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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Conforto térmico em espaços públicos abertos na cidade de Torres - RS

Giralt, Romulo Plentz January 2006 (has links)
Die vorliegend Arbeit beinhaltet die Analyse des thermischen Empfinden in offenen Räumen, in der Stadt Torres, RS, durch den Vergleich von Daten, die mit der Anwendung spezifischer Werkzeuge über das Umwelt Verhalten gewonnen wurden. Die Wahl dieser Stadt als Gegenstand der Studie, basiert auf dem zunehmenden Prozeß von Verdichtung und Vertikalisierung seines zentralen Bereiches, im Verlauf der zeitlichen Anwendung der städtebaulich Gesetzgebung. Die Bereiche, die für Analyse ausgewählt wurden, sind drei Plätze, mit unterschiedlichen morphologischen Konfigurationen, wie Höhe und Dichte der Bebauung, die Ausführung der Gebäudeoberflächen und die Vegetation. Die praktische Vorortarbeit wurde im Februar 2006 durchgeführt, mit Bestandsaufnahmen, Messungen der Umweltfaktoren, Ausfüllen der Fragebögen und Beobachtung des Verhaltens. Die Daten über die Umwelt und das menschliche Verhalten wurden verwendet, um den Index des thermischen Komforts zu berechnen. Diese Daten wurden verglichen mit den Daten, die aus den Befragungen der Personen erhalten wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die berechneten Indizes nutzbar sind, um den thermischen Komfort von offenen Räumen einzuschätzen. Im Falle von der drei untersuchten Plätze ergab sich ein schlechter Komfort, der auf den Veränderungen der städtischen Bebauung beruht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch eine Diskrepanz zwischen den berechneten Indizes und dem Empfinden der Nutzer über die untersuchten Plätze. Es zeigt sich, dass das Mikroklima einen Einfluss auf den thermischen Komfort hat, aber dass auch Faktoren wie physische Anpassung und psychische Zustände wichtig für die unterschiedliche Bewertung des objektiven und subjektiven Komfort sind. / O presente trabalho trata da avaliação de conforto térmico de espaços públicos abertos, na cidade de Torres, RS, através da comparação de índices de conforto térmico com resultados advindos do uso de ferramentas específicas da área ambiente-comportamento. A escolha de Torres, como um estudo de caso, se dá em função do crescente processo de verticalização e densificação de sua área central, decorrentes da aplicação dos dispositivos legais das sucessivas legislações urbanísticas. As áreas escolhidas para análise são três praças, em zonas com diferentes configurações morfológicas, selecionadas em função de variáveis da forma urbana, como a altura e a densidade das edificações, a natureza das superfícies de revestimento e a presença de vegetação. Durante o mês de fevereiro de 2006 foi realizado trabalho de campo, nos três locais, através da aplicação de questionários, observações de comportamento e levantamentos físicos, incluindo medições de variáveis ambientais. Os dados sobre variáveis ambientais e humanas, coletados, foram utilizados para o cálculo dos índices de conforto térmico para espaços externos. Os valores calculados para estes índices, foram comparados com os dados provenientes da percepção dos usuários. Os resultados mostram a adequação de determinados índices para a avaliação de conforto térmico de espaços abertos, revelando condições de desconforto nas três praças investigadas, decorrentes das modificações da forma urbana nestas áreas. Os resultados também apontam uma discrepância entre os parâmetros indicados pelos índices e os níveis de agradabilidade e percepção dos usuários, em relação às praças. Observou-se que os parâmetros do microclima possuem alguma influência no conforto térmico, mas fatores de adaptação fisiológica e psicológica podem ser responsáveis pelas diferenças entre a avaliação de conforto objetiva e a subjetiva. / The present work deals with the evaluation of thermal comfort of open public spaces, in the city of Torres, RS, through the comparison of thermal comfort indices with results obtained from the use of specific methods from the environmental behavior area of studies. The choice of Torres, as a case study, is due to the increasing process of verticalization and densification of its central area, originated from the application of successive urban legislation. The areas chosen for analysis are three squares, in zones with different morphologic configurations, selected according to urban form variables such as building height and density, nature of the covering surfaces and the presence of vegetation. During February 2006, the fieldwork was carried out in the three places, through questionnaires, behavior observations, and physical measurements, including measurements of environmental variables. Data about environmental and human variables were used to calculate thermal comfort indices for outdoor spaces. These indices were compared with the data from users perceptions. The results show the adequacy of some indices for the evaluation of thermal comfort of open spaces, revealing conditions of thermal discomfort in the three investigated squares, as a consequence of urban form modifications in these areas. The results also reveal a discrepancy between the parameters indicated by the indices and the levels of users perception and pleasantness in relation to the squares. It is observed that the microclimate parameters have some influence on thermal comfort, but that the psychological and the physiological adaptation factors can be responsible for the differences between the objective evaluation of comfort and the subjective one.
222

Conforto térmico em espaços públicos abertos na cidade de Torres - RS

Giralt, Romulo Plentz January 2006 (has links)
Die vorliegend Arbeit beinhaltet die Analyse des thermischen Empfinden in offenen Räumen, in der Stadt Torres, RS, durch den Vergleich von Daten, die mit der Anwendung spezifischer Werkzeuge über das Umwelt Verhalten gewonnen wurden. Die Wahl dieser Stadt als Gegenstand der Studie, basiert auf dem zunehmenden Prozeß von Verdichtung und Vertikalisierung seines zentralen Bereiches, im Verlauf der zeitlichen Anwendung der städtebaulich Gesetzgebung. Die Bereiche, die für Analyse ausgewählt wurden, sind drei Plätze, mit unterschiedlichen morphologischen Konfigurationen, wie Höhe und Dichte der Bebauung, die Ausführung der Gebäudeoberflächen und die Vegetation. Die praktische Vorortarbeit wurde im Februar 2006 durchgeführt, mit Bestandsaufnahmen, Messungen der Umweltfaktoren, Ausfüllen der Fragebögen und Beobachtung des Verhaltens. Die Daten über die Umwelt und das menschliche Verhalten wurden verwendet, um den Index des thermischen Komforts zu berechnen. Diese Daten wurden verglichen mit den Daten, die aus den Befragungen der Personen erhalten wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die berechneten Indizes nutzbar sind, um den thermischen Komfort von offenen Räumen einzuschätzen. Im Falle von der drei untersuchten Plätze ergab sich ein schlechter Komfort, der auf den Veränderungen der städtischen Bebauung beruht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch eine Diskrepanz zwischen den berechneten Indizes und dem Empfinden der Nutzer über die untersuchten Plätze. Es zeigt sich, dass das Mikroklima einen Einfluss auf den thermischen Komfort hat, aber dass auch Faktoren wie physische Anpassung und psychische Zustände wichtig für die unterschiedliche Bewertung des objektiven und subjektiven Komfort sind. / O presente trabalho trata da avaliação de conforto térmico de espaços públicos abertos, na cidade de Torres, RS, através da comparação de índices de conforto térmico com resultados advindos do uso de ferramentas específicas da área ambiente-comportamento. A escolha de Torres, como um estudo de caso, se dá em função do crescente processo de verticalização e densificação de sua área central, decorrentes da aplicação dos dispositivos legais das sucessivas legislações urbanísticas. As áreas escolhidas para análise são três praças, em zonas com diferentes configurações morfológicas, selecionadas em função de variáveis da forma urbana, como a altura e a densidade das edificações, a natureza das superfícies de revestimento e a presença de vegetação. Durante o mês de fevereiro de 2006 foi realizado trabalho de campo, nos três locais, através da aplicação de questionários, observações de comportamento e levantamentos físicos, incluindo medições de variáveis ambientais. Os dados sobre variáveis ambientais e humanas, coletados, foram utilizados para o cálculo dos índices de conforto térmico para espaços externos. Os valores calculados para estes índices, foram comparados com os dados provenientes da percepção dos usuários. Os resultados mostram a adequação de determinados índices para a avaliação de conforto térmico de espaços abertos, revelando condições de desconforto nas três praças investigadas, decorrentes das modificações da forma urbana nestas áreas. Os resultados também apontam uma discrepância entre os parâmetros indicados pelos índices e os níveis de agradabilidade e percepção dos usuários, em relação às praças. Observou-se que os parâmetros do microclima possuem alguma influência no conforto térmico, mas fatores de adaptação fisiológica e psicológica podem ser responsáveis pelas diferenças entre a avaliação de conforto objetiva e a subjetiva. / The present work deals with the evaluation of thermal comfort of open public spaces, in the city of Torres, RS, through the comparison of thermal comfort indices with results obtained from the use of specific methods from the environmental behavior area of studies. The choice of Torres, as a case study, is due to the increasing process of verticalization and densification of its central area, originated from the application of successive urban legislation. The areas chosen for analysis are three squares, in zones with different morphologic configurations, selected according to urban form variables such as building height and density, nature of the covering surfaces and the presence of vegetation. During February 2006, the fieldwork was carried out in the three places, through questionnaires, behavior observations, and physical measurements, including measurements of environmental variables. Data about environmental and human variables were used to calculate thermal comfort indices for outdoor spaces. These indices were compared with the data from users perceptions. The results show the adequacy of some indices for the evaluation of thermal comfort of open spaces, revealing conditions of thermal discomfort in the three investigated squares, as a consequence of urban form modifications in these areas. The results also reveal a discrepancy between the parameters indicated by the indices and the levels of users perception and pleasantness in relation to the squares. It is observed that the microclimate parameters have some influence on thermal comfort, but that the psychological and the physiological adaptation factors can be responsible for the differences between the objective evaluation of comfort and the subjective one.
223

Conforto térmico em espaços públicos abertos na cidade de Torres - RS

Giralt, Romulo Plentz January 2006 (has links)
Die vorliegend Arbeit beinhaltet die Analyse des thermischen Empfinden in offenen Räumen, in der Stadt Torres, RS, durch den Vergleich von Daten, die mit der Anwendung spezifischer Werkzeuge über das Umwelt Verhalten gewonnen wurden. Die Wahl dieser Stadt als Gegenstand der Studie, basiert auf dem zunehmenden Prozeß von Verdichtung und Vertikalisierung seines zentralen Bereiches, im Verlauf der zeitlichen Anwendung der städtebaulich Gesetzgebung. Die Bereiche, die für Analyse ausgewählt wurden, sind drei Plätze, mit unterschiedlichen morphologischen Konfigurationen, wie Höhe und Dichte der Bebauung, die Ausführung der Gebäudeoberflächen und die Vegetation. Die praktische Vorortarbeit wurde im Februar 2006 durchgeführt, mit Bestandsaufnahmen, Messungen der Umweltfaktoren, Ausfüllen der Fragebögen und Beobachtung des Verhaltens. Die Daten über die Umwelt und das menschliche Verhalten wurden verwendet, um den Index des thermischen Komforts zu berechnen. Diese Daten wurden verglichen mit den Daten, die aus den Befragungen der Personen erhalten wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die berechneten Indizes nutzbar sind, um den thermischen Komfort von offenen Räumen einzuschätzen. Im Falle von der drei untersuchten Plätze ergab sich ein schlechter Komfort, der auf den Veränderungen der städtischen Bebauung beruht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch eine Diskrepanz zwischen den berechneten Indizes und dem Empfinden der Nutzer über die untersuchten Plätze. Es zeigt sich, dass das Mikroklima einen Einfluss auf den thermischen Komfort hat, aber dass auch Faktoren wie physische Anpassung und psychische Zustände wichtig für die unterschiedliche Bewertung des objektiven und subjektiven Komfort sind. / O presente trabalho trata da avaliação de conforto térmico de espaços públicos abertos, na cidade de Torres, RS, através da comparação de índices de conforto térmico com resultados advindos do uso de ferramentas específicas da área ambiente-comportamento. A escolha de Torres, como um estudo de caso, se dá em função do crescente processo de verticalização e densificação de sua área central, decorrentes da aplicação dos dispositivos legais das sucessivas legislações urbanísticas. As áreas escolhidas para análise são três praças, em zonas com diferentes configurações morfológicas, selecionadas em função de variáveis da forma urbana, como a altura e a densidade das edificações, a natureza das superfícies de revestimento e a presença de vegetação. Durante o mês de fevereiro de 2006 foi realizado trabalho de campo, nos três locais, através da aplicação de questionários, observações de comportamento e levantamentos físicos, incluindo medições de variáveis ambientais. Os dados sobre variáveis ambientais e humanas, coletados, foram utilizados para o cálculo dos índices de conforto térmico para espaços externos. Os valores calculados para estes índices, foram comparados com os dados provenientes da percepção dos usuários. Os resultados mostram a adequação de determinados índices para a avaliação de conforto térmico de espaços abertos, revelando condições de desconforto nas três praças investigadas, decorrentes das modificações da forma urbana nestas áreas. Os resultados também apontam uma discrepância entre os parâmetros indicados pelos índices e os níveis de agradabilidade e percepção dos usuários, em relação às praças. Observou-se que os parâmetros do microclima possuem alguma influência no conforto térmico, mas fatores de adaptação fisiológica e psicológica podem ser responsáveis pelas diferenças entre a avaliação de conforto objetiva e a subjetiva. / The present work deals with the evaluation of thermal comfort of open public spaces, in the city of Torres, RS, through the comparison of thermal comfort indices with results obtained from the use of specific methods from the environmental behavior area of studies. The choice of Torres, as a case study, is due to the increasing process of verticalization and densification of its central area, originated from the application of successive urban legislation. The areas chosen for analysis are three squares, in zones with different morphologic configurations, selected according to urban form variables such as building height and density, nature of the covering surfaces and the presence of vegetation. During February 2006, the fieldwork was carried out in the three places, through questionnaires, behavior observations, and physical measurements, including measurements of environmental variables. Data about environmental and human variables were used to calculate thermal comfort indices for outdoor spaces. These indices were compared with the data from users perceptions. The results show the adequacy of some indices for the evaluation of thermal comfort of open spaces, revealing conditions of thermal discomfort in the three investigated squares, as a consequence of urban form modifications in these areas. The results also reveal a discrepancy between the parameters indicated by the indices and the levels of users perception and pleasantness in relation to the squares. It is observed that the microclimate parameters have some influence on thermal comfort, but that the psychological and the physiological adaptation factors can be responsible for the differences between the objective evaluation of comfort and the subjective one.
224

Optimalizace mikroklimatu v kabinách malých dopravních letadel / Optimization of Cabin Environment in Small Transport Aircraft

Fišer, Jan January 2011 (has links)
The thesis deals with design and optimization of environment in cabins of small transport aircrafts, especially in terms of thermal comfort and quality of ventilation. The design of air distribution systems and structural design were optimized and most important parts of cabin design with highest impact on the quality of thermal comfort and ventilation were identified based on literature research and experience of the author. The chosen modifications and their influence on the microclimate inside the cabin were investigated using the CFD model, which was validated by results obtained from measurements of flow and temperature fields in the cabin mock-up of small transport aircraft EV-55. Next optimizations were investigated: The type of air distribution system, The geometry of ducts of air distribution system, Thickness of thermal insulation and Emissivity of internal surfaces. Thermal comfort was assessed based on the methodology of the equivalent temperature and comfort zones diagram developed by H. O. Nilsson and for assessing the quality of ventilation the concept of based on index of the age of the air was used. Fifty cases were simulated in total and base of its results Modified mixing ventilation with original air ducts geometry have been evaluated as an optimum. The ducts geometry of Modified mixing ventilation system was suggested by author specially for the thesis. In combination with high thermal insulation of walls and high emissivity of the interior, then this system of ventilation ensures maximum thermal comfort and quality of ventilation for the investigated range of environmental and operational conditions.
225

Mitigating Urban Heat Island through Integration of Agriculture in the Built Environment in Arid Regions

Gaxiola Camacho, Ivan Eladio January 2016 (has links)
Consequences of human activity in natural environments can be observed in urban phenomena. Urban Heat Island is one of those consequences, it is characterized by higher temperature levels in surface-cover and air in urban centers compared with its surrounding rural areas. UHIs are present in cities of arid ecosystems such as Phoenix and Tucson. Existing urban development trends contribute to UHI episodes. Urban Agriculture (UA) is an emerging environmental strategy and, contrary to traditional and industrial agricultural methods, UA systems provide the option of not using soil, its geometrical arrangement lets grow crops disregarding of extensive surface of land to be consumed. UA systems can be implemented as building fabric components. Urban Agriculture provides access to healthier and economic food, it is more energy efficient and promotes a more vegetarian diet which can eventually contribute diminishing health problems such as obesity and toxicity. A response for achieving a decrease in temperature levels in an urban arid region scenario can be established by demonstrating the following premise: "Urban Heat Island effect in arid regions can be mitigated if vegetated surface in the form of agriculture is properly integrated in the built environment". Research procedures were applied at building scale. Results involved physical objective data acquisition. Research methods required the use of software and thermodynamic tools to measure thermal behavior of samples. The impact of vegetated cover in temperature levels and thermal comfort in an outdoor scenario was digitally simulated. The selected research case contributed as a source of data for comparison and baseline benchmarking of thermodynamic circumstances. Employment of green infrastructure in cities can contribute to the improvement of energy efficiency in buildings and developing self-sufficient communities. Urban agriculture comprises implications and side beneficial environmental consequences in arid habitats beyond decreasing temperature levels in cities, such effects are energy conservation, reducing air pollution, diminishing food security concerns, improving soil quality and runoff wastewater as well as cutting down fossil fuel use in transportation of food. In that sense, future research fields include water quality and availability, innovative emerging materials, climate analysis, societal and cultural value, Net zero development and energy efficiency as well as solid waste management.
226

Occupancy driven supervisory control of indoor environment systems to minimise energy consumption of airport terminal building

Mambo, Abdulhameed D. January 2013 (has links)
A very economical way of reducing the operational energy consumed by large commercial buildings such as an airport terminal is the automatic control of its active energy systems. Such control can adjust the indoor environment systems setpoints to satisfy comfort during occupancy or when unoccupied, initiate energy conservation setpoints and if necessary, shut down part of the building systems. Adjusting energy control setpoints manually in large commercial buildings can be a nightmare for facility managers. Incidentally for such buildings, occupancy based control strategies are not achieved through the use of conventional controllers alone. This research, therefore, investigated the potential of using a high-level control system in airport terminal building. The study presents the evolution of a novel fuzzy rule-based supervisory controller, which intelligently establishes comfort setpoints based on flow of passenger through the airport as well as variable external environmental conditions. The inputs to the supervisory controller include: the time schedule of the arriving and departing passenger planes; the expected number of passengers; zone daylight illuminance levels; and external temperature. The outputs from the supervisory controller are the low-level controllers internal setpoint profile for thermal comfort, visual comfort and indoor air quality. Specifically, this thesis makes contribution to knowledge in the following ways: It utilised artificial intelligence to develop a novel fuzzy rule-based, energy-saving supervisory controller that is able to establish acceptable indoor environmental quality for airport terminals based on occupancy schedules and ambient conditions. It presents a unique methodology of designing a supervisory controller using expert knowledge of an airport s indoor environment systems through MATLAB/Simulink platform with the controller s performance evaluated in both MATLAB and EnergyPlus simulation engine. Using energy conservation strategies (setbacks and switch-offs), the pro-posed supervisory control system was shown to be capable of reducing the energy consumed in the Manchester Airport terminal building by up to 40-50% in winter and by 21-27% in summer. It demonstrates that if a 45 minutes passenger processing time is aimed for instead of the 60 minutes standard time suggested by ICAO, energy consumption is significantly reduced (with less carbon emission) in winter particularly. The potential of the fuzzy rule-based supervisory controller to optimise comfort with minimal energy based on variation in occupancy and external conditions was demonstrated through this research. The systematic approach adopted, including the use of artificial intelligence to design supervisory controllers, can be extended to other large buildings which have variable but predictable occupancy patterns.
227

Hög puls i kallt klimat : Produktutveckling av jacka för längdskidåkning, med fokus på mönsterkonstruktion för rörelsefrihet och termisk komfort / Physical activity in the cold : Development of a cross-country skiing jacket, focusing on patternmaking for mobility and thermal comfort

Tullbrink Agestam, Hanna January 2016 (has links)
Uppsatsen beskriver vidareutveckling av en längdskidåkningsjacka till en värmande, mer multi- funktionell jacka med avslappnad passform, i samarbete med ett svenskt konfektionsföretag specialiserat på längdskidåkning. I uppdraget ingick att undersöka hur användningsområdet kan breddas utan att jackans funktion vid längdskidåkning försämras. En kravspecifikation utformades med hänsyn till synpunkter från utövare och återförsäljare samt produktionsmässiga förutsättningar. Arbetsprocessen dokumenterades och förankrades i vetenskaplig litteratur och resultatet validerades genom framtagning av en herrjacka som möter de framtagna kriterierna. Ett funktionellt plagg måste framför allt ha riktigt bra passform och komfort; specialiserade finesser kan bli störningsmoment för den som inte behöver dem. Funktionskläder för sport, träning och friluftsliv måste ofta uppfylla höga och motsägelsefulla krav; det kan krävas extrem rörelsefrihet, hög slitstyrka men låg vikt, väderskydd men effektiv ventilation under intensiv ansträngning. Högpulsaktivitet i vinterklimat ställer särskilda krav på klädsystemets temperaturreglerings- förmåga och rörelsefrihet; båda är avgörande för såväl komfort som prestation. Litteratur- översikten behandlar därför termisk och ergonomisk komfort, mönsterkonstruktion för rörlighet, passformsutvärdering, och beräkning av viddtillägg. Jag diskuterar även behoven av konstruktionsunderlag applicerbara på funktionsplagg, systematisering av passforms- utvärdering, och preciserad terminologi. Idag krävs ofta många prototyper för att uppnå god passform, komfort och funktionalitet; denna tidskrävande och kostsamma process bör kunna effektiviseras genom dokumentation och metodstandardisering. / This bachelor’s thesis describes the development of a cross-country skiing jacket for a Swedish niche brand. The assignment required investigation of possibilities to diversify the garment’s usage range while maintaining functionality for the original target group. The concept is a warm, multifunctional men’s jacket in a relaxed fit, complementing the present collection. Market research and literature studies were used to clarify user needs, retailer requests and production constraints. Functional requirements for sportswear are tough and often contradictory: high durability at low weight, weatherproof yet breathable. It is essential, both for comfort and performance, that clothing systems for high intensity activities in cold climate have outstanding thermoregulatory properties and mobility; literature on thermal and ergonomic comfort, patternmaking for mobility, fit evaluation and garment ease is reviewed. The results were validated through the production of a sample garment, while striving to document the process methodically. Numerous samples are usually required to achieve good fit, comfort and functionality; this process tends to be especially time-consuming and costly for quality functional clothing. Benefits of consistent documentation and standardized methods are discussed, as well as the lack of precise terminology and of patternmaking texts applicable to functional garments, systematization of fitting, and fit evaluation.
228

Conforto térmico no Colégio de Aplicação Pedagógica da Universidade Estadual de Maringá: proposta para melhoria do desempenho térmico de um antigo CAIC / Thermal Comfort in the Pedagogical College of the State University of Maringá: proposal for improving the thermal performance of an old CAIC

Goulart, Mariana Fortes 07 April 2014 (has links)
O Colégio de Aplicação Pedagógica da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (CAP/UEM) fazia parte de um projeto de âmbito nacional criado na década de 1990, os Centros de Atenção Integral à Criança e ao Adolescente - CAIC´s. O projeto inicial é de autoria do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé, reconhecido pela preocupação com o conforto ambiental dos usuários em suas obras. Em geral, sabe-se que os alunos têm uma melhor qualidade no aprendizado quando os espaços estão bem ventilados, iluminados e silenciosos. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o conforto térmico no edifício do CAP/UEM verificando o desempenho das estratégias passivas para proporcionar conforto térmico, a sensação térmica dos usuários e aferindo o desempenho de uma estratégia, sugerida pelo arquiteto Lelé em entrevista a autora, para melhoria do comportamento térmico da cobertura. A metodologia proposta consiste, inicialmente, em um levantamento de dados que se destaca pela entrevista com o arquiteto. Após, foi feita uma análise projetual para a identificação e caracterização das soluções passivas de conforto e a verificação do funcionamento destas no âmbito de projeto. Para verificar a eficiência destas estratégias foi aplicado o método dos Votos Médios Preditos (PMV), que envolve medições das variáveis ambientais concomitantemente com aplicação de questionários aos alunos no período de verão. Além disso, ainda foi avaliado o desempenho térmico da cobertura, através de medições de temperaturas superficiais internas e externas comparadas entre três salas de aula: uma inalterada, outra lavada e a terceira, lavada e pintada de branco, sugestão do arquiteto Lelé para melhorar o desempenho térmico do edifício. Os resultados indicaram que a cobertura do prédio ocasiona grande ganho térmico e insatisfação dos usuários praticamente o tempo todo, prejudicando as condições de conforto no interior do edifício. Esse alto grau de desconforto pode ser explicado pela falta de manutenção e a pouca inércia térmica do sistema, principalmente da cobertura. A pintura do telhado de branco se mostrou eficiente para diminuir o calor que entra pela cobertura, ressaltando a importância da temperatura radiante para promoção das condições de conforto térmico nas salas de aula. / The Pedagogical College of the State University of Maringá (CAP/UEM) was part of a nationwide project created in the 1990s, the Centres for the Integral Care to Children and Adolescents - CAIC\'s. The initial design was concived by the architect João Filgueiras Lima (a.k.a. Lelé), acknowledged for his concern for the environmental comfort of users in his work. In general, it is known that the students have a better quality of learning when the spaces are well chilled, lighted and quiet. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the thermal comfort in the building of the CAP/UEM checking the performance of passive strategies of thermal comfort, thermal sensation of users and verifying the performance of a strategy, suggested by the architect Lelé in an interview for the author, to improve the thermal performance of the roof. The proposed methodology consists, initially, in a collection of the datas that stands out from the interview with the architect. Afterwards, it was made an analysis projectual in order to identify passive solutions to obtain thermal comfort, at the same time, to verify the work system of this project. To check the efficiency of these strategies it was apllied the Predicted Mean Vote Method (PMV), that envolve measurements of environmental variables concurrently with questionnaires applied to students during the summer time. Futher there, it was analized the thermal performance of the roof, throught out indoor and outdoor superficial temperature measurements, compared between three classrooms: one untouchable, another washed and the third one washed and white painted, suggested by the architect Lelé to improve thermal comfort of the building. The results indicate that the roof of the building causes huge thermal gain and unsatisfaction of the users all the time, damaging the comfort conditions within the building. This high level of uncomfortable can be explained by the lack of maintenance and the low thermal inertia of the system, especially the roof. The white paint of the roof has shown efficient to reduce the heating coming throughout the roof, highlighting the importance of radiant temperature for promotion of thermal comfort conditions in classrooms.
229

Resiliência das edificações às mudanças climáticas na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Estudo de caso: desempenho térmico de edifícios residenciais para idosos / Resilience of buildings to climate change in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Case study: thermal performance of residential buildings for seniors

Alves, Carolina Abrahão 20 January 2015 (has links)
O objeto desta pesquisa é o desempenho térmico de edifícios residenciais na cidade de São Paulo, tendo em vista as mudanças climáticas previstas e a maior vulnerabilidade da população idosa. O objetivo é a avaliação de desempenho térmico e de conforto ambiental de edifícios residenciais no cenário RCP 8.5 do Quinto Relatório do IPCC - IPCC AR5 e durante a onda de calor ocorrida em janeiro e fevereiro de 2014. Este trabalho se utiliza de estudos de casos reais e de simulações computacionais. O método é indutivo, por meio de levantamentos de campo, e dedutivo, por meio de comparações entre os resultados das medições e das simulações computacionais; o trabalho apresenta, ao final, estudos preditivos do comportamento térmico e do conforto ambiental dos usuários nos edifícios estudados. Para tanto, foram levantadas e monitoradas seis residências de idosos voluntários, além de uma residência de controle, e foram realizadas simulações com o modelo EDSL/Bentley TAS (Thermal Analysis Software). Para a simulação computacional foram utilizados dados climáticos simulados e medidos. Os dados climáticos simulados foram tratados a partir de dados cedidos pelo Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas/IAG-USP representando os períodos presente (1975 a 2005), futuro próximo (2015 a 2044), futuro intermediário (2045 a 2074) e futuro distante (2076 a 2096). Os dados medidos foram os registrados pela estação meteorológica do IAG-USP, localizada na zona sul de São Paulo, para três períodos distintos: o ano de 2013, quando foram monitoradas as residências, o ano de 1972, selecionado como representativo do período de construção das residências estudadas, e também o ano de 2014, para fins de estudo dos efeitos da onda de calor ocorrida em janeiro e fevereiro desse mesmo ano. Os resultados foram analisados comparativamente entre os diferentes cenários climáticos e também entre as unidades habitacionais estudadas, adotando-se os índices de conforto adaptativo De Dear et al. (1997) / ASHRAE 55 (2013) e Humphreys et al. (2010), considerados os mais adequados para a avaliação térmica da operação em modo passivo no clima local, dentre os índices já existentes. As análises revelaram que, com a progressão dos cenários climáticos futuros, há tendência de alteração na condição de conforto dos usuários com aumento da sensação de calor e redução da sensação de frio, expressos aqui em número de horas e de graus-hora de desconforto. Além disso, sob a ocorrência de ondas de calor, o aumento abrupto e persistente da temperatura do ar tende a tornar as condições de desconforto térmico ainda mais acentuadas. Dentre todos os cenários estudados, e aplicando-se os dois modelos de conforto, foi encontrado um valor médio de aumento da condição de calor de 271%, variando de 83% a 694%, e uma redução média da condição de frio de 51%, variando de 24% a 70%. Os resultados mostram que a conjugação desses dois fenômenos, mudança climática e onda de calor, pode provocar um efeito potencializador para o desconforto térmico por calor, tornando as condições inóspitas para o conforto humano, além de implicar em maior consumo de energia para climatização artificial. / The subject of this research is the residential buildings performance in the city of São Paulo, taking into account the climate changes predicted for the next decades and the greater vulnerability of the elderly related to the environmental conditions. The aim is the evaluation of thermal performance and comfort in residential buildings under the RCP 8.5 scenario from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report - IPCC AR5, as well as under the heat wave occurred in January and February 2014. This work is based on real case studies and computer simulations. The method is inductive, by field surveys, and deductive, though the comparison between measurements and computer simulation; finally, predictive studies of thermal performance and comfort are presented. For this purpose, six elderly dwellings, besides a control one, were surveyed and monitored, and computer simulations were carried out using EDLS/Bentley TAS (Thermal Analysis Software). For the computer simulations, simulated and measured climate data were employed. The simulated data were treated starting from data provided by the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences/IAG-USP representing the periods present (1975 to2005), near future (2015 to 2044), intermediate future (2045 to 2074 and far future (2076 to 2096). Measured data were recorded by the IAG-USP meteorological station, located in southern São Paulo, for three different periods: 2013, when the residences were monitored; 1972, selected as representative of the buildings\' construction period, and also 2014, to study the January and February heat wave effects. Results were analyzed comparing comfort conditions in the different climate scenarios and also among the case studies, following the adaptive comfort indices De Dear et al. (1997) / ASHRAE 55 (2013) and Humphreys et al. (2010), which were considered the two most appropriate ones, among the existing indexes, for the passive mode operation in the local climate. Analysis revealed a tendency of change in comfort conditions throughout the progression of future climate scenarios, showing an increase in heat sensation and a decrease in cold sensation, which were expressed in number of hours and degree-hours of discomfort. Furthermore, in the occurrence of heat waves, the unexpected and persistent increase in air temperature tends to make thermal discomfort even more pronounced. Among all the studied scenarios, and applying both comfort models, in average, discomfort by heat increased 271%, ranging from 83% to 694%, and discomfort by cold decreased 51%, ranging from 24% to 70%. The results show that the combination of both phenomena, climate change and heat wave, may lead to a potential effect of heat discomfort, making thermal conditions inhospitable for human comfort, besides implying a higher energy consumption for air conditioning.
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Painéis de vedação de concreto moldados in loco: avaliação de desempenho térmico e desenvolvimento de concretos / Cast-in-place monolithic panels of concrete: evaluation of thermal performance and development of concrete

Sacht, Helenice Maria 28 August 2008 (has links)
A carência habitacional é atualmente um dos maiores desafios urbanos para as políticas públicas das cidades brasileiras e deve impulsionar a busca de soluções tecnológicas para o desenvolvimento de habitações com baixo custo e desempenho satisfatório. Nesse contexto se insere o sistema construtivo de painéis monolíticos de concreto moldados in loco. Nesta pesquisa apresenta-se uma proposta de desenvolvimento de concretos destinados ao sistema construtivo de painéis monolíticos moldados in loco, tendo como referencial, além dos requisitos técnicos de trabalhabilidade, resistência mecânica e durabilidade, a influência dos painéis no desempenho térmico das habitações. Com isso, o desenvolvimento dos concretos assim como a definição de espessura do painel de vedação foi realizado, considerando as particularidades das oito diferentes zonas bioclimáticas brasileiras e as tipologias construtivas adotadas pela Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional e Urbano (CDHU) e Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF). Por meio de simulações computacionais do desempenho térmico de edificações térreas (com laje plana, com laje inclinada e sem laje) e multipavimentos (cobertura e segundo pavimento), avaliaram-se as espessuras dos painéis (8, 10 e 12 cm) e as massas específicas dos concretos (1600, 1800, 2000, 2200 e 2400 kg/m³) adequadas em relação às características climáticas das localidades analisadas, utilizando como parâmetro a norma NBR 15575 Edifícios habitacionais de até cinco pavimentos - Desempenho, da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. A partir da avaliação do desempenho térmico das tipologias selecionadas, dentre os concretos e as espessuras de painéis analisadas, observou-se que as tipologias com painéis de concreto com massa específica de 2400 kg/m³ e com espessura de 12 cm foram as que apresentaram os melhores resultados para as oito regiões bioclimáticas analisadas. / Nowadays, the lack of housing has been one of the biggest urban challenges to the Brazilian public policies and should impel the search for technological solutions by the development of housings with low-cost and satisfactory performance. In this context is the constructive system of cast-in-place monolithic panels of concrete. This dissertation presents a proposal for the development of concretes destined to the system having the technical requirements of workability, mechanical resistance and durability, and the influence of the panels peculiarities on the thermal performance of the housings as reference. Herewith, the development of concretes as well as the panels thicknesses definition has been realized, considering the particularities of the eight different Brazilian climate zones, and the constructive typologies used by the Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional e Urbano do Estado de São Paulo (CDHU) and Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF). By means of computational simulations of thermal performance of one-storey (with plane and inclined slabs, and without slab) and multi-storey (last and second floors) constructive typologies, the suitable panels thicknesses (8, 10 and 12 cm) and concretes densities (1600, 1800, 2000, 2200 and 2400 kg/m³) in relation to the climatic characteristics of the analyzed places were determined, having the standard NBR 15575 Residential buildings up to five storied Performace of the Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas as parameter. Starting from the evaluation of the thermal performance of the selected typologies, among concretes and panels thickness analyzed, the use of concretes panels with densities of 2400 kg/m³ and thicknesses of 12 cm has been presented better results for the eight Brazilian climate zones.

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