qualitative data, in form of primary data, is collected through an interview study. To build an understanding of the theoretical background, secondary data is gathered by studying former literature research findings. This is the basis for achieving the goal of the study.  Findings: The result of the study shows that a cooperation between disciplines and a holistic approach is needed to promote the supply chain and logistics within a construction project. When disciplines in the various phases are involved in each other’s work, conditions are being created for managing the information and material flows and in turn improving the logistics. The result contributes to insight as to how the flows are managed today as well as the experienced limitations and improvements. This gives an indication of why the construction industry has not achieved the same success in enhancement of the supply chain as other industries.  Implications: This is what is needed to meet the challenge of improving the logistics in the construction industry:  Information and material flows need to be handled in a structured manner.  Creation of long-term relationships, increased usage of IT-tools and integrating purchases within contractors.  Disciplines within the various phases need to be integrated in each other’s work, having someone who coordinates the responsibilities within the project and utilization of logistics centers.  Limitations: Initially, the study was limited to only focusing on disciplines who generally do not have a direct impact on the logistics. In hindsight, it is considered that the study would benefit from interviewing more disciplines who can affect the logistics. This would provide a broader view of the aforementioned phases’ perspective. Although the study indicates different disciplines’ standpoint of the situation, a fair result is not fulfilled as a more equal selection of interviewees would be needed. It is important to note that the study does not focus on investigating how the improvements can be implemented.  Keywords: Logistics, Supply Chain Management, framework for Supply Chain Planning, construction projects, information and material flow.

La presente investigación busca identificar los factores que influyeron en la optimización de la cadena de suministros de las empresas exportadoras e importadoras peruanas certificadas como Operadores Económicos Autorizados (OEA) durante los años 2013 al 2018, los cuales permitieron disminuir tiempos y costos en la cadena de abastecimientos. Es por ello, que en primera instancia se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre las teorías que existen en relación a la cadena de suministro. Las teorías utilizadas fueron pilares de la presente investigación. Asimismo, se identificaron variables de estudio mediante de la data empírica, validada para el contexto específico por expertos en comercio internacional. El trabajo de investigación utiliza un enfoque cualitativo con un diseño de teoría fundamentada, que ayuda a analizar aspectos específicos de las variables. La información fue obtenida mediante entrevistas a expertos en la materia de comercio internacional, empresas certificadas como OEA, e incluso a una funcionaria de SUNAT, así mismo se fue complementado la investigación con diversas fuentes secundarias, en donde se estudia el impacto del programa OEA en otros contextos. Los resultados fueron trabajados en softwares especializados como Atlas. Ti, el cual fue de utilidad para poder identificar la validación de las hipótesis propuestas. Con ello, se espera generar un espacio de discusión académica y que sea un soporte para futuros trabajos de investigación que tengan como principal rama de estudio la cadena de suministro. / This research seeks to identify the factors that influenced the optimization of the supply chain of Peruvian exporting and importing companies certified as Authorized Economic Operators (AEO) during the years 2013 to 2018, which allowed the optimization of times and costs in the supply chain. For this reason, in first instance, a literature review was carried out about the theories that exist in relation to the supply chain. The theories used were pillars of the present investigation. Likewise, study variables can be identified through empirical data, validated for the specific context by experts in international trade. The research work uses a qualitative approach with a grounded theory design, which helps analyze specific aspects of the variables. The information was obtained through interviews with experts in the field of international trade, companies certified as AEO, a function of the custom administration and was complemented with secondary sources, where the impact of the AEO program in other contexts is studied. The results were worked on specialized software’s such as Atlas. Ti, which was useful to identify the validation of the proposed hypotheses. With this, it is expected to generate an academic discussion space and that it will be a support for future research work that has as its main branch of study the supply chain. / Tesis

El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es analizar el impacto positivo de la certificación BASC en la cadena logística de empresas exportadoras de harina de pescado con sub partida número 2301201100 hacia Japón durante los años 2014-2018. Se considera dicho periodo, ya que durante esos años se observó que las exportaciones de harina de pescado han presentado una tendencia positiva. Asimismo, se escogió dicho país, puesto que es uno de los más representativos dentro de la información encontrada en SUNAT. Cabe mencionar que el Perú se encuentra entre los diez principales países exportadores de harina de pescado. El mercado de China es el principal destino de salida de las exportaciones de harina de pescado, pero en este estudio se considerará al país de Japón. Cada vez más la población asiática consume más derivados del pescado por lo cual la demanda está aumentando. Para analizar el impacto positivo de la certificación BASC en la cadena logística se ha realizado una investigación cuantitativa, utilizando la herramienta de la encuesta a 30 ejecutivos expertos en logística y comercio exterior de un total de 7 principales empresas exportadoras de harina de pescado hacia el mercado de Japón. Es importante acotar que estas empresas representan el 80% de las exportaciones en el periodo seleccionado. Para realizar el análisis debido se ha utilizado el programa estadístico SPSS, con el propósito de evaluar las hipótesis descritas. / The objective of this research is to analyze the positive impact of BASC certification in the logistic chain of fishmeal exporting companies with subheading number 2301201100 to Japan during the years 2014-2018. This period is considered, since during those years it was observed that fishmeal exports have presented a positive trend. Likewise, said country was chosen, since it is one of the most representative within the information found in SUNAT. It is worth mentioning that Peru is among the top ten countries that export fishmeal. The Chinese market is the main exit destination for fishmeal exports, but in this study the country of Japan will be considered. Increasingly, the Asian population consumes more fish products, so demand is increasing. To analyze the positive impact of BASC certification on the logistics chain, a quantitative investigation has been carried out, using the survey tool for 30 experts in logistics and foreign trade experts from a total of 7 main fishmeal exporting companies to the market from Japan. It is important to note that these companies represent 80% of exports in the selected period. To perform the due analysis, the statistical program SPSS has been used, with the purpose of evaluating the hypotheses described. / Tesis

En el presente proyecto de investigación se busca poder mejorar la confiabilidad del Plan de Distribución Primaria en una empresa de consumo masivo que se vino disminuyendo en el transcurso del año, teniendo como caso de estudio la distribución a la región de Juliaca que es la más significativa. Se inició analizando la situación actual de la distribución a la Región de Juliaca identificando así las causas de la disminución de la confiabilidad del plan de Distribución, teniendo como problema central las nuevas restricciones de transitabilidad dadas por el área de seguridad. Luego, con la información obtenida se realizaron propuestas para poder mitigar los problemas en la cadena y así evaluar las mejores opciones para dar una solución a los problemas de distribución a la Región de Juliaca. Posteriormente se evaluó económicamente el impacto de la propuesta final, concluyendo que la empresa podría percibir ingresos mayores por 267,366.51 soles, los cuales de acuerdo a la política de la empresa son relevantes y viables. Se finalizó el presente proyecto con algunas alternativas de solución a mediano y largo plazo para poder ser evaluados por la gerencia y así mejorar el proceso de distribución a la Región de Juliaca de manera sostenible en el tiempo. / This research project seeks to improve the reliability of the Primary Distribution Plan in a mass-consumption company that has declined over the course of the year, taking as a case study the distribution to the Juliaca region that is the most significant. It began by analyzing the current situation of distribution to the Juliaca Region thus identifying the causes of the decrease in the reliability of the Distribution plan, with the central problem having as its central problem the new transitability restrictions given by the area of Security. Then, with the information obtained, proposals were made to mitigate the problems in the chain and thus evaluate the best options to solve the distribution problems to the Juliaca Region. Subsequently, the impact of the final proposal was assessed economically, concluding that the company could receive higher revenues of 267,366.51 soles, which according to the policy of the company. / Trabajo de investigación

La logistique incarne la colonne vertébrale de l’économie mondiale. Elle est la réalisation physique ducontrat commercial d’achat de biens. Paradoxalement, elle semble souffrir de manque deconceptualisations de ses structures et déterminants. Ainsi, les chaînes logistiques sont encore à tortsouvent confondues avec les chaînes d’approvisionnement, et les activités d’exécution physique sontsouvent mélangées avec les activités de pilotage. Il en résulte, que de mauvais diagnostics causentd’autres problèmes, eux-mêmes sources d’inefficience, et donc d’une forme d’entropie. Cette entropieest observable au travers de multiples symptômes opérationnels et financiers ; et elle tend à grandir avecle progrès technologique mal maitrisé. Que faire de ces nouvelles données, de ces informations, de cesconnaissances ? Avons-nous les connaissances pré-requises pour en faire bon usage ? Ce travail derecherche essaie précisément de décrire les microstructures de ce secteur d’industrie. Il met en avant lerôle clé du pilotage, et les effets disruptifs du progrès technologique sur la composition « traditionnelle »de ses « facteurs de production ». Il essaie également de mettre en lumière une plus grande polarisationattendue du facteur travail autour de tâches humaines faiblement et hautement cognitives. Lanéguentropie des connaissances, avec l’humain comme support, serait alors assimilable à une hauteperformance du transfert de celles-ci, et pourrait alors devenir une source de co-création de valeur. / The logistics represents the backbone of the world economy. It physically materialises the commercialcontracts between buyer and seller. Paradoxically, it seems to suffer from a lack of conceptualisation, ofits related structures and determinants. Too often, the logistics chains are mixed up with the supplychains. Also the physical logistics execution and its management are rarely differentiated. As aconsequence, wrong diagnosis are causing other issues, themselves being source of inefficiency, leadingto a kind of entropy. The latter is observable through numerous operational and financial symptoms,and it tends to grow if technological progress is not under control. What shall we do with this new data,information and knowledge? Do we actually have the right knowledge to make good use of it? Thisresearch precisely tries to describe the industry microstructures. It sheds light on the pivotal role of thelogistics management, as well as on the disruptive effects that technological progress could have on itstradition mix of production factors. It tends to show how labour factor could polarise over low and highcognitive tasks supported by human. The negentropic knowledge, using human as a support, would thenbe similar to a high knowledge transfer performance, and could become a source of joint value creation.

A principios de los ‘90, cuando empezó a desarrollarse el estudio del abastecimiento en la construcción, investigaciones realizadas sugerían que un mal diseño de la cadena de abastecimiento aumentaba regularmente el costo del proyecto en un 10% (Bertelsen & Nielsen, 1997), mientras que la duración del proyecto podía verse afectada de manera similar (O´Brien, 1999). Por otro lado, Flavio Picchi (1993) en su tesis doctoral mencionaba que la estimación de desperdicios generados en proyectos de edificación en Sao Paulo en la fase de construcción alcanzaba el 30% del costo total de la obra. Ante este panorama, las constructoras e inmobiliarias, han tenido que encontrar nuevas formas para ser más competitivas y reducir costos. Algunas de estas formas son: uso de BIM, Lean Construction, certificación LEED, implementación de ISO 9000, etc. En esta tesis, se propone hacer uso de la implementación de una adecuada gestión de la cadena de abastecimiento como una forma de obtener una ventaja competitiva sobre la competencia. Para ello, empezaremos haciendo una revisión de la literatura sobre la gestión de la cadena de abastecimiento en la industria de la construcción; particularmente, usaremos como fuente de información el PMBOK 6ta edición del Project Management Institute, así como el Lean Project Delivery SystemTM de Lean Construction Institute. Posteriormente, explicaremos cómo representar una cadena de abastecimiento mediante el modelo de London y Kenley. Como caso de estudio, usaremos la residencial Bolívar II, un edificio multifamiliar de 17 pisos y 3 sótanos ubicado en el distrito de Pueblo Libre, cuya ejecución está a cargo de la empresa Grupo Inmobiliario SAC. Analizaremos la problemática que tiene esta empresa en cuanto a su cadena de abastecimiento y veremos la conveniencia de organizar a la empresa por procesos, tomando como ejemplo las partidas más significativas en el presupuesto del proyecto y que representan el 33% del valor de venta. Representaremos los procesos mediante diagramas de flujo y construiremos los indicadores y tablero de mando que permitan gestionar los procesos de la cadena de abastecimiento adecuadamente. Finalmente, señalaremos las conclusiones y recomendaciones obtenidas luego de realizar este estudio. / In the early 1990s, when the early 1990s, when the study of supply in construction began to develop, research carried out suggested that a poor design of the supply chain regularly increased the cost of the project by 10% (Bertelsen & Nielsen, 1997), while the duration of the project could be similarly affected (O'Brien, 1999). On the other hand, Flavio Picchi in his 1993 doctoral thesis mentioned that the estimate of waste generated in building projects in Sao Paulo during the construction phase was in the order of 30% of the total cost. Given this scenario, construction and real estate companies have had to find new ways to be more competitive and reduce costs. Some of these ways are: use of BIM, Lean Construction, LEED certification, implementation of ISO 9000, etc. In this thesis, we propose to make use of the implementation of an adequate supply chain management as a way to obtain an advantage over our competitors. In order to do this, we will begin by reviewing the literature on supply chain management in the construction industry; in particular, we will use the PMBOK 6th edition of the Project Management Institute as a source of information, as well as the Lean Project Delivery SystemTM of the Lean Construction Institute. Later on, we will explain how to represent a supply chain using the London and Kenley model. As a case study, we will use the Bolívar II residential, a 17-storey, building located in Pueblo Libre district, whose execution is in charge of Grupo Inmobiliario SAC. We will analyze the problem that this company has regarding its supply chain and we will see the convenience of organizing the company by processes, taking as an example the most significant items in the project budget which represents 33% of the sales value. We will represent the processes through flowcharts and build the indicators and dashboard that allow to manage the supply chain processes properly. Finally, we will point out the conclusions and recommendations obtained after carrying out this study. / Trabajo de investigación