Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAEL - Daniela Penharvel de A Campos.pdf: 4723832 bytes, checksum: 14c560da8b70f42b1b03a93cb970d7ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main aim of this study was to investigate the phraseology of the verbs try and like in English and confront the information gathered through the analysis of the data with the usage suggested by the course book Inside Out- Upper-Intermediate, adopted by the school I work for. In order to do so, the main theoretical support was provided by Corpus Linguistics, which is the area concerned with the collection and analysis of criteriously selected corpora, by means of computers. Although there are a number of studies based on the use of corpora in teaching, there is not any study concerned with describing what has been described in this one, mainly in respect of the use of the data gathered to the teaching of a foreign language. Therefore, this study aims at closing this gap in literature. Three questions were investigated in order to study the phraseology of the verbs try and like, in order to reach the objective of the study. The corpus used in the study was the BNC (British National Corpus), which is a corpus of native speakers of British English, of different linguistic varieties, that has more than 100 million words. The corpus analysis led us to the observation of differences between the usage suggested by the course book and the usage made by native speakers of English, which was the main aim of this study. The study presented may have contributed to the existing corpus-based research, especially in the area of Corpus Linguistics and the Teaching of English as Foreign Language, as it shows how the use of real data can be an important and essential tool to the teaching of English as a foreign language / O trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar a fraseologia dos verbos try e like em inglês e confrontar as informações obtidas por meio da análise dos dados com a prescrição de uso sugerida pelo livro didático Inside Out- Upper- Intermediate, adotado pela escola em que trabalho. Para tanto, o trabalho utilizou o suporte teórico da Lingüística de Corpus, que é a área que se preocupa com a coleta e exploração de corpora eletrônicos, por meio de computadores, de maneira criteriosa. Apesar de haver muitos trabalhos baseados no uso de corpora para o ensino, não há qualquer pesquisa que busque descrever o que foi descrito neste trabalho, principalmente no tocante ao uso dos dados obtidos para o ensino de língua inglesa. Portanto, esta pesquisa procura preencher esta lacuna. Foram levantadas três perguntas de pesquisa relativas à fraseologia dos verbos try e like, a fim de alcançar o objetivo proposto. O Corpus empregado nesta pesquisa foi o BNC (British National Corpus), um corpus de falantes nativos de inglês britânico, com diversas variedades lingüísticas, que conta com mais de 100 milhões de palavras. A análise do corpus permitiu que fossem observadas diferenças entre o uso prescrito pelo livro didático e o uso feito por falantes nativos de língua inglesa, o que era o objetivo deste trabalho. A pesquisa pretende ter contribuído para a área de Lingüística de Corpus e Ensino ao demonstrar como a utilização de dados reais pode ser uma ferramenta importante e essencial no ensino de língua estrangeira

<p>Предмет овога рада јесте синтаксичко сагледавање статуса глаголских допуна у српском језику током XVI и XVII века.<br />Глаголска допуна у морфосинтаксичком смислу обухвата именску фразу у одговарајућој падежној форми, инфинитив, односно комплементну клаузу чија је употреба дефинисана инхерентном лексичком семантиком глагола у функцији управне реченичне компоненте. Глаголска допуна у том смислу садржински конкретизује глаголску реч формирајући са њом рекцијску релацију. Реч је о зависној релацији у којој је глагол (зависно од типа формализације) управни члан, а рекцијска допуна зависни или регирани члан. Глаголска допуна у зависности од семантике свог лексичког експонента, те инхерентне лексичке семантике управног (глаголског) члана може имати различите синтаксичко-семантичке статусе. У начелу, може се говорити&nbsp; (1) о објекатској или (2) о адвербијалној допуни. Рекцијски капацитет глагола као управног члана рекцијске везе испољава се заправо кроз његову валентност, која у крајњој инстанци и диктира устројство реченичне структуре, односно број реченичних аргумената и односе међу њима.<br />С обзиром на морфосинтаксичку и лексичку сложеност овог феномена, чинило се корисним испитати какав је рекцијски капацитет глагола у XVI и XVII веку и сагледати на ком је степену развијености глаголска транзитивност у поменутом временском периоду. Материјал на коме се спровело истраживање обухвата реторички дискурс (односно пословноправну писмености) те поетски дискурс који укључује изворе из сфере&nbsp; религиозности и белетристике.<br />Резултат овога испитивања представља речник глагола са рекцијским допунама.</p> / <p>Predmet ovoga rada jeste sintaksičko sagledavanje statusa glagolskih dopuna u srpskom jeziku tokom XVI i XVII veka.<br />Glagolska dopuna u morfosintaksičkom smislu obuhvata imensku frazu u odgovarajućoj padežnoj formi, infinitiv, odnosno komplementnu klauzu čija je upotreba definisana inherentnom leksičkom semantikom glagola u funkciji upravne rečenične komponente. Glagolska dopuna u tom smislu sadržinski konkretizuje glagolsku reč formirajući sa njom rekcijsku relaciju. Reč je o zavisnoj relaciji u kojoj je glagol (zavisno od tipa formalizacije) upravni član, a rekcijska dopuna zavisni ili regirani član. Glagolska dopuna u zavisnosti od semantike svog leksičkog eksponenta, te inherentne leksičke semantike upravnog (glagolskog) člana može imati različite sintaksičko-semantičke statuse. U načelu, može se govoriti&nbsp; (1) o objekatskoj ili (2) o adverbijalnoj dopuni. Rekcijski kapacitet glagola kao upravnog člana rekcijske veze ispoljava se zapravo kroz njegovu valentnost, koja u krajnjoj instanci i diktira ustrojstvo rečenične strukture, odnosno broj rečeničnih argumenata i odnose među njima.<br />S obzirom na morfosintaksičku i leksičku složenost ovog fenomena, činilo se korisnim ispitati kakav je rekcijski kapacitet glagola u XVI i XVII veku i sagledati na kom je stepenu razvijenosti glagolska tranzitivnost u pomenutom vremenskom periodu. Materijal na kome se sprovelo istraživanje obuhvata retorički diskurs (odnosno poslovnopravnu pismenosti) te poetski diskurs koji uključuje izvore iz sfere&nbsp; religioznosti i beletristike.<br />Rezultat ovoga ispitivanja predstavlja rečnik glagola sa rekcijskim dopunama.</p> / <p>The subject of this paper is syntactic observation of the status of verb complements in the Serbian language of the 16th and 17th century.<br />Verb complementation in morphological-syntactic sense comprises the noun phrase in the corresponding case form, infinitive and complementary clause whose use is defined by inherent lexical semantics of the verb in the function of governing sentence component. Verb complementation in that sense specifies in terms of content the verbal word forming the rection relation with it. It is a dependent relation in which the verb (depending on the formalization type) is the governing member, whereas the rection complement is the dependent or subordinate member. Verb complement depending on the semantics of its lexical exponent and inherent lexical semantics of the governing (verbal) manner may have various syntactic-semantic statuses. In principle, we may discuss (1) object or (2) adverbial complement. Rection capacity of the verb as a governing member of the rection connection is expressed in fact via its valence, which eventually dictates the system of the sentence structure, i.e. the number of sentence arguments and relations among them.<br />Taking into consideration the morphological-syntactic and lexical complexity of this phenomenon, it seemed useful to examine the rection capacity of verbs in 16th and 17th century and examine the level of development of the verbal transitivity during the mentioned time period. The material which is the corpus of the research comprises rhetorical discourse (i.e. business-legal literacy) and poetic discourse which includes sources from the sphere of religion and fiction.<br />The result of this examination represents the dictionary of verbs with rection complements.</p>

Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει ως σκοπό της, πρώτον, την ανάκτηση συντακτικής πληροφορίας (αναγνώριση συμπληρωμάτων ρημάτων, ανάκτηση πλαισίων υποκατηγοριοποίησης (ΠΥ) ρημάτων, αναγνώριση των ορίων και του είδους των προτάσεων) αυτόματα μέσα από ελληνικά και αγγλικά σώματα κειμένων με την χρήση ποικίλων και καινοτόμων τεχνικών μηχανικής μάθησης και, δεύτερον, την θεωρητική περιγραφή της ελληνικής σύνταξης μέσω τυπικών γλωσσολογικών φορμαλισμών, όπως η γραμματική Ενοποίησης και η γραμματική Φραστικής Δομής Οδηγούμενη από τον Κύριο Όρο. Η διατριβή κινήθηκε πάνω στους εξής καινοτόμους άξονες: 1. Η προεπεξεργασία των σωμάτων κειμένων βασίστηκε σε ελάχιστους γλωσσολογικούς πόρους για να είναι δυνατή η μεταφορά των μεθόδων σε γλώσσες φτωχές σε υποδομή. 2. Η αντιμετώπιση του θορύβου που υπεισέρχεται στα δεδομένα εξ αιτίας της χρήσης ελάχιστων πόρων πραγματοποιείται με Μονόπλευρη Δειγματοληψία. Εντοπίζονται αυτόματα παραδείγματα δεδομένων που δεν προσφέρουν στην μάθηση και αφαιρούνται. Τα τελικά δεδομένα είναι πιο καθαρά και η απόδοση της μάθησης βελτιώνεται πολύ. 3. Αποδεικνύεται η χρησιμότητα της εξαχθείσας πληροφορίας. Η χρησιμότητα των συμπληρωμάτων φαίνεται από την αύξηση της απόδοσης της διαδικασίας ανάκτησης ΠΥ με την χρήση τους. Η χρησιμότητα των εξαγόμενων ΠΥ φαίνεται από την αύξηση της απόδοσης ενός ρηχού συντακτικού αναλυτή με την χρήση τους. 4. Οι μέθοδοι εφαρμόζονται και στα Αγγλικά και στα Ελληνικά για να φανεί η μεταφερσιμότητά τους σε διαφορετικές γλώσσες και για να πραγματοποιηθεί μια ενδιαφέρουσα σχετική σύγκριση ανάμεσα στις δύο γλώσσες. Τα αποτελέσματα είναι πολύ ενθαρρυντικά, συγκρίσιμα με, και σε πολλές περιπτώσεις καλύτερα από, προσεγγίσεις που χρησιμοποιούν εξελιγμένα εργαλεία προεπεξεργασίας. / The thesis aims firstly at the acquisition of syntactic information (detection of verb complements, acquisition of verb subcategorization frames (SF), detection of the boundaries and the semantic type of clauses) automatically from Modern Greek and English text corpora with the use of various state-of-the-art and novel machine learning techniques, and, secondly, at the theoretical description of the Greek syntax through formal grammatical theories like Unification Grammar and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The thesis has been based on the following novel axes: 1. Corpus pre-processing has been limited to the use of minimum linguistic resources to ensure the portability of the presented methodologies to languages that are poorly equipped with resources. 2. Due to the low pre-processing level, a significant amount of noise appears in the data, which is dealt with One-sided Sampling. Examples that do not contribute to the learning process are detected and removed. The final data set is clean and learning performance improves significantly. 3. The importance of the acquired information is proven. The importance of complements is shown by the improvement in the performance of the SF acquisition process after the incorporation of complement information. The importance of the acquired SF lexicon is shown by its incorporation in a shallow syntactic parser and the increase of the performance of the latter. 4. The methods are applied on Modern Greek and on English to show their portability across different languages and to allow for an interesting rough comparison between the two languages. The results are very satisfactory, comparable to, and in some cases better than, approaches utilizing sophisticated resources for pre-processing.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1984. / Bibliography: leaves 118-123. / Microfiche. / lMaster negative: Microfiche MS33169. / vii, 123 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-284). / Electronic reproduction. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xviii, 284 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Light verb constructions in Humanistic Czech This thesis surveys the supposed properties of light verb constructions (LVC, in Czech analytická verbonominální spojení, AVNS, in German Funktionsverbgefüge) on an extensive corpus of Czech texts dating from the Humanistic period. The LVC, a combination of a semantically bleached (light, semantically weak) verb and an abstract noun (a preposition and such a noun, respectively), are defined rather broadly and understood not necessarily as a syntactic unit (predicate) but rather as a lexical unit different from both free collocations and phrasemes. Special attention is paid to transitional examples of these constructions with non- prototypical properties of the verb or noun. In the individual chapters, the semantic and syntactical properties of the light verbs are discussed, as well as the word formation (derivation) patterns of the abstract nouns forming the LVC. The core of the analysis lies in the prepositional constructions, on which the LVC-delimitation criteria are applied. It is shown that the meanings of such constructions are subjects to stabilizing and develop from spatial (or directional, respectively) to abstract meanings, including their lexicalization. Moreover, the possibilities of using alternative means of expression are examined. The last chapter...

This study focuses on the predicate argument structure (PAS) of a sub-class of verbs in Xitsonga - verbs of change of possession: give, contribute, future having, providing, obtaining and verbs of exchange. It is shown that these verbs select various theta roles to form their PAS in the different alternations allowed in this language. The effects of the applicative {-el-} and causative {-is-} verbal affixes on the PAS of such verbs are also considered. The study confirms the fact that the ordering of objects in ditransitive verbs is determined by an interplay of syntactic and semantic factors. Ambiguity arises in the case of two animate objects. In this case the object with a definite reading will appear adjacent to the verb. / African Languages / M. A. (Arican Languages)

Text in Afrikaans / Twee sentrale probleme word hier ondersoek, naamlik die daarstelling van 'n teoreties adekwate model om leksikale valensie te verreken en die problematiek rondom die beskrywing van Afrikaanse bewegingswerkwoorde. Die vertrekpunt is dat 'n teorie van UG lesikale valensie slegs ten dele verreken. So 'n teorie is gemoeid met die vorm van 'n konstruksie wat op LF-vlak leesbaar is. Gevolglik beskryf 'n teorie van UG valensie net in universele sintakties-kategoriale terme. In hierdie studie word die semantiese en pragmatiese komponente van 'n valensieteorie derhalwe uitgebou sodat daar 'n duideliker begrip verkry kan word van die wisselwerking tussen alle veranderlikes van valensie op 'n taalspesifieke LF-vlak. 'n Valensieteorie word op eklektiese wyse saamgestel uit verskeie ander teoriee. Die apparaat om die sintaktiese komponent van 'n valensieteorie te beskryf, word aan TGGmodelle ontleen. Die semantiese komponent van die teorie word aangevul vanuit die Konseptuele Semantiek en die pragmatiese komponent daarvan vanui t kogni ti ewe grammatikamodelle. Die interaksie tussen hierdie komponente word verreken deur teoriee van leksikalisasie, korrespondensiereels en die passing tussen konstruksies en leksikale items. Die ontleding van Afrikaanse bewegingswerkwoorde spesif iseer die omvattender anali tiese apparaat wat nodig is vir die verrekening van valensie verby die punt waarvoor 'n teorie van UG voorsiening maak. Dit blyk uit hierdie analise dat die valensie van die kategorie in 'n aantal valensieraambeskrywings vir die aparte subklasse saamgevat kan word. 'n Duidelike beeld van die universele en taalspesifiekidiosinkratiese aspekte van hierdie kategorie kan in terme van hierdie valensierame aangetoon word. 'n Verdere hipotese (die onakkusatiwiteithipotese) is dat die sintaktiese verspreiding van werkwoorde ui t hulle semantiek voorspel kan word. Hierdie hipotese word getoets aan die empiriese data van Afrikaanse bewegingswerkwoorde. Hierdie bewegingswerkwoorde word in groepe geklassifiseer na gelang van ooreenstemmende semanties-pragmatiese kenmerke. Daar word getoon dat bewegingswerkwoorde met dieself de semantiespragmatiese kenmerke dieselfde valensierame het. Valensierame is daarom op sistematiese wyse uit semanties-pragmatiese kenmerke afleibaar. Sekere fasette van valensierame word egter ook bepaal deur konvensies soos profilering, en deur bereelde interaksie met 'n basiese konstruksie se argumentstruktuur. / This thesis focuses on the development of a theoretically adequate model to account for lexical valence and to provide the detail for such a model by means of an analysis of Afrikaans verbs of motion. The thesis is a response to a theory of UG which inadequately accounts for lexical valence. A theory of UG is concerned with the universal syntactic form of a construction that is legible on LF level. It therefore describes valence in universal syntactic-categorial terms only. This thesis develops the semantic and pragmatic components of a theory of valence in order that a clearer understanding may be gained of the interaction between all the variables of valence on a language specific LF level. A theory of valence is construed eclectically from several other theories. TGG models provide the methods used to describe the syntactic component of a theory of valence. Conceptual Semantics contributes to the development of the semantic component, and models of cognitive grammar to the pragmatic component. The interaction between these components is explained by theories of lexicalisation, rules of correspondence and the fusion of constructions and lexical items. The analysis of Afrikaans verbs of motion provides the comprehensive set of analytical devices required to account for valence beyond the point of LF. From this analysis it emerges that the valence of this category can be summarized in a finite number of frames of valence for distinct classes within the category. 'n Clear understanding of the universal and language specific aspects of this category is achieved by means of these frames of valence. A further hypothesis (the unaccusativity hypothesis) posits that the syntactic distribution of verbs can be predicted from their semantics. This hypothesis is tested by means of empirical data of Afrikaans verbs of motion. These verbs are classified according to similar semantic-pragmatic features. It is shown that verbs of motion with the same semanticpragmatic features share frames of valence. These frames thus are deducible systematically from semantic-pragmatic features. Certain aspects of frames of valence, however, are determined by conventions such as profiling and the regulated interaction between verbs and constructions. / Afrikaans / D.Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)

Swedish students’ morpheme acquisition order in English, including the acquisition of -s morphemes, is a relatively unstudied topic. Given the morphological differences between the English and Swedish languages, students learning English in Sweden may encounter difficulties in the use of the third person singular present tense -s morpheme. Research also shows that Swedish students use the plural -s morpheme rather accurately at 9-10 years old. Mapping out the usage of the -s morphemes may pave the way for understanding the difficulties learners encounter in the use of such morphemes. Furthermore, looking into the usage of morphemes that have the same form but different grammatical functions (e.g.,-s morphemes) may help us understand the relationship between different proficiency levels and the accuracy rate of morpheme usage in L2 English. To this end, this study investigates a corpus of texts produced by students learning English in Sweden in grades 6, 9 and 12. The focus is particularly on the frequency and accuracy of the use of -s morphemes, aiming at revealing which type of -s morphemes has a higher accuracy rate. The results show that the accuracy rate with the plural -s morpheme is relatively higher, whereas the possessive -‘s morpheme is the most problematic one across all levels. Additionally, the largest issue with the contracted verb form of be -‘s was that the students did not add an apostrophe between the word and the -s, rather than not using the form at all. Lastly, the third person singular present tense-s accuracy was very low in grade 6 but increased a lot through grade 9 and 12 where more complex subjects were the largest issue. However, the results indicate that further research with a larger corpus size is required to be able to generalize the findings.

Thesis (DLitt)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation, the semantic and syntactic properties of deverbatives are analyzed in the context of Generative Lexicon theory, which is a model of lexical semantics. The aim of the analysis relates to the existence of the relationship between nominals derived directly from an event description and their inheritance of the properties of that event. The deverbal nouns in Sesotho are analyzed semantically within specific parameters taking into account the deverbal noun as a whole. This is done by viewing how word meaning interact with a set of generative mechanisms to account for the creative use of language. These mechanisms involve the levels of representations (i.e. argument, event and qualia structures) which provides information about the number and type of arguments; the event type of a lexical item and how these events are tied together within different relations. There are correlations between lexically encoded base forms and morphological derived forms. These correlations provide a need for a representational structure to distinguish between stage-level and individual-level nominals. Focusing on the role of events in the semantics of nouns, it is shown that stage-level and individual-level nouns differ in the type and the quantification of their defining event. This led to the adoption of the view that that nominals in general should be named after the events they each fulfil. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word die semantiese en sintaktiese eienskappe van deverbatiewe in Sesotho ontleed binne die raamwerk van Generatiewe Leksikonteorie, ‘n model van leksikale semantiek. Die doel van die analise hou verband met die verhouding tussen nominale direk afgelei vanaf ‘n gebeurtenis (‘event’) beskrywing en die oorerwing van die eienskappe van daardie gebeurtenis (‘event’). Die Sesotho deverbatiewe word semanties ontleed binne spesifieke parameters met inagneming van die semantiese eienskappe van die deverbatief as geheel. Dit word gedoen deur ‘n ondersoek te doen na hoe woordbetekenis in interaksie is met ‘n stel generatiewe meganismes om ‘n verklaring te bied vir die kreatiewe gebruik van taal. Hierdie meganismes betrek die vlakke van representasie (nl. argumentstruktuur, gebeurtenis (‘event’) struktuur en qualia-struktuur) wat inligting voorsien omtrent die getal en tipes argumente (dit is, uitdrukkings wat tematiese rolle het), die gebeurtenis (‘event’) tipe van ‘n leksikale item, en hoe hierdie gebeurtenisse (‘events’) saamhang binne verskillende verbande. Daar is korrelasies tussen leksikaal ge-enkodeerde basisvorme en morfologiesafgeleide vorms. Hierdie ko-relasies bied ‘n behoefte vir ‘n verteenwoordigende struktuur om te onderskei tussen fase-vlak (‘stage-level’) en individuele-vlak nominale. Daar word aangetoon, met fokus op die gebeurtenisse (‘events’) in die semantiek van naamwoorde, dat fase-vlak en individuele-vlak verskil in die tipe en die kwantifisering van hulle definieerbare gebeurtenis. Dit lei tot die aanvaarding van die siening dat nominale in die algemeen benoem moet word na die gebeurtenisse waaraan elk voldoen.