The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine. With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined. The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.

No description available.

L’objectif principal du présent mémoire est d’observer le processus de traduction d’un texte de nature juridique mis en oeuvre par deux groupes d’étudiants, cinq étudiants inscrits au baccalauréat en traduction et quatre inscrits au baccalauréat en droit. Tout d’abord, nous analyserons les différences qui existent entre les deux groupes dans leur utilisation des ouvrages de référence. Nous observerons entre autres la diversité générale des ouvrages consultés et la connaissance antérieure des ouvrages papier, la répartition par type d’ouvrages (dictionnaire bilingue, monolingue ou autres), la répartition par support d’ouvrages (électronique ou papier), l’utilisation des correcteurs, l’intensité des recherches effectuées et, finalement, le premier ouvrage consulté selon le type et le support. Ces données seront recueillies grâce à la méthode de verbalisation à voix haute et à l’enregistrement de l’écran d’ordinateur, au moyen du logiciel WebEx. Ensuite, nous évaluerons la qualité des traductions en faisant une distinction entre deux types d’erreurs, soit les erreurs de traduction et les erreurs de langue. Nous tenterons par la suite d’établir des liens entre l’utilisation des ouvrages de référence et la qualité des traductions. Nous observerons que les deux groupes utilisent les ouvrages de référence différemment et que les traducteurs ont semblé mieux outillés que les juristes pour remettre une traduction de qualité. / The main goal of this paper is to observe the translation process of a legal text translated by two groups of students: five undergraduate students in translation, and four in the LLB. First, we analyze the differences between the two groups in their use of reference material. Among other aspects, we observe the overall diversity of reference material consulted and previous knowledge of paper reference material, its use by type (bilingual dictionary, monolingual or others), by media (electronic or paper), the use of spellcheckers, the intensity of research and, finally, the first reference material consulted by type and support. These data were collected by using the think-aloud method and by recording the computer screen with a screen recording software: WebEx. Then, we evaluate the quality of the translations by distinguishing between two types of errors, translation errors and language errors. We then try to establish links between the use of reference material and translation quality. We observed that the two groups used reference material differently and that the translators seemed better equipped than the lawyers to deliver a better translation.

Em 2004, a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) definiu como prioridade o desenvolvimento de pesquisas baseadas em evidências científicas com melhores práticas voltadas para a segurança do paciente. Desde então, vários estudos surgiram com o objetivo de avaliar a cultura de segurança nas instituições de saúde, por meio de instrumentos de mensuração do clima de segurança. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi realizar a adaptação transcultural do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) - Short Form 2006 para a língua portuguesa. O instrumento foi aplicado em seis hospitais de três regiões do Brasil, Nordeste, Sudeste e Centro- Oeste. Para a tradução e adaptação cultural do instrumento seguiu-se a proposta metodológica de Beaton et al (2002). A validade de conteúdo e face foi realizada pela análise dos juízes e pelo pré-teste. A validade de construto foi realizada pelas análises fatorial exploratória e confirmatória e comparação entre grupos. A análise da confiabilidade do instrumento foi realizada por meio da análise da consistência interna dos itens, através do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 1301 profissionais das enfermarias clínicas e cirúrgicas dos seis hospitais. A aplicação do instrumento ocorreu nos meses de julho a outubro de 2010. O estudo foi aprovado pelos comitês de Ética em Pesquisa das seis instituições. A versão adaptada para a língua portuguesa do SAQ apresentou alfa de Cronbach total de 0,89. As correlações item-total entre os domínios foram consideradas de moderada a forte, com exceção do domínio Percepção do Estresse. A análise confirmatória mostrou que o ajuste do modelo final dos 41 itens foi considerado satisfatório. Na análise fatorial exploratória o item 14, que não pertence a nenhum domínio na escala original, foi alocado no domínio Percepção da Gerência e os itens 33, 34 e 35 foram alocados em um único domínio. Quanto ao método de comparação de grupos identificou-se diferença de médias estatisticamente significativa entre hospitais e tempo de atuação. Conclui-se, portanto que a versão adaptada do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire para o Português é considerada válida e confiável em nossa amostra. / In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined as priority the development of evidence-based research with best practices for patient safety. Since then, several studies have begun to evaluate the safety culture in healthcare institutions, by means of instruments measuring the safety climate. Thus, the objective of this study was the cultural adaptation of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) - Short Form 2006 for the Portuguese language. The instrument was applied in six hospitals in three regions of Brazil: Northeast, Southeast and Midwest. For the translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument followed the methodological approach of Beaton et al (2002). The face and content validity analysis was performed by judges and the pre-test. Construct validity was performed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and method of comparison groups. Analysis of instrument reliability was performed by analyzing the internal consistency of items through the Cronbach coefficient. The study sample was comprised of 1,301 professionals in clinics and surgical wards of six hospitals. The application of the instrument occurred from July to October 2010. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of six institutions. A version adapted to Portuguese SAQ showed Cronbach\'s alpha of 0.89. The item-total correlations between the domains were considered moderate to strong, except for domain Stress Recognition. The confirmatory analysis showed that the model fitting end of the 41 items was satisfactory. The exploratory factor analysis the item 14, which has no domain in the original scale, was allocated in the domain Perception of Management and items 33, 34 and 35 were allocated in a single component. The method of comparison groups were identified statistically significant average difference between hospitals and years specialty. We conclude that the SAQ Portuguese version was considered valid and reliable in our sample.

Notre travail consiste à étudier les contraintes qui influent sur les prises de décisions du traducteur en phase de reformulation. Appliquée au domaine de la littérature de jeunesse, la traduction est envisagée comme un acte de communication qui n’est pas que linguistique : elle est également conditionnée par des éléments extralinguistiques qui participent des influences réciproques entre la communication et la culture dans laquelle elle se produit. La littérature traduite pour ce public se présente comme un sous-système dépendant du cadre littéraire général de la société d’accueil. Elle est, de ce fait, soumise aux conditions et contraintes de production et diffusion du système littéraire pour jeune public. L’analyse des récits destinés au jeune public permet en effet de mettre en exergue les valeurs à la fois culturelles et morales que chaque société cherche à inculquer à son jeune lectorat. Qui veut saisir les procédés méthodologiques et les visées de l’entreprise traduisante dans ce domaine, se voit contraint par la nature même de l’objet, à envisager une étude de la dynamique de la littérature et de la traduction pour enfants dans le contexte d’accueil. Dans le monde arabe, des facteurs tels les parents, les éditeurs, la spécificité de l’ancrage spatioculturel, les auteurs, les traducteurs mais aussi les illustrateurs sont autant de contraintes qui jouent un rôle majeur dans ce qui est produit pour ce jeune public. D’un point de vue traductologique, ces contraintes constituent des « normes sociales » qui délimitent le cadre opérationnel dans lequel viendra s’inscrire toute opération traduisante pour le jeune public. Le concept de ‘norme sociale’ comme l’entend Toury, est central dans toute communication, parce qu’il permet d’identifier les rapports entre la société et sa production littéraire et traduisante. Pendant le processus de traduction, ces normes sont converties en contraintes traductologiques qui peuvent être d’ordre culturel, politique ou idéologique, en ce sens où elles gouvernent les prises de décisions et influent sur la tâche du traducteur au stade de la reformulation. Quels sont les éléments observables qui nous permettent de cerner ces contraintes, et quel rapport entretiennent-elles entre elles et sur le processus de traduction en général et dans la reformulation en particulier ? Surtout, quel est la démarche traductologique qui permettrait d’optimiser les résultats compte tenu de ces contraintes ? Telles sont les questions finales auxquelles ce travail tente d’apporter quelques réponses. / Our work consists in studying the constraints that affect translator’s decisions in the phase of reformulation. Applied to the field of children’s literature, translation is viewed as an act of communication which is not only linguistic: it is also conditioned by extralinguistic elements that involve reciprocal influences between communication and local culture. The literature translated for this audience is presented as a sub-system part of the general literary host society. It is, therefore, subject to conditions and constraints of production and dissemination of literary system for young lectors. The analysis for the young lectors makes it possible to highlight the values of both culture and morality that every society seeks to instill in its young readers. Whoever wants to seize the methodological procedures and purposes of the translating process in this area is constrained by the nature of the subject, to consider a study of the dynamics of literature and translation for children in the host context. In the Arab world, factors such as parents, publishers, spatiocultural specificities, authors, translators and also illustrators play a major role in what is written for young audiences. From a standpoint of translation studies, these constraints are considered as "norms" that define the operational framework that govern any translation for young lectors. The concept of ’social norm’ as defined by Toury, is central to all communication, because it identifies the relationship between a society and its literary and translation process. During the translation process, these norms are converted into translational constraints that may be cultural, political or ideological in the sense that they govern the decision and the influence of the translator during the phase of reformulation. What are the observable elements that allow us to identify these constraints and how do they interact to each other and with the translation process in general and in particular with the reformulation? Above all, what is the translation approach that would maximize results in light of these constraints? These are the final questions to which this work attempts to provide some answers.

Syftet med den här processorienterade studien var att undersöka hur texttypen påverkar översättningsprocessen, och närmare bestämt om olika texttyper aktualiserar olika fokus i de kognitiva processerna. Fyra deltagare fick därför översätta två olika källtexter, en operativ och en informativ. Materialet samlades in med hjälp av Think-Aloud (TA). Studien visar att de båda texterna huvudsakligen gav upphov till liknande fokus. Texttypen verkar således inte ha haft någon märkbar påverkan på översättningsprocessen i det aktuella fallet. Vad gäller deltagarnas individuella processer fokuserade flera av dem på liknande faktorer oberoende av källtexten, vilket antyder att processerna i viss utsträckning kan antas vara individuellt betingade. / The aim of the present study was to investigate whether different text types bring different focuses to the fore in the cognitive processes during translation. Four translator students were thus asked to translate one operative and one informative text while verbalizing their thoughts. The verbalizations were recorded and later transcribed into so called think-aloud protocols (TAPs). The analysis of the TAPs showed that the participants focused on similar aspects regardless of the source text, which indicates that the text type did not have any significant effect on the translation process in the study at hand.

Esta investigación exploratoria tiene por objetivo principal determinar cuáles son los criterios de calidad aplicados en el proceso de traducción de los traductores independientes en el mercado de traducción en Lima, Perú, en 2019. Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa, utilizando como herramienta la entrevista. Las entrevistas fueron aplicadas a cinco traductoras independientes que cumplían con una serie de requisitos establecidos según PACTE. A partir de los resultados se comprobó que las participantes aplican una serie de criterios en sus procesos de traducción, que involucran una demanda de tiempo para producir un texto funcional. En ese sentido, se identificó como criterios principales la documentación y revisión. Como sostienen las participantes, los clientes desconocen el proceso de esta labor profesional y, por tanto, no brindan un plazo factible al solicitar un encargo de traducción que permita priorizar la calidad. / This exploratory research has as main objective to determine what are the quality criteria applied in the translation process of the freelance translators in the translation market in Lima, Peru, in 2019. A qualitative methodology was applied, using interviews as a research tool. The interviews were applied to five freelance translators who met a series of requirements established according to PACTE. Results found that the participants apply a series of criteria in their translation process, which implies a demand of time needed in order to produce a functional text. Furthermore, documentation and review were identified as the main criteria applied. As stated by the participants, clients are unaware of the process of this professional work and, therefore, do not provide a feasible deadline when requesting a translation order that allows prioritizing quality. / Tesis

Cross-cultural differences in the perception of pictorial material has long been established and documented. In the Republic of South Africa, which is increasingly globalized, and where it is appealing from financial, economic and training perspectives, the temptation is to use Western-based AAC symbol systems and strategies in intervention with clients from other language and cultural orientations. The aim of this study was to determine the translucency ratings of specific Blissymbols as rated by six-to seven-year-old Setswana-speaking children. A secondary aim was to determine whether the ratings changed after second and third exposures in order to determine the learnability of these symbols. A brief comparison was made between the results of the current study and the results reported in the Quist et al., study (1998). Thirty-five Setswana learners were exposed to 93 selected Blissymbols, based on a study by Quist et al., (1998). A three-point semantic differential scale, consisting of three faces accompanied each Blissymbol. Participants marked the face that best described his/her perception of the specific symbol’s iconicity. This procedure was repeated over a period of three days. The results indicated that the translucency ratings of the majority of the Blissymbols ranged from moderate to high. The research further demonstrated significant differences in translucency ratings between the first and second exposures, suggesting learning of the symbols. A smaller difference was noted between Days 2 and 3. A correlation in findings was noted between the current study and the Dutch and US studies (Quist et al., 1998). / Dissertation (M (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / MA / unrestricted

No description available.

La traduction n’est pas une pratique linéaire qui part d’un texte-source (Ts) pour arriver à un texte-cible (Tc). La traduction est un exercice de compréhension et de ré-expression d'un discours qui suppose la mobilisation de connaissances linguistiques et thématiques. Les étapes du processus de traduction (compréhension du texte de départ, médiation culturelle et linguistique, mise en forme du texte d'arrivée) ne sont plus considérées comme une simple séquence de décodage et de recodage des messages. La progression des sciences cognitives au cours des vingt dernières années a permis de nourrir une réflexion multidisciplinaire aux frontières des neurosciences, de la psychologie, de la philosophie, de la linguistique et de l'intelligence artificielle. L’essentiel dans notre thèse consiste à découvrir la phase de « déverbalisation » lors de l’acte traduisante, un processus mentale qui ne peut être compris sans les apports des sciences cognitives. Parmi les nombreuses méthodes expérimentales sur le processus de la traduction on distingue entre la méthode de collection de données in vivo, c'est-à-dire prises sur le vif pendant l’opération traduisante, et la méthode de collection de données in vitro, c’est à dire après que le traducteur a eu fini de traduire. Dans cette recherche, en appliquant deux méthodologies TAPs(Think-aloud-protocols) et le logiciel Translog, on va étudier les problèmes rencontrés dans l’acte de traduction français-persan par nos participants ainsi que les stratégies utilisées par eux pour résoudre les problèmes linguistique et culturelles. / The translation is not a linear act starting from a text source to reach the final text. The steps of the translation process (comprehension of the original text, cultural and linguistic mediation, shaping the target text) aren’t considered as a simple sequence of decoding and recoding messages. The progress of cognitive science in the last twenty years has helped feed a multidisciplinary study at the frontiers of neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, linguistics and artificial intelligence. The essential point of our thesis is to find the phase of " deverbalization " during the translation process. This is a mental process that couldn’t be understood without the contributions of cognitive science. Among the many experimental methods in the process of translation distinguishes between the method of data collection in vivo, that is to say, taken on the spot during the translation process, and the method of collection of in vitro data, is once the translator has finished translating. In this research, using a combination of the two process- oriented Approaches to study professional translation online: verbal reporting, better known as TAPs (think- aloud protocols), and Translog program for logging keyboard activity, we will examine the problems encountered in the act of translation French -Persian by our participants and the strategies used by them to solve linguistic and cultural problems.