Orientador: Murilo César Soares / Banca: Alexandra Bujokas de Siqueira / Banca: Rosangela Marçolla / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo: 1) investigar como são construídos os enquadramentos noticiosos televisivos no telejornalismo, por meio da análise comparativa de dois importantes telejornais brasileiros, sendo um de uma emissora comercial e o outro de uma público-educativa; 2) estudar o papel dos enquadres dos telejornais em um caso de violação dos direitos civis da cidadania. Para atingir tais objetivos, optamos por analisar o Jornal Nacional, a Rede Globo de Televisão, e o Jornal da Cultura de São Paulo, ambos veiculados no "horário nobre da televisão brasileira". Definidos por Gitlin (1980, p. 6-7), os enquadramentos da mídia são "padrões persistentes de cognição, interpretação e apresentação, de seleção, ênfase e exclusão, através dos quais os detentores de símbolos organizam de forma rotineira o discurso". Desta forma, enquadrar significa selecionar um aspecto de fato e satisfaze-lo, ao passo que as omissões podem ser igualmente fundamentais para conduzir a audiência. Para salientar os enquadramentos dessas emissoras televisivas distintas, escolhemos o caso do Morro da Providência, Rio de Janeiro, ocorrido em junho de 2008, que mostrou a participação do Exército na morte de três jornais e denúncia de propaganda política eleitoral feita por Marcelo Crivella. A análise mostra que os telejornais foram muito semelhantes e focalizam o aspecto informativo, não aproveitando este episódio para a educação cidadã dos brasileiros ou para reforçar os direitos humanos que foram violentamente violados / Abstract: This researh aims: to investigate how the television news framing are built in broadcast news, through comparative analysis of two major Brazilian news programs, one from a commercial TV station and the other from a public TV station; 2) to study the role of the frames of the news programs during the coverage of a civil rights of citizenship violatin event. To achieve the goals, we chose to analyze the Journal Nacional, from Rede Globo TV, and the Jornal da Cultura, from TV Cultura de São Paulo, both running in the "prime-time" of Brazilian television. "Set by Gitlin (1980, p. 6-7), media frames are "persistent patterns of cognition, interpretation, and presentation, of selection, emphasis, and exclusion, by which symbol-handlers routinely organize discourse, whether verbal or visual". Thus, to frame means slecting a point of fact and highlight it, while the omissions may also be critical to conduct the audience. To highlight the frameworks of those different television stations, we chose the case of Morro da Providencia, Rio de Janeiro, in June 2008, which showed the involvement of the army in the deaths of three young men, and the reporting of political election propaganda made by Marcelo Crivella. The analysis shows that television news programs were very similar and focused on the informational aspect, not using this episode for the Brazilian citizenship education or to enforce human rights that have been violently violated / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The way news is presented on television news prompted me to find out the logic television follows to converge languages such as verbal and visual in order to report facts in its complex utterances. In this context, this work aims to show the strength of iconicity in the production of senses involved in the presentation of some open television news in Brazil. Therefore, this narrative is regarded as television news utterances, which consists of two dimensions of sense, plastic and semantic, working in conjunction with verbal language. The fragments chosen to analyze the corpus are taken from television news presentation performances, understood as everything that is given in the live studio. The method sought to approach the Spanish theory of image with the French semiology of social discourses. We considered the views of image authors such as Justo Villafañe, Norberto Mínguez, Rudolf Arnheim and Wassily Kandinsky. To understand the discursive semantic instance we approached the thoughts of Diana L. P. de Barros and Patrick Charaudeau. At the end, we made considerations that show the particularity of television news narrative run "live", a time similar to the time of the language designated by Émile Benveniste, and which is established at the time of the utterance. This time ends up influencing the formation of senses of the narrative of television news presentation. Based on how television news works its utterances live, it was possible to detect groups of effects of sense formed from the iconicity of images and molded according to the television news genre. They are effects of truth and reality, centrality, transience, and ubiquity. These senses are primarily made of an iconic scheme, created by image elements, and then they receive a thematic and a figurative structure as well as figurative addition. / O modo como as notícias são apresentadas no telejornal me instigou a procurar saber que lógica a televisão segue para fazer confluir linguagens como a verbal e visual, com o objetivo de relatar fatos, no complexo enunciado televisivo. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho procura mostrar a força da iconicidade na produção de sentidos envolvidos nas apresentações de alguns telejornais de TV aberta no Brasil. Para tanto, tal narrativa é considerada como enunciado televisivo noticioso composto por duas dimensões de significado, a plástica e a semântica, atuando em conjunção com a linguagem verbal. O recorte do corpus de análise é feito em torno das performances de apresentação do telejornal, compreendido a tudo que é dado no estúdio ao vivo. O método aplicado procurou aproximar a teoria da imagem espanhola com a semiologia dos discursos sociais francesa. Foram considerados pensamentos de autores da imagem como Justo Villafañe, Norberto Mínguez, Rudolf Arnheim e Wassily Kandinsky. Para compreender a instância discursiva semântica foi feita aproximação com os pensamentos de Diana L. P. de Barros e Patrick Charaudeau. Ao fim, foram possíveis considerações que mostram a particularidade da narrativa noticiosa televisiva executada no tempo "ao vivo", um tempo semelhante ao tempo linguístico designado por Émile Benveniste e que é instituído no momento da enunciação. Tal tempo acaba por influenciar a formação de sentidos da narrativa de apresentação do telejornal. Com base na forma como o telejornal trabalha seu enunciado ao vivo, foi possível detectar grupos de efeitos de sentido formados a partir da iconicidade da imagem e moldados ao gênero telejornalístico. São eles os efeitos de verdade e realidade, de centralidade, de transitoriedade e o efeito de ubiquidade. Tais sentidos são constituídos primeiramente por um esquema icônico, elaborado por elementos de imagem, e em seguida recebem estrutura temática e acréscimo figurativo.

O presente estudo analisa como o veículo Emissoras Pioneiras de Televisão (EPTV) seleciona, trata e disponibiliza as informações ambientais relacionadas à água, através do seu programa de telejornalismo diário, o Jornal Regional (JR). A partir do reconhecimento da televisão como uma importante mídia de massa, que inculca e cultiva ideologias junto aos telespectadores, a intenção foi estudar as mensagens e representações da água no JR na região de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, onde o programa é líder de audiência no gênero telejornal. Nessa região, o atual modelo de desenvolvimento promove a alta concentração demográfica, urbana, industrial e conseqüentemente, um dos menores índices de disponibilidade hídrica per capita e de qualidade de água do Brasil. Foram monitorados três meses consecutivos da programação do JR, selecionando matérias com referências à água para análise quantitativa e qualitativa. Também foi realizada entrevista com o gerente de jornalismo da emissora quanto ao processo de produção da notícia no JR. Através dos estudos bibliográficos verificou-se a relação mercantil e ideológica entre a Rede Globo (emissora que a EPTV retransmite para a região) e a EPTV, contextualizando o caráter privado, que é sujeito aos interesses da elite econômica e política. Nesse contexto criase uma representação da realidade que é uma forma de distorção sistemática pela qual os telespectadores vêem o mundo objetivo por um "filtro" que promove ou omite fatos de forma arbitrária. Nesse cenário verificou-se que a água nas mensagens do JR tem caráter de mercadoria, sendo sua disponibilidade resultado da gestão de recursos e desvinculada de sua condição natural e função ambiental. Os problemas ambientais que degradam a qualidade e limitam a disponibilidade da água na região são atribuídos ao consumo doméstico e sua produção de esgoto. As administrações públicas municipais são apontadas como as responsáveis pela reversão do quadro atual através do tratamento de esgoto. A água também é associada à imagem de meio ambiente que, por sua vez, é representado como ‘paisagem natural’ em uma perspectiva de espetáculo para o entretenimento do telespectador. / The present study analyzes how EPTV (Emissoras Pioneiras de Televisão - Pioneer Broadcasting Television Stations) selects, deals with and discloses environmental information related to water through its daily news program, the Jornal Regional (JR). Starting from the acknowledgment of television as an important mass media, which implants and promotes ideologies along its viewers, the intention was to study water messages and representations on JR in the region of Campinas, State of São Paulo, where the program is the audience leader in the genre TV news. In this region, today's model of development promotes high demographic, urban and industrial concentration and, subsequently, one of the lowest indexes of hydric availability per capita and water quality in Brazil. Three consecutive months of JR's programming were monitored, selecting for quantitative and qualitative analysis reports with references to water. An interview with the Press Manager of that broadcasting station was conducted on the news production process of JR. Bibliographic studies revealed a commercial and ideological relationship between Rede Globo (Major Broadcasting Station that EPTV rebroadcasts to the region) and EPTV, contextualizing a commercial relationship, which is subject to the interests of the economical and political elite. In such a context, EPTV creates a representation of reality, which is a form of systematic distortion by which viewers see an objective world through a "filter" that promotes or omits facts in an arbitrary fashion. In this scenario, water is regarded as merchandise on JR's messages, being its availability a result of resources management and disconnected from its natural conditions and environmental role. Environmental issues that degrade quality and limit water availability in the region are attributed to domestic consumption and sewage production. Municipal public administrations are appointed as responsible for the reversal of this situation by means of sewage treatment. Water is also associated to an image of environment which is represented as ‘natural landscape’ in a spectacle perspective for the entertainment of viewers.

[pt] O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar as representações dos sujeitos e espaços da cidade do Rio de Janeiro mediados no RJTV 1ª edição, telejornal regional produzido e exibido pela Rede Globo de Televisão. Partimos do pressuposto de que, ao narrar as cidades, os telejornais constroem representações sobre os espaços e sujeitos citadinos, construindo, simultaneamente, imagens de si mesmos enquanto dispositivos de enunciação. Para proceder à análise, construímos dois recortes. O primeiro recorte (temático) focaliza a epidemia de dengue no estado e município do Rio de Janeiro, assunto de maior evidência nas edições que compõem o corpus da pesquisa. A temática redimensiona o cotidiano da cidade do Rio de Janeiro tal como mediado no RJTV, de modo que outros temas sempre presentes, tais como violência urbana, tem seu destaque jornalístico diminuído. O segundo recorte (espacial) direciona o olhar para os modos como o RJTV 1ª edição se relaciona com as ocorrências que se dão nos logradouros e vias urbanas, espaços de circulação da cidade que constituem objeto de atenção cotidiana por parte dos profissionais do telejornal. Neste sentido, dada a relação entre telejornalismo e vida urbana, a pesquisa busca construir sentidos sobre os sujeitos e espaços da cidade do Rio de Janeiro mediados no RJTV a partir dos recortes mencionados. / [en] The aim of the present research is to analyze the representations of individuals and spaces in the city of Rio de Janeiro mediated in RJTV 1st edition, a local newscast produced and broadcast by Rede Globo television network. We base our study on the premisse that, while narrating the cities, newscasts construct representations of city spaces and individuals, simultaneously creating images of themselves as enunciation devices. Our approach to the analysis procedure is based on the most journalistically relevant theme in the newscast editions present in our research corpus: the dengue fever. The theme redimensions day-to-day life in the city of Rio de Janeiro as mediated in RJTV, so that other themes that are always present, such as urban violence, lose journalistic importance. When an epidemic is identified, the newscast increasingly invites more social individuals to comment on the theme, be them public individuals, important inhabitants or common people from the city. Therefore, RJTV acts as an institution that produces and configures meaning on said individuals and on the spaces wherein they circulate or live.

Being a journalist today can be a deadly pursuit, particularly for those covering conflict and other dangerous assignments. In 2004 more journalists and other media workers were killed than in the last ten years. While it is impossible to guarantee that journalists will not be killed or injured, kidnapped or detained, a policy has been created to help protect them in the course of their duties. This study examines the perceptions of journalists working for two international television news agencies about this safety policy called the ‘Joint code of practice for journalists working in conflict zones’. This policy was adopted in November 2000 by five major television companies including the television news agencies Reuters Television and Associated Press Television News. This study finds that the policy had significant flaws in how it was formulated and how it is communicated, implemented and reviewed. Recognising the existence of unequal relations of power and conflicting interests at play in any policy process, this study stresses that in the case of the journalist safety policy, all stakeholders should have participated in the relevant policy stages. This argument arises from researching the policy document as well as from the point of view of managers, and particularly journalists who work on dangerous assignments, either full-time or on a freelance basis for either of the two television news agencies. It finds that while journalists are not generally aware of the policy, they do practice many of its elements as well as a range of their own custom-made strategies to protect themselves. The result is to make the policy less effective than it could be.

The credibility of the American news media is increasingly under fire. Despite an exponential expansion of information available in the digital media era, increased political news coverage and commentary has brought growing apprehension over how much of today’s news can be trusted and believed. 24-hour cable news channels are among the media most often subject to this criticism. At the same time, the media operates under First Amendment freedom of press protection, a constitutional guarantee granted with the understanding that democracy can only succeed when its citizens are well informed. In the great experiment of our republic, a freely functioning news media fills this critical role, but only to the extent that it can be trusted to portray the truth. This research questioned the media’s ability to inform the public due to the proliferation of political news and commentary. Utilizing social judgment theory, this study offered two hypotheses: that news consumers will find more credibility in political news when presented by media outlets they favor due to political preferences, and that they will also find more credibility in non-political news when presented by media they favor due to political preferences. The study examined if there is a bleed over effect on the credibility of non-political news due to political news coverage. An experiment was conducted in which two politically diverse populations, Republicans and Democrats, where asked to rate the credibility of six stories. Three of the stories were political, three non-political. While the content of those stories remained constant for all study participants, the media brands associated with the stories alternated between Fox News and CNN to determine if the media source alone influences perceptions of credibility. Results from members of both political parties provided support for each hypothesis. Republicans assigned greater credibility to both political and non-political news stories when presented by their network of preference, Fox News. By comparison, Democrats demonstrated greater trust when those same stories where branded by their preferred network, CNN.

[pt] A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida a fim de compreender aspectos desencadeantes do enfraquecimento do olhar em relação às imagens midiáticas. A fim de compreender este processo, foi elaborado um roteiro histórico, a partir do início do período denominado Modernidade, para que, então, fosse possível identificar nos produtos audiovisuais atuais as ocorrências estéticas no sentido de reforçar os efeitos de real dessas imagens com intuito de recuperar a potência do poder imagético de fascínio. Esta investigação tem por objeto o telejornal local carioca RJTV 1ª Edição. O corpus da pesquisa foi constituído por meio da coleta, observação e análise dos vídeos amadores exibidos durante três meses de edições diárias do RJTV1, entre abril e junho de 2010. A base teórica desta dissertação considera autores referenciais na área do audiovisual, a exemplo de André Bazin e Philipe Dubois; na pesquisa sobre Comunicação de Massa, utilizando pressupostos teóricos de estudiosos como Walter Benjamin e Mauro Wolf; e na pesquisa em Jornalismo, a exemplo de Bill Kovach e Tom Rosentiel. Este estudo foi desenvolvido observando os pressupostos metodológicos da Análise Televisual, metodologia desenvolvida por Beatriz Becker, a fim de auxiliar as leituras dos textos audiovisuais e da Semiótica Aplicada, proposta por Lúcia Santaella para análise dos signos midiáticos. O presente estudo observa também aspectos das Novas Tecnologias Digitais que exercem pertinente influência na confecção dos produtos audiovisuais jornalísticos, a considerar, fundamentalmente, a participação do usuário/audiência como colaborador nos processos de produção dos conteúdos noticiosos. / [en] This research was conducted to understand aspects of the weakening of triggering look in relation to media images. In order to understand this process of weakening of the spell power of these images was a roadmap history, from the beginning of the period called modernity, to then be possible to identify audiovisual products in the current events in order to enhance these real aesthetic effects on images with the goal to regain the power of imagery fascination. This investigation has for its object the local newscast RJTV 1st Edition. The body of this research has been made through the collection, observation and analysis of home videos shown during three months of daily editions of RJTV1, April-June 2010. The theoretical basis of this thesis considers authors references in the audiovisual area, such as Andre Bazin and Philippe Dubois; in Mass Communication research, using theoretical assumptions of scholars such as Walter Benjamin and Mauro Wolf, and research in journalism, as Bill Kovack and Tom Rosentiel. This study was developed observing the methodological assumptions of Televisual analysis, the methodology developed by Beatriz Becker, to assist the reading of texts and audiovisual Applied Semiotics, proposed by Lucia Santaella media for analysis of signs. This study also points out aspects of new digital technologies that exert appropriate influence in the production of audiovisual products journalism, to consider, primarily, the participation of the user / audience as a collaborator in the production processes of news content.

The thesis considers with balance and objectivity of the main news program of Česká televize. It tries to unfold inaccurate coverages, being transmitted in Události from september 2009 until december 2009. Inadequacies are further described and analysed in detail. Based on personal judgement, there is a possible reason and inflictor stated. The objective of this thesis is to point out Inadequacies in main news service of statutory television from view of objectivity, balance, correctness and other faults. Further provides aspects, which are the most frequent purpose of making faults. Thesis supplements monthly reports of Czech info company, which judges balance of news service only in constrained scale. The results of analysis provides valueable ratings of Události not only for television management, but for redactors themselves and other members of news team. The thesis doesn't lack even consideration about possibility of minimalisation the mentioned inadequacies. The source of information and data are articles, documents from Česká televize database, news service online archiv and experience from working in news room ČT. First part of thesis is concentrated on theoretical base. Serves to understand the whole problematics and as starting point for rest of the thesis. Even contains practical examples of manipulation and disinformation from the past and present. Second part describes the way of investigation of Česká televize news service and defines criteria of ratings. Third part of the thesis summarises results of the analysis, judges frequency and importance of inadequacies in news service and summarises their characteristics and elimination possibility. Conclusion summarises knowledge of the thesis, their comments, and enrichment from ČT news room experience.

This study compared the characteristic of strategic planning as used in the corporate world with the planning process used in a sample of television news departments. The purpose was to determine if commonalities exist; in what circumstances, and whether techniques and approaches used for many years by businesses could advance the process of planning in the fast-paced environment of local television news. In-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of highly experienced local news managers. The results indicated some similarities in planning approaches but suggested significant differences in how the two industries approach key elements of traditional strategic planning. The primary conclusion drawn from the research suggests the local television news industry has informally adapted strategic planning processes to their needs with heavy emphasis on tactical execution.

This research looks at how local television news framed the efforts in Iowa in 2010 and 2012 to unseat Iowa Supreme Court Justices whose 2009 ruling in the case Varnum v. Brien made Iowa the third state in the nation to legalize same-sex marriage. By looking at relevant news packages and interviewing journalists, news directors, and spokespersons, I traced the way the traditionally ignored judicial retention votes became a top political story, and how particular frames entered the news. I found that despite a well-meaning intention to cover the story in a professionally acceptable fashion, these same news values and reporting rituals blinded journalists to how their attempts to provide “balance” ultimately accomplished the opposite. Evidence studied here suggested that morality politics was the dominant frame throughout most of the coverage, with the civil rights aspects of the issue mostly relegated to the day after each election rather than in the weeks prior. Political science literature defines morality politics as a campaign strategy that relies upon arguments based on “morality,” “values,” or even “sin” to motivate supporters. In the Iowa case, this concept gets modified because while the conservative campaign engaged the logics of morality politics, they also felt the need to couch their campaign in issues like “judicial activism.” I conclude the ability to get news coverage of the anti-retention campaign and get this modified morality politics framing as dominant in that coverage reveals the exercise of political and social power in defense of the hegemonic heteronormative cultural matrix.