Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le champ à la fois traductologique et sociolinguistique. Il est réalisé dans un environnement sociolinguistique particulièrement marqué par la diversité des langues dont la coexistence montre une inégalité de statut et d’usage. Notre étude porte sur deux langues dont le français et le wolof et couvre toute la période post-coloniale (de 1960 à aujourd’hui) pendant laquelle la question lancinante de la promotion des langues nationales reste la préoccupation majeure des différentes politiques linguistiques. Elle s’attache à étudier la traduction comme moyen de reconnaissance des langues nationales sénégalaises et comme outil de promotion des échanges entre ces langues et le français, seule langue officielle du pays. Cette thèse tente de démontrer la place incontournable de la traduction dans le rétablissement des équilibres linguistiques et socio-culturels mais également dans l’édification des langues nationales et de leur littérature. Cette étude mettra en avant les notions de transfert et de médiation entre les langues et cultures qui coexistent et au cœur desquelles se trouve la traduction. Elle est basée sur un corpus parallèle de textes du droit et de la santé traduits du français vers le wolof. / Our research work falls within the field of both translation studies and sociolinguistics. The sociolinguistic environment in which it is carried out is particularly characterized by a great diversity of languages that are unequal in terms of status and use. This study focuses on two languages, french and wolof, and covers the entire postcolonial period (from the independance in 1960 to now) during which the main concern of the different linguistic policies is about the promotion of the national languages. The aim is to study translation as a means that contributes to the recognition of of Senegalese languages and also as a tool that favours exchanges between these languages and French that represents the only official language of the country. This thesis attempts to show the important place of translation in restoring linguistic and socio-cultural balances and the role it plays and has to plays in the devolopment of national languages and their written literature. Therefore, we will put emphasis on the notions of tranfer and mediation between the languages and cultures that coexist. Finally, this study is based on a parallel corpus of legal and health texts translated from French to Wolof.

Die Translationswissenschaft befindet sich gegenwärtig in einem Stadium, in dem sie sich von der reinen Untersuchung des Übersetzungsprozesses wegbewegt und stärker die hierbei beteiligten Vermittlungsprozesse behandelt (Kaindl 2009: 164). Neben der Beschäftigung mit den kulturellen Bedingungen von Translation, wie sie seit den neunziger Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts erfolgte (Prunč 2007: 279), begannen zu Beginn dieses Jahrhunderts Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zu fragen, was die Konsequenzen seien, wenn Translation allgemein als ein Bereich sozialer Betätigung betrachtet würde. Hierbei wurden insbesondere die Theorien Pierre Bourdieus und Niklas Luhmanns herangezogen (Kaindl 2009: 160). Die Beschäftigung mit dem Thema ist inzwischen so weit fortgeschritten, dass bereits die Möglichkeit eines „sociological turn“ in der Translationswissenschaft diskutiert wird (Wolf 2006, 2009). Mit der Theorie Niklas Luhmanns haben sich bisher vor allem Theo Hermans (insb. 1999, 2007), Hans J. Vermeer (2006a, 2006b, 2008) und Sergey Tyulenev (2009a, 2009b, 2010) beschäftigt. Andreas Poltermann kommt wohl das Verdienst zu, die Thematik als Erster im deutschsprachigen Raum behandelt zu haben (Poltermann, Andreas (1992) \\\\\\\"Normen des literarischen Übersetzens im System der Literatur\\\\\\\". In Harald Kittel, (Hrsg.) Geschichte, System, Literarische Übersetzung. Histories, Systems, Literary Translations. Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 5-31.) Wenn Tyulenev inzwischen eine gewisse Stagnation in der Rezeption systemtheoretischen Gedankenguts in der Translationswissenschaft konstatiert (Tyulenev 2010: 347), so scheint es gerade deshalb angezeigt, das bisher Erreichte zu sichten und zu fragen, inwieweit sich eine weitere Beschäftigung mit dem Thema lohnen könnte. Dies umso mehr, als die Theorie Luhmanns in besonderer Weise geeignet sein könnte, Translation zu beschreiben. Denn Translation beruht in besonderer Weise auf Kommunikation und Luhmanns zentrale These ist, dass Kommunikation das Grundelement allen sozialen Handelns sei (Luhmann 1995b: 114). Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung ist daher die Rezeption der luhmannschen Theorie durch die Translationswissenschaft. Gefragt wird dabei, wie die Theorie Luhmanns rezipiert wurde und ob aufgrund dieser oder anderer Überlegungen von Translation als sozialem System im luhmannschen Sinne gesprochen werden könnte. Nach dem einleitenden Teil wird in Kapitel zwei dieser Arbeit die Systemtheorie von Niklas Luhmann dargestellt. Hierzu wird ein Überblick über diese Theorie, ihren Anspruch und ihren Aufbau gegeben, woraufhin einzelne Begriffe der Theorie vorgestellt werden. Die Auswahl der Begriffe erfolgte nach ihrer Relevanz für ein Grundverständnis der Theorie einerseits und für die folgenden Teile andererseits. Jene Teile der luhmannschen Theorie, die nur in bestimmten Fällen und nur für diese von Belang sind, werden an der jeweiligen Stelle behandelt. Im dritten Kapitel werden die Arbeiten derjenigen Autoren vorgestellt, die sich bisher über die Behandlung reiner Teilaspekte hinaus mit der Anwendung der luhmannschen Theorie auf Translation und mit der Systemhaftigkeit von Translation befasst haben. In Kapitel vier wird die Frage diskutiert, ob die Voraussetzungen vorliegen, unter denen von Translation als System gesprochen werden kann, bevor im fünften Kapitel die Ergebnisse der Arbeit kurz zusammengefasst und mögliche Themen für weitere Forschungen genannt werden, soweit sie sich aus der Arbeit ergeben.

This thesis examines the concepts of textual order and chaos, and how Relevance Theory can be used to translate texts that do not adhere to conventional textual practices. Relevance Theory operates on the basis of presumed order in communication. Applying it to disordered communicative acts provides an opportunity and vocabulary to describe how communication can break down, and the consequences this can have for translation. This breakdown of order, which I am terming a ‘chaos principle’, will be examined through the lens of a Russian-language short story called “Lunokhod”, a story in which textual order, as described by Relevance Theory, breaks down. In this thesis, I first lay out several translation challenges presented by my corpus, discuss each with reference to Relevance Theory, and examine the implications for translation through sample translation segments. This deconstruction section argues that conventional translation methods fail to properly address the challenges of my corpus. Next comes a reconstruction section, in which I develop a theoretical framework for my translation that has roots in Relevance Theory but that frees the translation from the constraints imposed by an ordered view of communication. Finally, I present the translation itself.

Sanmao (1943-91), author of over 19 books, is well known in Chinese-speaking communities for her travel writing. The present work offers a critical introduction to Sanmao’s life and work as well as an English translation of three selections from her most recognized travelogue, among both general readers and critics, Stories of the Sahara (1976). This text recounts her experience of travelling in the Western Sahara with her husband José María Quero y Ruíz from Spain. Chapter 1 introduces Sanmao’s career, her travel narratives, and the extant scholarship on her work to the English-speaking audience. More specifically, it highlights her time living in the Western Sahara among three cultures and languages—Chinese, Spanish, and Sahrawi—and contextualizes Stories of the Sahara, especially drawing attention to moments that require special care when the text is moved from Chinese to English. Next, this chapter focuses on the central role that language and translation play in Sanmao’s travel writing. This analysis is informed by Roman Jakobson’s classification of translation as used to study travel literature by Michael Cronin. I provide a discussion of my choices concerning translating the texture of the Western Sahara and the linguistic aspects of Sanmao’s writing, as well as the characteristics of Sanmao’s legacy that I attempt to emphasize through my translation. Chapter 2 includes my English translation of three texts from Stories of the Sahara. A brief introduction and a short conclusion open and close this thesis.

The focus of this thesis is on collaborative translation as a reflection of the contexts in which it takes place. I consider a wide range of contexts, including both historical and present day social change movements. Drawing on the principles that were outlined by scholars during the cultural turn in translation studies that took place during the 1980s and 90s, I examine cultural translation as something that can take place on many levels, from the translation of words and sentences to the translation of the values of a movement. As an example of the holistic approaches that are part of cultural translation, I look in-depth at Our Bodies, Ourselves, a feminist book that has been written and translated collaboratively by women all over the world. I then expand my survey of collaborative approaches to include the translation of literary and religious texts, including the translation of Don Quixote into Kichwa, as part of an indigenous movement, as well as historical and present day team translations of Buddhist sutras in the U.S. and China, and numerous collaborative Bible translations spanning centuries and continents. I also explore the relationship between amateur translators, collaborative approaches, and activism in social movements. Part of my aim is to bridge the gaps between translator training and translation theory, practice, and policy. In some cases, amateur translators are a manifestation of the values of a movement; in other cases they are a necessity due to limited financial resources, and activists take a variety of approaches to the problem of budgetary constraints. One approach is collaboration, which can make a translation project economically viable by dividing work amongst volunteers. Another solution is to form worker cooperatives. In addition, the use of technology can help to increase efficiency and save money. Translators in social change movements frequently solve problems and carry out their values by taking holistic approaches. From integrating modern technology and time-tested historical practices to drawing on translation traditions from a variety of cultures, collaborative translation projects demonstrate a wide range of ways in which the values of social change movements can be reflected in the translation process.

ABSTRACT COLONIALISM, EDUCATION, AND GABON: AN EXAMINATION OF THE SELF-TRANSLATION OF GABONESE CITIZENS IN THEIR POSTCOLONIAL SPACE THROUGH EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE. SEPTEMBER 2016 MOUSSAVOU FROY BATSIELILIT, B.A., UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Maria Tymoczko Gabon’s educational model, mode, and language of instruction are similar to that of France. Likewise, the official language in Gabon remains French. The similarities between both countries, as a result, have continued to perpetuate and reinforce the indirect, or direct, influence of French culture in Gabon. The resemblance also contributed to the inability of Gabon to create an independent identity from France. As a result, Gabonese citizens are self-translating and rewriting themselves as an extension of France while simultaneously censoring half of their identities from the narrative of nation. To understand the current situation, I investigate education and the language situation in Gabon and relate them to the field of Translation Studies in terms of the latter’s concepts. The thesis begins with a historical background of Gabon. The discussion then shifts to analyze the connection between language and power, and its use during French colonialism in Africa. The importance of language and power is in turn linked to education, resulting in an analysis of Gabon and France’s educational systems and materials. The issues of education, language, and identity are discussed so as to determine the influences on Gabonese citizens’ identities.

(in English) The master's thesis entitled Translation Studies in Central European Thinking. Analysis of the Relationship between the Poznan School of Translatology and the Translation Studies Centre in Nitra is devoted to the development of the Translation Studies discipline in the Central European region in the second half of the 20th century. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces the reader to the process of creating the discipline of Translation Studies in the Central European context and presents the emerging centres of translation research in Poland and Slovakia: the Poznań School and the Nitra School, as well as the most outstanding representatives of both translation schools and the key issues of their translation concepts. The thesis, based on available sources and literature on the subject, presents relations and contacts as well as an exchange of inspiration between the Poznań School and the Nitra School. The practical part analyses the article by Edward Balcerzan, Poetics of Artistic Translation (1968) and the book by Anton Popovič Poetics of Artistic Translation (1971), key representatives of both schools of translation, and among others, looks for the answer to the question What was the poetics of artistic translation for Balcerzan and what was it for Popovič? The aim of the...

This dissertation studies the role of translation in the emergence of political concepts as they traveled through the Atlantic world in various discourses, documents, and genres of writing. A practice vital to new revolutionary governments, exiled or internal dissidents, and international abolitionists alike, the translation of political writing supported movements and expanded their scope by, I argue, not merely circulating, but actively transforming the meaning of such concepts as “liberty,” “equality,” “emancipation,” “public feeling,” “the people,” and “abolition.” Our study of this phenomenon has been limited—even stifled altogether—by the still prevailing tendency, academically and colloquially, to misconstrue translation as transparent communication, as the transfer of meaning unchanged from one language to another. Against this tendency, my study proceeds from the understanding that translation is an interpretive act that necessarily varies the meaning, form, and effects of whatever materials are translated. I examine cases of translation that generatively intervened in two decisive moments for the transnational production of the ideas that would become foundational for so-called Western modernity: the Age of Revolutions and the abolitionist period. I offer close readings of the translation of state papers, political theory, and literature by African American educator Prince Saunders, Venezuelan diplomat Manuel García de Sena, Irish abolitionist R.R. Madden, and French writer Louise Swanton Belloc. They demonstrate how key insurgent ideas were forged through cultural exchange in more textured, dynamic historical complexity than we have yet grasped. As the project traces the resignification of political concepts that circulated the ports of the slaveholding Atlantic, into and out of French, Spanish, and English, it seeks to push the disciplinary boundaries of comparative Americanist or Atlanticist frameworks to treat translations as objects of study in their own right, worthy of sustained and systematic analysis. / English

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, and hypertension has been recognized as a major contributor to its manifestation and progression. Vascular smooth muscle cells control the tone and elasticity of vessels and their dysfunction in hypertension contributes to arterial remodeling and subsequent end organ damage. Evidence has indicated that the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) may be compromised in hypertension, while the contribution of protein aggregate formation (a main driver of UPR activation) is undefined. Glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP78), a residential ER chaperone, acts to aid in the proper folding of nascent peptides during translation, while also acting as the primary signal transducer for UPR. We hypothesize overexpression of GRP78 can protect against Angiotensin II induced protein aggregation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to reduce pathological ER UPR signaling and hypertensive vascular remodeling. To test this hypothesis, we investigated protein aggregate induction by Ang II stimulation as well as ER UPR activation, and if overexpression of the ER-resident chaperone glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) could protect against these as well as VSMC remodeling markers: hypertrophy, collagen production and inflammation. Utilizing pre-amyloid oligomer (PAO) immunofluorescence staining to identify Ang II induction of amyloid in VSMCs, we found amyloid accumulation was maximal at 48h post stimulation, which could be prevented with adenoviral overexpression of GRP78. Ang II significantly induced ER stress markers p-IRE1α, p-PERK and cleaved ATF6 in VSMCs. Overexpression of GRP78 was able to attenuate these ER stress responders. Interestingly, shotgun proteomic analysis of triton X-100 insoluble aggregate fractions revealed proteostasis machinery enriched in Ang II treated VSMC aggregates (HSP70, VCP, CryAB), which were attenuated with GR78 overexpression. To investigate pathological VSMC remodeling markers, we found that Ang II induced VSMC collagen production, immune cell adhesion, VCAM-1 expression, and hypertrophy (via protein synthesis) which was attenuated by GRP78 overexpression. Utilizing a VSMC-promoter derived GRP78 overexpression mouse model (GRP78TG SM22α Cre-/- or GRP78TG SM22α Cre+/-), we investigated the effect of ER stress inhibition on Ang II induced vascular remodeling. Importantly, hypertrophy and fibrosis in the aorta and the cardiac vasculature were assessed by Masson’s Trichrome and Sirius red staining and found to be increased in Cre-/- mice, while Cre+/- were significantly protected. These effects were accompanied with a significant reduction in Ang II-induced aortic amyloid burden (PAO) and ER UPR signaling. Blood pressure was monitored via tail cuff which revealed GRP78 Cre+/- mice were not protected against Ang II induced hypertension. Overall, these findings indicate that VSMC protein aggregation activates the ER stress response and contribute to hypertensive vascular remodeling. Furthermore, therapeutically targeting this mechanism via overexpression of GRP78 may elude new pharmacological interventions for arterial stiffness, while addressing fundamental questions about the mechanisms involved. / Biomedical Sciences

English and Japanese are very different from each other in tems of their structures. And consequently no one would call the present translation of the Japanese Book of Mormon a low rank-bound translation. However, a substantial amount of grammatical categories of English such as number, redundant subject for Japanese, pronominal expression, and the passive voice which is not used so often in Japanese as in English, are introduced in the translation. The improper placement of subject, verb and object also serves as a cause of foreign tones. Thus the present translation has more factors of Formal-Equivalence translation than those of Dynamic-Equivalence translation. The principle of 'accuracy and fidelity' resulted in an unnatrual translation to some extent, imposing an effort of understanding the text on the shoulders of the readers. It was also found out that a lack of knowledge of Hebraism resulted in 'betrayal by ignorance,' creating many unnatural Japanese expressions as well as a certain number of mistranslations.