This paper aims to study translationese in the Japanese language, and to study if there are any differences between Swedish to Japanese translations compared with English to Japanese translations– which are studied more. Claimed features and characteristics of Japanese translationese include the increase use of personal pronouns, loanwords and paragraph length. However in this study the usage of formal language and gender language in translationese will also be included to in order to distinguish differences between translationese and non-translationese. The method used to analyze the material is corpus-based translations studies which is a rather newly developed method to study translation and especially translationese. This method will be used in this thesis to compare translated and non-translated texts. As material two novels are used – one originally written in Japanese, and one originally written in Swedish but translated into Japanese. Due to the lack of translation corpora in Japanese, the novels had to be digitalized in order for the author to browse in the novels. By comparing two novels of the same genre it will be clear what the translated novel lack compared to the non-translated novel as translationese is considered broken or bad translation. The analysis and the comparison will be done with the theories about the features of Japanese translationese. The study found that some of the features of translationese were adoptable on Swedish to Japanese translated texts, but there were few significant differences regarding formal language and gender language.

Il est communément admis que la traduction est liée à l'interprétation, ce dont témoignent des formules telles que « comprendre c'est traduire » ou « interpréter pour traduire ». Cette thèse se donne pour objectif de parcourir les principales articulations du nœud entre interprétation et traduction et d'évaluer les chances de le desserrer. Pour ce faire, deux axes sont retenus. D'une part, l'opposition entre le bon sens et les paradoxes qui recoupe l'opposition entre les théories traditionnelles et critiques de la traduction. D'autre part, une lecture des réflexions sur la traduction au regard de certaines notions mises en avant par des penseurs assimilés à ce qui a pu être appelé la « théorie française », puis reprises en critique littéraire.Les hypothèses de George Steiner concernant la traduction et les principes de la Théorie Interprétative de la Traduction développée à l'ÉSIT sont ainsi étudiés et confrontés aux propositions d'Henri Meschonnic et d'Antoine Berman. Pour approfondir l'enquête et tenter de délimiter la portée du modèle herméneutique du sens en traduction, les travaux notamment de Saussure, Benveniste, Derrida, Deleuze, Ricœur ou Barthes jusqu'à ceux, plus récents, d'Agamben, Rancière et Huyghe sont convoqués.Dans ce sillage, la thèse invite enfin à considérer la traduction comme une technè ouverte et indéterminée et suggère d'aborder le lien entre traduction et interprétation du point de vue des réflexions sur la répétition et la représentation qu'ont pu inspirer le personnage du copiste et sa place croissante en littérature depuis Flaubert. / It is commonly accepted that translation and interpretation are linked, as is reflected in phrases such as “understanding as translation” and “interpret to translate”. The objective of this thesis is to examine the main threads of the knot that joins interpretation and translation, and to evaluate the chances of untangling these threads.Two approaches were used to do this. The first approach examines the conflict between common sense and the paradoxes raised by comparing traditional and critical theories of translation. The second approach considers reflections on translation in the light of certain notions advanced by thinkers associated with what can be called the “French theory” and then adopted in literary criticism.Thus, George Steiner’s hypotheses concerning translation and the principles of the Interpretative Theory of Translation developed at the ÉSIT are assessed and contrasted with propositions put forward by Henri Meschonnic and Antoine Berman. Works by de Saussure, Benveniste, Derrida, Deleuze, Ricœur, and Barthes, as well as by more recent authors such as Agamben, Rancière, and Huyghe, are appraised in order to develop this analysis further, and to try and define the range of the hermeneutic model of meaning in translation.The results of these analyses suggest that translation should be considered an open and indeterminate techne, and that the link between translation and interpretation can be addressed via reflections on the repetition and the representation inspired by the character of the copyist and its growing place in literature since Flaubert.

nÃo hà / No contexto da comunicaÃÃo especializada, os Estudos da TraduÃÃo vinculam-se estreitamente ao progresso da lÃngua e da manifestaÃÃo cultural. Por isso, o conhecimento exigido do tradutor vai alÃm do domÃnio linguÃstico, principalmente quando o encargo tradutÃrio requer um texto alvo adequado à realidade cultural do pÃblico alvo. Com base nessa constataÃÃo, nossa pesquisa tem como objetivo geral avaliar a prÃtica tradutÃria por meio de um modelo sequenciado de anÃlise crÃtica da traduÃÃo de contratos de distribuiÃÃo na direÃÃo inglÃs-portuguÃs, utilizando a Abordagem Funcionalista (REISS; VERMEER, 1996; NORD, 2012, 2016) e a Terminologia (CABRÃ, 2004; KRIEGER; FINATTO, 2004). Especificamente, objetivamos constatar se em face do encargo de traduÃÃo, os tradutores, independentemente da sua formaÃÃo e prÃtica profissionais, utilizavam, mesmo que de forma intuitiva, o modelo analÃtico (NORD, 2016); averiguar se seria possÃvel fazermos uma anÃlise crÃtica das escolhas tradutÃrias baseada no funcionalismo com um viÃs terminogrÃfico; e propor um referencial teÃrico para auxiliar os tradutores profissionais na sua prÃtica tradutÃria. Para alcanÃarmos tais objetivos, utilizamos os seguintes passos metodolÃgicos: anÃlise dos fatores extratextuais e intratextuais de quatro contratos de distribuiÃÃo e cotejo com suas respectivas traduÃÃes à luz da Abordagem Funcionalista; crÃtica da traduÃÃo por meio da anÃlise das escolhas tradutÃrias de termos e de unidades fraseolÃgicas que eram recorrentes em pelo menos dois dos quatro contratos traduzidos, confrontando tais escolhas com suas respectivas definiÃÃes terminogrÃficas equivalentes em face do encargo de traduÃÃo. Durante o processo de anÃlise, foi possÃvel constatar a existÃncia de particularidades oriundas do sistema jurÃdico da common law, como por exemplo, a existÃncia de clÃusula definidora de termos especÃficos que compunham o contrato original; observamos tambÃm que muitas escolhas tradutÃrias se basearam na estrita observÃncia das convenÃÃes de gÃnero e de tipo textual, como por exemplo, a preservaÃÃo do termo original âartigoâ como traduÃÃo literal de article, ao invÃs da substituiÃÃo por âclÃusulaâ. Por outro lado, observou-se, durante a anÃlise pelo viÃs terminolÃgico, que os tradutores possuÃam domÃnio linguÃstico e conhecimento acerca das variaÃÃes lexicais na terminologia bilÃngue, e estavam atentos aos fatores extra e intratextuais, dentre eles, o emissor, o pÃblico as pressuposiÃÃes, o lÃxico e a sintaxe, jà que suas traduÃÃes se adaptaram ao pÃblico alvo, conforme o requerido pelo encargo tradutÃrio, quando este exigiu adaptaÃÃes do texto alvo à realidade cultural do pÃblico alvo, como por exemplo, a traduÃÃo de company como âempresaâ, ao invÃs de âsociedade comercialâ; ou a traduÃÃo de inventory como sendo âestoqueâ, ao invÃs de âinventÃrioâ / Within the field of specialized communication, Translation Studies are closely linked to the progress of language and cultural manifestation. Therefore, the required knowledge of the translator goes beyond the linguistic domain, especially when the translation purpose is to produce a target text suitable to the target audienceâs cultural reality. Based on this finding, our research aims at evaluating the translation practice through a sequential model of text analysis of English-to-Portuguese distribution agreement translation by applying Functionalist Approach (REISS, VERMEER, 1996; NORD, 2012, 2016) and Terminology (CABRÃ, 2004; KRIEGER; FINATTO, 2004). Specifically, we aimed to verify whether translators, regardless of their professional training and practice used, even if intuitively, the analytical model (NORD, 2016) to investigate whether it would be possible to make critical analysis of translation choices based on functionalism with a terminological approach; and propose a theoretical framework to aid professional translators with their practice. To achieve the said objectives, we made the following methodological steps: analysis and comparison of the extratextual and intratextual factors of four distribution agreements and their respective translations in light of the Functionalist Approach; translation criticism through the translation choices analysis of terms and phraseological units that were recurrent in at least two of the four translated contracts, confronting such choices with their equivalent terminological definitions based on the translation purpose. During our analysis, we could verify the existence of common law legal systems particularities, such as the existence of clauses defining specific terms in the original contracts; we also noted that many translation choices were based on strict observance of gender and textual conventions, such as the preservation of the original term âartigoâ as a literal translation of article, rather than a âclÃusulaâ. On the other hand, during the terminological analysis, we observed that the translators possessed a linguistic domain and knowledge about the lexical variations in bilingual terminology, and were aware of the extra and intratextual factors, such as the audience, the place, the presuppositions, the lexicon, and the syntax, since their translations fit into the target public, as required by the translation purpose, when adaptations of the target text to the cultural reality of the target audience were required, for example, the translation of company as âempresaâ, rather than âsociedadecomercialâ; or the translation of inventory as âestoqueâ, rather than âinventÃrioâ.

nÃo hà / O objetivo deste estudo à descrever o estado da arte da localizaÃÃo/traduÃÃo de videogames. Pretende-se analisar o panorama atual da localizaÃÃo de videogames, traÃar um breve histÃrico e identificar as caracterÃsticas deste processo tradutÃrio. O mercado de videogames torna-se notÃcia, cada vez com uma frequÃncia maior, quando jogos atingem altÃssimas marcas de vendas no Brasil e no mundo. AnimaÃÃes foto realistas, roteiros e narrativas bastante desenvolvidas, com diÃlogos ricos e profundos, sÃo caracterÃsticas dessa indÃstria multibilionÃria, cuja importÃncia no ramo do entretenimento, em termos de faturamento, ultrapassou a de Hollywood. Seu desenvolvimento, principalmente no mercado nacional, fez com que as produtoras e distribuidoras passassem a se preocupar em localizar/traduzir seus tÃtulos. Apesar de ter seu inÃcio nos anos 1990, a localizaÃÃo de videogames à um fenÃmeno recente, jà que esse mercado somente se consolidou de fato nos Ãltimos anos. Justamente por ser algo novo, a quantidade de pesquisas nessa Ãrea à escassa. Este estudo tenta suprir essa insuficiÃncia, apontando aspectos importantes localizaÃÃo de jogos no Brasil, bem como identificando as peculiaridades, mecanismos e escolhas enfrentados em alguns processos de localizaÃÃo. Para tanto, serÃo analisados alguns jogos, sob uma perspectiva descritiva e histÃrica. A base teÃrica sÃo os conceitos de gameplay de Adams (2010), Novak (2012) e Rollings e Morris (2010), a âexperiÃncia de jogoâ de Mangiron e OÂHagan (2006) e Sousa (2015), a domesticaÃÃo/estrangeirizaÃÃo de Lawrence Venuti e os conceitos de localizaÃÃo, alicerÃados por Minako OÂHagan e Carmem Mangiron, Bert Esselink e Anthony Pym. / The main goal of this research is to describe the state of the art in localization/translation of video games. The aim is to analyze the current panorama of video game localization, to outline its historical background and to identify the characteristics of such translation process. The video game market becomes news as games time after time break sales records in Brazil and all over the world. It is a multibillionaire industry that has photorealistic animations, scripts and narratives very well developed with rich and profound dialogs. Its economic importance has surpassed Hollywood. The vigorous growth of the games industry, specially in Brazil, made the developers aware of the importance of localizing/translating their titles to Brazilian Portuguese. Video games localizations are a recent phenomenon in Brazil, despite having started in the early 1990s. There are very few papers done in this field of study in Brazil. This research tries to fill this gap by showing important aspects of video game localization in Brazil, pointing out its singularities, mechanisms and choices made in some localization processes. To do so, a few games are studied. The theoretical basis is the work done by Adams (2010), Novak (2012) and Rollings and Morris (2010) concerning âgameplayâ, the research on âgameplay experienceâ by Mangiron and OâHagan (2006) and Sousa (2012), the studies on domestication/foreignization by Lawrence Venutti and the ideas on Localization by Minako OâHagan, Carmem Mangiron, Bert Esselink and Anthony Pym

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar como as quatro traduções de Watchmen foram influenciadas pelos diferentes estágios de consolidação da graphic novel no sistema de histórias em quadrinhos do Brasil e pela aproximação deste com o sistema literário. Defende-se a ideia que as histórias em quadrinhos constituem seu próprio sistema e que no Brasil as traduções ocupam o centro do sistema, sendo responsáveis pela introdução de novos modelos de narrativas gráficas. A minissérie Watchmen foi lançada nos EUA entre 1986-1987 em 12 volumes pela editora DC, sendo logo depois reunida em um único livro, com o rótulo de graphic novel. No Brasil, Watchmen seguiu um caminho editorial similarcom as traduções refletindo as transformações do mercado nacional de quadrinhos dos últimos trinta anos em direção à consolidação de um público adulto mais exigente e a migração das vendas em bancas para as livrarias, de forma semelhante ao ocorrido nos EUA na década de 1980. Além disso, este estudo demonstra o peculiar papel de autonomia na escolha de estratégias tradutórias desempenhado pelo tradutor de três das versões brasileiras. O corpus deste estudo é composto dos seis números da edição da Editora Abril (1988), dos doze volumes lançados pela mesma editora em 1999, dos quatro livros da edição da Via Lettera (2005-2006) e a da Edição Definitiva lançada pela Panini Books, em 2011. / This study aims to demonstrate how the consolidation stage of the graphic novel in the Brazilian comic system and the relation between the comic system and the literary system influenced the four Brazilian translations of Watchmen. The ideia defended is that comics have their own system, and that translation occupies the center of the system in Brazil, being responsible for introducing new models of graphic narratives. Watchmen was released in the USA from 1986 to 1987 as a 12-issue miniseries by DC Comics, and not long after was collected into a single book under the label of graphic novel. In Brazil, Watchmen has followed a similar publishing path and the translations reflect the transformations of the national comic book market in the last three decades towards establishing a market for adults and more demanding readers, and to migrate sales from news agencies to bookstores, in a similar way to what happened in the US comic market from the 1980s. This study also demonstrates the peculiar autonomy held by the translator regarding to translations strategies in three of the Brazilian editions. The corpus of this study is composed of 6-issues miniseries published by Editora Abril (1988-1989), 12-issues also released by Editora Abril (1999), the 4 books by Via Lettera publishing house (2005-2006) and the Absolute Edition (2011) by Panini Books.

Esta dissertação reserva-se à analise do conceito de intradutibilidade presente na teoria da linguagem desenvolvida por John Locke, no Livro III, das palavras, de seu Ensaio sobre o entendimento humano, de 1690. Essa teoria visa rejeitar conceitos em voga no séc. XVII, especialmente o inatismo, advogando em favor do argumento de que o entendimento é adquirido por meio da experiência sensorial, sendo esta particular a cada indivíduo. Nesse sentido, a forma como as ideias são apreendidas na mente de cada indivíduo é também particular; a linguagem, portanto, é vista pelo autor como o instrumento responsável por socializar essas ideias particulares e permitir a comunicação. Entretanto, somada à crítica ao inatismo, Locke, no Livro III, questiona i. o emprego abusivo das palavras no contexto científico, ao elencar uma série de ações realizadas por debatedores para impressionar seu ouvinte muito mais do que transmitir um conhecimento e refletir sobre a Verdade e ii. a natureza imperfeita das palavras que compõem a linguagem especialmente devido ao seu comportamento arbitrário, ou seja, sua relação com as ideias que devem representar não é natural, mas imposta pelo homem. Ademais, Locke afirma, também como contraposição às discussões da época, haver duas essências: a nominal, acessível à nossa apreensão e delimitada pelas palavras, e a real, cuja totalidade é inapreensível pela experiência e, por extensão, pelas palavras. Assim, ao defender a intradutibilidade, argumenta em favor de um novo método de investigação filosófica, que leva em consideração a particularidade do falante, a arbitrariedade na relação entre as palavras e as ideias e a impossibilidade de 7 se acessar a realidade em sua totalidade. A afirmação da intradutibilidade não exclui a prática da tradução, reconhecida por John Locke no mesmo livro III, defende apenas o supracitado. Por isso, esta dissertação também apresenta uma tradução desse Livro III para uma demonstração prática da teoria predicada por esse autor e uma reflexão das escolhas realizadas no intuito de adequar-se aos argumentos levantados e analisados ao longo de toda a dissertação. / It is intended to analyse the concept of translatability in John Lockes theory of language, which is developed in the Book III, of words, of his Essay concerning human understanding, in 1690. He rejects the 17th century scholars and the inatism theory claiming that the knowledge is apprehended by sense experiences, which are particular to each one. Hence the ideas are also particular, the language, by that means, is the main instrument used by the humans to convey their thoughts and whose chief end is communication. Locke also rejects other two things: i. the abuse of words causing obscure discourses whose only purpose is to impress the hearer, not to present the truth and ii. the imperfection inherent to the nature of words, because its relation to the ideas is arbitrary and not based on any pattern in nature. Thus, Locke arguments that there are two types of essences: a nominal defined by words and a real, which is impossible to describe, because we have only access to reality through our senses. By defending intranslatability Locke is actually defending a new philosophical method which includes the fact that language is particular to each speaker, the arbitrary relation between words and ideas and the impossibility to comprehend thoroughly reality. However it does not excludes translation itself, recognized by Locke in the same Book III; translating it portrays his theory and proposes a debate concerning the choices made to better convey his view.

Localisation is the process of taking a product and adapting it to fit the culture in question. This usually involves making it both linguistically and culturally appropriate for the target audience. While there are many areas in video game translations where localisation holds a factor, this study will focus on localisation changes in the personalities of fictional characters between the original Japanese version and the English localised version of the video game Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn and its expansion Heavensward for PC, PS3 and PS4. With this in mind, specific examples are examined using Satoshi Kinsui's work on yakuwarigo, role language as the main framework for this study. Five non-playable characters were profiled and had each of their dialogues transcribed for a comparative analysis. This included the original Japanese text, the officially localised English text and a translation of the original Japanese text done by myself. Each character were also given a short summary and a reasoned speculation on why these localisation changes might have occurred. The result shows that there were instances where some translations had been deliberately adjusted to ensure that the content did not cause any problematic issues to players overseas. This could be reasoned out that some of the Japanese role languages displayed by characters in this game could potentially cause dispute among the western audience. In conclusion, the study shows that localisation can be a difficult process that not only requires a translator's knowledge of the source and target language, but also display some creativity in writing ability to ensure that players will have a comparable experience without causing a rift in the fanbase.

Les études linguistiques les plus récentes admettent que les noms propres sont souvent traduits, ou adaptés, par opposition aux anciennes théories sur la non-traduisibilité des noms propres.Ce qui distingue les toponymes du reste de l’onomastique, ce sont les implications politiques, sociologiques et historiques qui concernent une bonne partie des noms géographiques. Dire « Breslau » pour la ville polonaise « Wrocław » peut avoir une connotation négative selon le contexte. Et pourtant, nous rencontrons très fréquemment cette forme surInternet. De plus, on observe avec la mondialisation la multiplication de nombreuses versions du même toponyme.Le travail présenté ici est composé de trois parties. La première partie présente de manière brève les théories concernant les noms propres, mais adaptées aux toponymes, et la deuxième décrit leurs fonctions, ainsi que leur statut linguistique par rapport à la normalisation internationale. Le concept de la toponymie synchronique-contrastive et les méthodes d’analyse des toponymes selon cette approche sont introduits dans la partie 2.La partie trois est une analyse du corpus qui a pour le but d’observer les structures et l’intégration des toponymes polonais dans la langue française ainsi que leur usage populaire dans les publications courantes (sur Internet, dans les brochures touristiques, dans les applications et réseaux sociaux, etc.), qui diffère de l’usage officiel, censé être politiquementcorrect. / The most recent linguistic studies show that proper names are often translated or adapted, in contrast to the traditional theories of untranslatability of proper names.What distinguishes toponyms from the rest of onomastics are political, sociological and historical implications that affect many geographical names. Using the name "Breslau" for the Polish city "Wrocław" may convey negative connotations depending on the context. Nevertheless, this form is often found on the Internet. Moreover, due to globalization we arewitnessing the multiplication of many versions of the same toponym. This work is composed of three parts. The first part presents theories of proper names,but adapted to toponyms, and the second describes their functions and their linguistic status according to the international standardization. The concept of synchronic-contrastive toponymy and methods of analysing toponyms according to this approach are introduced as well in the second part.The third part is an analysis of the corpus with the purpose of observing the structure and the integration of Polish toponyms into the French language, as well as their popular use in current publications (Internet, tourist brochures, in applications and social networks, etc.) different from the official use, which is supposed to be politically correct.

[pt] Diante do papel cada vez mais importante desempenhado pelas ferramentas de auxílio à tradução no trabalho de tradutores profissionais, a discussão das conseqüências de sua utilização assume especial interesse. O presente estudo concentra-se em apenas uma dessas ferramentas: os sistemas de memória de tradução, que surgiram prometendo ganhos de produtividade, maior consistência e economia. O objetivo é analisar os principais fatores que levam a problemas de qualidade nesses sistemas e apresentar sugestões para melhorar o controle da qualidade realizado, ressaltando a necessidade de manutenção e revisão das memórias para que realmente sirvam ao propósito de serem ferramentas e não empecilhos para o tradutor. Essas questões serão analisadas no contexto do mercado de localização de software, segmento em que as memórias de tradução são amplamente utilizadas, à luz das abordagens contemporâneas sobre qualidade da tradução. / [en] Considering the increasingly important role played by computer-aided translation tools in the work of professional translators, the discussion about their use gains special interest. This study focuses on only one of these tools: translation memory systems, which were developed to ensure productivity gains, more consistency and cost savings. The objective is to analyze the major factors leading to quality problems in such systems and to suggest ways to enhance quality control, emphasizing the need for updating and reviewing the translation memories so that they can actually serve as translation aids rather than handicaps. These issues will be analyzed in the context of the software localization market, a segment in which translation memories are widely used, in the light of contemporary approaches to translation quality assessment.

In translation studies, the short story cycle has been largely overlooked as an object of study in prose translation. This thesis serves as a case study on the practice of translating the short story cycle, using my translation of Suzanne Myre’s 2007 short story collection Mises à mort as a paradigm. The thesis comprises four sections: the first is devoted to a discussion of the short story cycle, a modernist form of the short story collection. It is a hybrid subgenre, balancing elements of both the traditional short story collection, characterized by heterogeneity, and the novel, characterized by homogeneity. In this first section, I examine a few definitions of the cycle, then I discuss the subgenre according to a four-part criteria established by Gerald Lynch: ‘character,’ ‘place,’ ‘theme’ and ‘style or tone.’ In the second section, I provide an analysis of Mises à mort within the framework of short story cycle criteria; an examination of the characters, setting, overarching themes and stylistic parallels serves to demonstrate how and why I ultimately interpreted the collection as a short story cycle. The third section is my complete translation of the work. In the fourth and final section, I discuss what implications my interpretation of Mises à mort as a cycle had for my translation thereof, and what unique challenges it presented. I compare my first draft, produced in the mindset that I was translating a traditional collection, to my final draft, revised to accommodate the cohesiveness of the work. This thesis serves to demonstrate how a translator can accommodate for the dual nature of the short story cycle, simultaneously maintaining the discreteness and interconnectedness of the stories.