Esta tese analisa a transterritorialidade decorrente de institucionalidades formais e informais concorrentes em nove cidade de Brasil, Colômbia e México. Mais especificamente, trata das consequências sociais da produção de múltiplos territórios e multiterritorialidades a partir da competição entre institucionalidades formais legais e institucionalidades informais ilegais ligadas ao narcotráfico. A pesquisa se desenvolveu nas cidades brasileiras de Porto Alegre e Rio Janeiro, colombianas de Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cali e Medellín, e mexicanas de Cidade do México, Culiacán e Xalapa. O estudo busca compreender as distintas dinâmicas de dominação funcional e apropriação simbólica dos espaços urbanos. Interessou, neste sentido, de forma mais contundente, a investigação dos efeitos sobre a população de territorialidades mais funcionais instituídas a partir da unidade regra-sanção baseada no disciplinamento dos corpos pela violência. Examina, ainda, a relação recursiva entre território (e territorialidade), instituição e cultura. Associada ao paradigma de complexidade proposto por Morin, a investigação propriamente dita, inspirada no estudo de múltiplos casos, envolveu um conjunto de técnicas para coleta e análise de dados Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, observações a partir de saídas de campo, registros fotográficos, análise de conteúdo e análise estatística descritiva. Em termos de resultados, demonstrou-se que os moradores, especialmente os residentes na periferia das cidades pesquisadas, vivem a transterritorialidade imposta por regras inscritas nos corpos por institucionalidades formais e informais. Eles têm suas rotinas ordenadas por códigos formais e informais de conduta, contenções permanentes e temporárias dispostas no e pelo espaço geográfico. Verificou-se a existência de uma relação recursiva entre estratégias de evitação e contornamento. Constatou-se que, na maioria dos casos, os territórios produzidos e mantidos por forças institucionais ligadas ao Estado e ilegais associadas ao narcotráfico são mais funcionais do que simbólicos. Dito de outra forma, o espaço é dominado pelo estabelecimento de regras e sanções, e não apropriado por processos identitários ou de identificação cultural. Por fim, chega-se à conclusão de que a transterritorialidade é uma emergência complexa, em termos morinianos, decorrente dos processos de produção e manutenção de multiterritorialidades de institucionalidades formais e informais. / This thesis analyzes the trans-territoriality caused by competing formal and informal institutions in nine cities of Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. More specifically, this research is about the social consequences of the formation of multiple territories and multi-territorialities produced by the competition between legal formal institutions and illegal informal institutions connected to drug trafficking. The research was developed in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, in the Colombian cities of Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cali and Medellín and in the Mexican cities of Mexico City, Culiacán and Xalapa. The study aims to comprehend the distinct processes of functional domination and symbolic appropriation of urban spaces. The research was mainly interested in investigating the effects of more functional territorialities on the population established by the connection between rules and sanctions based on the use of violence in order to discipline bodies. The study also examined the recursive relation among territory (and territoriality), institution e culture. Associated with Morin's Paradigm of Complexity, the investigation itself, inspired by the study of multiple cases, involved a range of techniques to acquire and to analyze data The research used semi-structured interviews, observations during field trips, photographic record, content analysis and descriptive statistics. As for the results, this thesis demonstrates that the inhabitants, especially the ones who reside on the periphery of the cities researched, live the process of trans-territoriality imposed by the rules of formal and informal institutionalities. They have their routines commanded by formal and informal codes of conduct, permanent and temporary restraints established in the geographic space. The research found the existence of a recursive relation between bypassing restraints and strategies to avoid populations. The study also noted that, in most cases, the territories produced and maintained by institutional forces connected to the State and illegal forces associated with the drug trafficking are more functional than symbolic. In other words, the space is dominated by rules and sanctions and not appropriated by identity processes or cultural identification. Finally, the research came to the conclusion that trans-territoriality is a complex emergence, in Morin’s terms, due to processes of production and maintenance of formal and informal multi-territorialities and institionalities.

Implicit in any urban design is a negotiation between public and private interests. Such a negotiation is articulated and made legible in the facades, fences and even more subtle edges separating this from that. A complex variety of spatial situations are produced depending on how spaces are framed, how interfaces are materialized. In the city, the interplay of open space, building and boundary produces a patchwork of subspaces, which we can consider as potential urban territories. Most of us are familiar with the results of territorial production and recognize that fences, furniture or plantings are claims to space by an individual or group. However, the reason to conceive of this process as a territorial production may not be immediately apparent. Consequences of territorial production on percep-tions and behavior are rather under-analyzed, especially in the context of the city. This thesis looks specifically at territorial responses to urban form in the potential social arenas of shared yards in multifamily housing schemes. Drawing on territoriality- and commons-theory as a basis for morphological studies using spatial analysis (e.g. GIS), the thesis proposes that territorial uses of space are in part connected to characteristics of urban form. The thesis explores these spatial underpinnings of claims on space, examining historical, sociological and architectural perspectives and implications on current planning praxis. Parallels are drawn with the role of excludability and rivalry in the production of goods as per commons-theory. Recognizing that even territories like yards perform differently depending on built form characteristics is a step to designing open space with greater social utility. Most notably, the findings that spatial enclosure supports sense of ownership while spaciousness and size support frequency of use is knowledge useful to the practitioner with a role in the production of urban environments, whether in planning, design or construction. With increasing focus on sustainability in urbanism, factoring in social sustainability in land use means recognizing what makes yards inviting to use and elicit feelings of stewardship. Moreover, the importance of legibility at the interface of public and private has implications for design of public space as well. What appears to have been insufficiently problematized in the past are the non-excludable, rivalrous yards which appear to be parks, but do not perform as such territorially. The thesis suggests how a theoretical basis may support design inter-ventions and even densification to resolve such “territorial instability.” / <p>QC 20160310</p>

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Please refer to fulltext for abstract / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien asb volteks vir opsomming

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Le fleuve Niger est aujourd’hui confronté à des menaces naturelles et anthropiques dont la solution relève à la fois d’arbitrages locaux et de considérations d’ordre international. Sa riche histoire montre une succession de régulations et de logiques locales de gestion selon le temps et l’espace. Le fleuve Niger a été au cœur des stratégies de dominations locales et coloniales. Ces modes de régulations locales laissent de plus en plus la place à des systèmes de gestion plus intégrés. Cette recherche porte sur la gouvernance de l’eau du fleuve Niger à Ségou et à Mopti. Elle vise à comprendre les dynamiques d’acteurs, notamment les stratégies, les rapports et les interactions des acteurs autour de l’eau dans le contexte de décentralisation, mais aussi leurs perceptions concernant l’eau du fleuve. Les résultats montrent la complexité de la gouvernance de l’eau notamment en ce qui concerne la régulation et les articulations étroites entre des dynamiques globales et locales. La méconnaissance et l’inapplication des textes régissant le domaine de l’eau caractérisent la gouvernance du fleuve Niger. La multiplicité des acteurs entraine le chevauchement des rôles et les risques de conflits de compétences. Ensuite, la mise en œuvre de cette gouvernance implique des relations complexes entre les multiples acteurs. Cette complexité renvoie à des questions de territoires et de territorialités notamment dans le Delta intérieur. Enfin, la décentralisation a favorisé l’implication directe des acteurs locaux dans la gestion des ressources locales. Mais elle a également exacerbé les risques de conflits entre les multiples acteurs en quête de leadership et de légitimité autour du fleuve. / The Niger River is now facing natural and anthropogenic threats; the solution is both in local arbitrage and in international considerations. Its rich history shows a series of regulation and local management logics depending on time and space. The Niger River has been at the center of strategies for local and colonial dominations. These modes of local controls lead more and more place for some more integrated management systems. This research focuses on the governance of the Niger River waters in Segou and Mopti. It aims to understand the dynamics of actors, especially strategies, relationships and interactions of actors around the water in the context of decentralization, but also their perceptions of the River water. The results show the complexity of water governance especially with regard to regulation and the narrow articulations between global and local dynamics. Ignorance and lack of implementation of laws governing the field of water characterize the governance of Niger River. The multiplicity of actors leads to the overlap of roles and potential conflicts of competence. The implementation of the governance involves complex relationships between multiple actors. This complexity returns to issues of territories and territorialities in particular in the interior Delta. Finally, decentralization has encouraged the direct involvement of local stakeholders in the management of local resources. But it has also exacerbated the risk of conflicts between multiple actors, in search of leadership and legitimacy around the river.

La forte médiatisation du football professionnel ne doit pas faire oublier l'existence d'une pratique du football amateur très active en Aquitaine dans le cadre des clubs. La diffusion de cette pratique s'est étendue à l'ensemble de la région sur un peu plus d'un siècle en quatre phases d'intensité variable marquées par des événements historiques et les évolutions de la discipline. La fin de ce cycle semble se dessiner aujourd'hui. De multiples acteurs individuels, collectifs, institutionnels, se sont impliqués tout au long de ce processus de diffusion dans des actions de découpage et de contrôle de l'espace aux échelles régionale et locale pour la « fabrique de territoires sportifs ». Des ensembles et des sous-ensembles spatiaux mal définis ont été peu à peu transformés en territoires de pratique, de gestion et d'application de politiques sportives. Ce processus de territorialisation a induit des modes de relation différenciés entre les groupes sportifs et leurs territoires. De multiples identités collectives fondées sur la conscience, le discours, les représentations culturelles, le sentiment d'appartenance ont facilité l'ancrage des clubs dans les territoires de proximité. Cette forme de territorialité sportive est aujourd'hui remise en cause par les réformes territoriales mises en oeuvre à travers l'intercommunalité. On assiste à une redéfinition des relations entre les acteurs du football et des collectivités territoriales, le football amateur étant devenu un enjeu des politiques publiques communautaires. Les recompositions territoriales affectent aussi les identités dans les nombreux clubs issus de fusions en quête de nouveaux liens. Les recompositions territoriales et identitaires sont en train de bouleverser le modèle traditionnel du club de football amateur. / The strong exposure of professional football must not make one forget the existence of the very active practice of amateur football of clubs in Aquitaine. The diffusion of that practice has spread through the whole region for over a little more than a century, in four stages of variable intensity, marked by historic events and changes in the sport. Nowadays, this cycle seems to be coming to an end. Many individual, collective, and institutional parties have been involved in that process of diffusion by dividing and controlling areas, regionally and locally, « to make sports territories ». Ill-defined spaces have been gradually turned into territories connected to the practice, management, and implementation of sports policies. Such process of territorial marking out has lead to different types of relationships between sports groups and their territories. Numerous collective identities based on consciousness, position, cultural perceptions and sense of belonging have made the establishment of football clubs and institutions in territories in proximity easier. Such a form of sports territoriality is nowadays called into question by the different territorial reforms implemented between districts. We are witnessing a re-defining of the relationships between the parties involved in football and the local authorities since amateur football has become an issue for the different local councils's public policies. Territorial reconstruction also affects identities in the numerous clubs which have been merged and are looking for new links and names. Territorial and identity reconstruction are completely changing the traditional amateur football club.

Entende-se que a reprodução física e cultural dos povos indígenas em seus territórios, em grande parte está condicionada à demarcação de territórios indígenas, que considere a territorialidade e o modo de vida indígena. No entanto não foi o caso do território Xavante. A demarcação do território indígena Xavante em diversas terras indígenas ilhadas e, portanto, separadas entre si, causou inúmeros conflitos socioambientais alterando seu modo de vida. Reconstruir o território indígena que foi erroneamente e intencionalmente fragmentado e demarcado em ilhas é um grande desafio político para o povo Xavante. O território indígena compreende as relações de apropriação do espaço que possui diversas dimensões como política, cultural, simbólica, e cosmológica de um determinado povo indígena. Por outro lado, Terra indígena é uma categoria produzida no processo político-jurídico do Estado. Assim, a partir do contato entre os povos indígenas e a sociedade envolvente, há um conflito, pois existem distintas lógicas espaciais em confronto. O recorte geográfico desta pesquisa são as terras indígenas Xavante no leste matogrossense, com destaque para a bacia hidrográfica do rio das Mortes (MT). Este recorte deve-se a importância geográfica desta unidade territorial para se discutir o território indígena e principalmente pela importância cultural, simbólica e ambiental deste rio para o povo Xavante. Considera-se a importância do contínuo para analisar as terras Xavante, Sangradouro, São Marcos, Areões e Pimentel Barbosa, nessa bacia que tem como eixo de ligação o rio das Mortes, denominado Öwawe (rio Grande) pelos Xavante. A pesquisa trata, portanto, da fragmentação do território indígena, demarcado em ilhas e a (re) construção da territorialidade por meio do Marãnã Bödödi, o caminho das matas. O conceito de Marãnã Bödödi contempla várias dimensões entre elas a relação Xavante com os cerrados e sua espiritualidade, a sua territorialidade nos caminhos do Ró (cerrados, mundo). / This research deals with the Xavante territory and territoriality. Is well known that physical and cultural reproduction of the indigenous people is mostly conditioned to their territory delimitation, which contemplates the territoriality and the indigenous way of life. That was not the case when it comes to the Xavante\'s territory. The delimitation of the Xavante\'s indigenous territory in many patchy lands caused various social and environmental problems changing their way of life. To rebuild the indigenous territory that was wrongly and intentionally fragmented and divided in islands is a great political challenge for the Xavante people. The indigenous territory regards the relations of the space appropriation which has different aspects such as politics, symbology and cosmology of a certain indian tribe. On the other hand, the indigenous land is a category created in the legal-political process of the State. Therefore, from the contact between the indigenous people and the surrounding society, there\'s a conflict, once there are different spacial logical in the confrontation. The geographical approach of this research are the Xavante\'s indigenous land in the east of Mato Grosso state, specially the Mortes River basin (MT). This cut is due to the geographical importance of this territorial unity to discuss the indigenous territory and mainly for its cultural, symbolic and environmental importance of this river to the Xavante people. The importance of the continuum Xavante, Sangradouro, São Marcos, Areões and Pimentel Barbosa, in this basin which has as a connection axis the Mortes River, named Öwawe (the big river) by the Xavante. Therefore, the research deals with the fragmentation of the indigenous territory, set in islands and the territory (re)construction through the Marãnã Bödödi concept, which regards many dimensions, such as the relation between the Xavante and the brazilian savanna and their spirituality. Finally, is discussed the Xavante territoriality on the way of Ró (savannas, the world) in a historical and environmental approach.

Este estudo, construído através de revisão bibliografia e de pesquisa etnográfica, aborda as historias narradas pelos Kaiowa de Panambizinho (Dourados, MS), a partir de dois eixos de análise: - a ocupação não indígena da fronteira entre Brasil-Paraguai, largamente calcada nas políticas estatais, desde o final do período imperial, que se dá na contramão dos direitos jurídicos relativos à ocupação indígena de suas terras; - as percepções dos Kaiowá a respeito deste processo. A analise das narrativas reunidas durante a pesquisa permite ainda contextualizar a construção de suas noções de alteridade, territorialidade e organização social. O intenso contato e a drástica redução das terras inserem os Kaiowa em um contexto de grandes mudanças, que, entre outros aspectos, impulsionam uma simplificação de suas formas de organização e transformam as práticas de suas lideranças. Contexto onde os xamãs e as práticas rituais perdem muito de seu espaço. / This study, made up of bibliographical proofreading and ethnographical research, discuss about the stories told by Kaiowa de Panambizinho (Dourados,MS), from two lines of analysis: - the non-indigenous occupation of Brazil-Paraguay border, widely molded into the state politics, since the end of the imperial period, that is given in opposition to the juridical rights related to the indigenous occupation of their land; - Kaiowa\'s perceptions concerning to this process. The stories analysis joined during the research let contextualize the building of their notions of alterity, territoriality and social organization. The intense contact and drastic land reduction introduce the Kaiowa into a contest of great changes, in other aspects, they impel a simplification of their organization form and change the practice of their leadership. In this context, shamans and their ritual performance lose their space.

A partir da teoria crítica elaborada pelo sociólogo Theodor Adorno junto à Escola de Frankfurt e da concepção de arte decorrente dela, além dos conceitos de território e territorialidade desenvolvidos pelo geógrafo Rogério Haesbaert, esta pesquisa buscou analisar os processos de resistência e regressão presentes na arte urbana do grafite. Os processos de resistência são aqui entendidos como a realização da razão dialética por meio do fazer artístico, que visa à autonomia do indivíduo em meio a uma sociedade dominadora. Os processos de regressão vão no sentido contrário ao da autonomia e buscam, pela razão instrumental, condicionar o indivíduo aos ditames de uma cultura administrada pela lógica capitalista. Na pesquisa, foram estudados os grafites produzidos no espaço denominado Nó da Paulista, na região central da cidade de São Paulo (SP), seu contexto de produção material (significantes) e seu conteúdo enquanto obra de arte (significados), por meio de levantamento histórico, documental, visitas a campo, relatórios e um extenso registro fotográfico. Após a análise, a pesquisa considerou o grafite como arte nos termos da teoria estética de Adorno, por apresentar vieses críticos que questionam a realidade urbana tal que é apresentada, evidenciando suas contradições; também como objeto social, pelo qual se notam processos de resistência e de regressão ocorrendo a todo momento na sua relação com a sociedade; e como meio de apropriação da cidade, à medida em que demarca, expande e cria territorialidades pela ocupação artística do espaço / Based on the critical theory developed by the sociologist Theodor Adorno at the Frankfurt School and the concept of art derived from it, in addition to the concepts of territory and territoriality developed by the geographer Rogério Haesbaert, this research sought to analyze the processes of resistance and regression present in urban art of graffiti. The processes of resistance are here understood as the realization of the dialectical reason by means of the artistic making, which seeks the autonomy of the individual in the midst of a dominating society. The regression processes are the opposite of autonomy and seek, by instrumental reason, to condition the individual to the dictates of a culture dominated by capitalist logic. In the research, the graffiti produced in the space called \"Nó da Paulista\", in the central region of the city of São Paulo (SP), its context of material production (signifiers) and its content as a work of art (meanings) were studied. Historical and documentary survey, field visits, reports and an extensive photographic record were used for that goal. After the analysis, the research considered the graffiti as art in terms of the aesthetic theory of Adorno, mainly for presenting critical biases that question the urban reality as presented, evidencing its contradictions; also as a social object, through which are observerd signs of resistance and regression occurring continuously in their relation with society; and as a mean of appropriation of the city, as it demarcates, expands and creates territorialities by the artistic occupation of space

Esta dissertação é um estudo das territorialidades de uma rede de parentes de ciganos distribuídos na Região Metropolitana de Vitória do estado do Espírito Santo, no qual pretende-se compreender o modo como se organizam e se deslocam territorialmente. Guia-se pelas teorias contemporâneas da antropologia na qual entende-se que o conhecimento etnográfico produzido é uma construção resultante da relação entre pesquisador e pesquisados. As categorias ciganas relacionadas às conceituações de espaço, como pouso, embarracar, morador, viajar, são consideradas e costuradas em uma cosmologia cigana onde se vive apoiado. Posteriormente, analisa-se, em que medida, tais categorias se aproximam ou se distanciam, e podem tensionar as categorias analíticas empregadas por teóricos sobre o tema, como o conceito de nomadismo e sedentarismo. / This dissertation is a study of territorialities of a network of gypsy relatives distributed in the metropolitan region of Vitória of Espírito Santo State. The study aims at understanding the way in which gypsies organize themselves and how they move territorially. The study will be guided by anthropological studies in which contemporary literature shows that produced ethnographic knowledge is a structure resulted from the relationship between researcher and subject. The gypsy categories related to the conceptions of space, such as pouso, embarracar, morador, viajar, are perceived and sewn in a gypsy cosmology in which people live apoiado. Thereafter, it will be analyzed to which extent such categories can reevaluate analytical categories employed by theorists on the topic, such as the concept of nomadism and sedentarism.