Współczesna polszczyzna jest rozwiniętym językiem narodowym, zdolnym do zaspokojenia różnorodnych potrzeb komunikacyjnych, w których istotną rolę odgrywa odpowiedni wybór form adresatywnych, służących zwróceniu uwagi rozmówcy oraz wyrażających grzeczność wobec nadawcy. Celem mojej pracy magisterskiej "Sposoby wyrażania honoryfikatywności w polszczyźnie mieszkańców Niemenczyna (w przekroju pokoleniowym)" jest pokazanie sposobów zwracania się do rozmówcy w mowie Polaków zamieszkujących w jednej miejscowości z uwzględnieniem zmian pokoleniowych. Wyznaczony cel będzie wymagał wykonania w pracy następujących zadań: 1. wypracowania zasad metodologicznych opisu środków honoryfikatywności w języku polskim; 2. zanalizowania zebranych drogą ankietową danych językowych na podstawie wybranej metodologii; 3. porównania teraźniejszego stanu sytuacji językowej w wybranej miejscowości z wnioskami, pochodzącymi z wcześniejszych opracowań na ten temat; 4. ukazania pewnych rozbieżności w tendencjach ogólnopolskich i regionalnych. W niniejszej pracy uwaga została skupiona na gramatycznych wykładnikach wyrażania honoryfikatywności w języku polskim, które obejmują formy adresatywne (proszę pana/pani; pan/pani + imię/nazwisko, tytuł), zaimkowe (pan/pani; Wy) i czasownikowe (zero godnościowe; samodzielne użycie bezokolicznika). W niniejszej pracy magisterskiej analizie został poddany materiał językowy, zebrany w Niemenczynie za pomocą ankietowania. Ankieta zawierała 19 pytań, wymagających... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Kreipiniai yra vartojami komunikacijos procese tam, kad būtų atkreiptas pašnekovo dėmesys ir išreikštas mandagumas. Mandagumo raiškos būdai skiriasi ne tik kalbose, bet ir jų teritoriniuose variantuose. Šio magistro darbo tikslas yra parodyti Nemenčinės gyventojų lenkų kalba reiškiamus mandagumo raiškos būdus, lyginant tris kartas. Pasiekti šį tikslą yra įmanoma išsprendus šias užduotis: 1. sudaryti metodologijos taisykles, remiantis kuriomis bus aprašyti mandagumo raiškos būdai lenkų kalboje; 2. išanalizuoti anketos būdu surinktus duomenis; 3. palyginti Nemenčinės gyventojų esamą kalbinę būklę su išvadomis, padarytomis remiantis kitais darbais šia tema; 4. parodyti skirtumus tarp lenkų ir Vilniaus krašto lenkų kalbų. Lenkų kalboje mandagumo raiškos būdai yra reiškiami trimis gramatinėmis priemonėmis: leksikos, stiliaus ir gramatikos. Magistro darbe ypatingas dėmesys buvo skiriamas gramatinėms mandagumo raiškos priemonėms: kreipiniams (proszę pana/pani; pan/pani + vardas, pavardė, titulas), mandagumo įvardžiams (pan/pani; Wy) ir veiksmažodžių formoms (tiesioginėje ir tariamojoje nuosakoje savarankiškai vartojama 3 asmens forma, o liepiamojoje – bendratis). Kalbinė medžiaga, reikalinga magistro darbui parašyti, buvo surinkta naudojantis anketine gyventojų apklausa. Anketą užpildė 30 Nemenčinės gyventojų (įvairaus amžiaus ir išsilavinimo), kur lenkų tautybės žmonės sudaro daugumą. Tokiu būdu buvo sukaupta 530 pasisakymų, kurie leido palyginti mano tyrimų rezultatus su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Manner of address in communication process is used in order to bring message to somebody’s notice or to express politeness. Honorific forms differ not only in various languages, but in various regional dialects as well. Main objective of this Master Thesis is to present honorific forms in polish language used by Niemenczyn people by comparison of three generations. Main objective shall be achieved if following tasks will be accomplished: 1. Structure methodological rules which shall be the basis for description of honorific forms in polish language; 2. Analyze survey data; 3. Compare existing language state with conclusions made in previous studies on this topic; 4. Present the differences between Polish language used in Vilnius region and in Poland. Honorific forms in polish language are expressed by three grammar means: lexis, style and grammar. Master Thesis emphasizes grammatical means of honorific forms, i.e. manners of address (proszę pana/pani; pan/pani + name, last name, title), honorific pronouns (pan/pani; Wy) and verb forms (independent 3rd conjugation in indicative and subjunctive and infinitive form in imperative). Survey data was used as basis of this Master Thesis. 30 inhabitants of Niemenczyn, where Polish nationality people makes majority, have answered the survey questions (people of different ages and with various education). 530 sayings were collected which were compared with conclusions of previous studies, and as a consequence specific features of... [to full text]

Comparison of the Tense Systems in Spanish and French: the Use of the Present Perfect and Past Simple This paper is concerned with tenses in Spanish and in French. First they are analysed generally, from the theoretical point of view, and subsequently, the author focuses on comparing the use of two of them: the present perfect and the past simple. The author is building on the conviction that although the verb systems of Roman languages are nearly identical, and also that the basic values of their tenses are identical, their specific uses may differ. First, she examines how tenses participate in the expression of time in language and how they can refer to extralinguistic time. As much attention has been paid to this topic, part one of the paper examines the theories that have been reflected the most in works on Spanish and French verbs. The fact that each of them emphasises a different aspect in explaining the meaning and function of each tense allows us to better understand the fundamental value of the tenses. One chapter is devoted to the diachronic view of the Roman system of verbs which allows us to see which features and development tendencies are common to all Roman languages, and which are only found in some of them. Here, the author points out primarily the fact that the loss of the...

Expressing Causation in Czech and Spanish Language The subject of this thesis, as is evident from the title, consists in expression of causation in Spanish and its equivalents in the Czech language. We dealt with the issue of the causation in both formal and practical perspective. As a basic material, we have used not only Spanish, but also Czech philological publications. We based particularly on the article written by Petr Čermák and Pavel Štichauer called Španělské a italské faktitivní konstrukce hacer/fare + sloveso a jejich české ekvivalenty, as well as from selected chapters of Gramática descriptiva de la lengua española written by different authors. The work is divided into a theoretical part (Chapters 1-4) and a practical part (5-6). In introduction, we set ourselves the goals, we have outlined the research methodology using a parallel corpus InterCorp, which we described in detail. At the theoretical level, we discussed the question of the translation direction and its effect on our research. Furthermore, we defined the terms of causation, causative verb and factitiveness, factitive verb, to be able to continue working with it. We have commented the form of the causative verbs in Czech and their most distinctive features, including a test for distinguishing causative verbs from non-causative verbs....

Previous studies on children’s acquisition of depicting verbs in signed languages have chiefly studied the use of classifiers in verbs of motion and location, particularly the order in which the different classes of handshape are acquired. The age of the children in these studies have ranged from age three to thirteen, and an important finding has been that classifier constructions are not fully acquired until early adolescence. Most of these studies have used an elicitation tool to investigate the production and comprehension of classifiers, but have not provided any adult target norms of the test items when scoring children’s achievement. The present dissertation provides a detailed description of both adults’ and children’s verb constructions in descriptions of cutting and breaking events in Swedish Sign Language (SSL), specifically focusing on the number of hands used in signing, handshape category and hand activity, which has not been previously described for any sign language. As part of this study, 14 deaf adults (ages 20–72) and 11 deaf children (2;1–6;6) of deaf parents, all native-users of SSL, performed a task that involved describing 53 video clips of cutting and breaking events. The clips show an event in which an actor separates material, either with the aid of a tool or without. Additionally, some clips show an entity separating by itself without an actor being involved. The adults described the events with depicting verb constructions that are produced with two hands. The analysis of the handshapes produced three categories: substitutor, manipulator and descriptor. The most frequent construction in the description of events without a tool was two acting manipulators (depicting a hand handling an object), whereas in descriptions of events with a tool the combinations were acting substitutor or manipulator with a non-acting manipulator. The acting hand referred to the tool and the non-acting manipulator to the affected entity. In descriptions of events without an actor, either two substitutors or two manipulators were used. In addition to depicting verb constructions, the descriptions also contained resultative complements, i.e. signs carrying information about the result of the activity being carried out. The complements were either lexical signs or some form of depicting verb construction. Similar observations have not been noted for any other signed language. In the manner of the adults, the children used depicting verb constructions in descriptions of cutting and breaking events (681 tokens), but they also used pointing and lexical signs (64 tokens). Nearly half of the verb constructions that were used by the children corresponded to the adult target forms. The majority of the constructions describing events without a tool corresponded to the adult target forms using two acting manipulators, even among the youngest informants. In events with a tool, only a third of the constructions corresponded to the adult target forms (emerging at 4;8 – 5;0); the remaining two-thirds were deviating constructions in terms of number of hands, handshape category and hand activity. Resultative complement are sparsely used by children (57 tokens), the most chosen type of complement being lexical signs. Pervasive features of children’s constructions were the addition of contact between the hands and a preference for substitutors, something not found in adults’ constructions. These features were elucidated within the framework of Real Space blending theory, with the study showing that children first use visible blended entities and that invisible blended entities do not emerge until 4;8–5;0. / <p>Disputationen teckenspråkstolkas</p>

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de entender os valores semânticos dos sufixos -sc- e -iz- nos verbos encontrados na Vulgata, num estudo sincrônico e diacrônico, considerando as informações etimológicas e avaliando a formação desses verbos nas diversas categorias. Para uma melhor compreensão dos sufixos -sc- e -iz-, observou-se sua utilização na língua grega e, a partir desta, a sua transição para o latim, o que resultou no processo de formação de palavras nesse idioma. Consideram-se os verbos, com ambos os sufixos na língua grega, e o uso deles na língua latina, ora formando novos verbos no latim, ora sendo transliterados, do grego para o latim. Além da Vulgata, o Dictionnaire Illustre Latin Français de Félix Gaffiot também é corpus para esta pesquisa a fim de perceber se os sufixos pesquisados formaram novos verbos no latim pós-clássico. Nesta comparação de corpora, pode-se notar a ausência da Vulgata nas referências dos verbos, com sufixo -sc- e -iz-, mencionado por Gaffiot. Propõe-se também nesta pesquisa, observar as assertivas dos gramáticos e linguistas quanto aos verbos produzidos com esses sufixos. Tais afirmações estão relacionadas com a semanticidade e características dos verbos, observando-se os seus aspectos, além de informar em qual período eles foram produtivos. Em suma, este estudo destina-se a considerar a Vulgata, visto que a maioria dos pesquisadores a desconsidera, produzindo conclusões divergentes quanto ao uso dos sufixos estudados nesta pesquisa. A prefixação dos verbos que utilizam o sufixo -sc- é fato que se avalia, porque as sugestões dos estudiosos dessa área propõem datas a aspecto da produção verbal. Finalmente, observou-se que os verbos com os sufixos -sc- e -iz- estão presentes nas construções de perífrases na Vulgata, divergindo em suas construções em relação à conjugação dos verbos utilizados. / The purpose of this research is to understand by means of a synchronic and diachronic study the semantic values of the suffixes -sc- and -iz- in the verbs found in the Vulgate, considering etymological information and evaluating the formation of these verbs in their diverse categories. In order to comprehend better the -sc- and -iz- suffixes, their use in the Greek language it will be observed, and from this, their transition into Latin which resulted in the process of the formation of words in that language. Verbs with both suffixes in Greek and their use in Latin will be considered, at times forming new verbs in Latin, at times being transliterated from Greek into Latin. Beside the Vulgate, the Dictionnaire Illustre Latin Français by Felix Gaffiot serves as material for research in order to see if the suffixes studied formed new verbs in post-classic Latin. In the comparison of the material, the absence of references to the Vulgate of the verbs with the -sc- and -iz- suffixes mentioned by Gaffiot can be noted. The research also proposes to investigate assertions of grammarians and linguists about verbs formed with these suffixes. Those affirmations are related to the semanticity and the grammaticality of the verbs, noting its aspects, in addition to indicating in which period they were productive. As such, this study has the goal of considering the Vulgate in the production of divergent conclusions about the use of the suffixes studied in this research, since the majority of researchers do not consider it. The prefixion of the verbs that use the suffix -sc- is evaluated because suggestions from scholars in this area propose dates with respect to verbal production. Finally, it was seen that verbs with the suffixes -sc- and -iz- are present in the construction of periphrases in the Vulgate, differing in their constructions with respect to the conjugation of the verbs used.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pouco se conhece sobre aspectos morfológicos da linguagem, o que representa uma lacuna no cenário das relações cérebro-mente. Os escassos estudos foram realizados em línguas anglo-saxônicas, com características diferentes do português brasileiro. Estudos dos aspectos morfológicos, em sujeitos com alterações neurológicas, demonstram efeitos do desempenho em tarefas de linguagem. Alguns estudos apontam que a flexão de verbos regulares e irregulares pode estar associada a mecanismos e processamentos cerebrais diferentes. A pesquisa sobre o comportamento de indivíduos sadios falantes do português brasileiro pode colaborar para a construção de referências que permitirão estudos futuros sobre sujeitos com alterações de linguagem. OBJETIVOS: verificar a produção morfológica em Língua Portuguesa do Brasil de sujeitos cognitivamente saudáveis por meio de um teste de flexão de verbos e pseudoverbos. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por sujeitos sadios, com idade entre 40 a 80 anos. Foi considerado o nível de escolaridade pelo número de anos em escola formal: o Grupo 1 (G1) entre 0 a 7 anos de estudo, e o Grupo 2 (G2) acima de 8 anos de estudo. O Teste foi composto por frases-alvo com verbos e pseudoverbos, balanceadas em tempo verbal, conjugação dos verbos e tipo do verbo (regular/irregular). As frases alvo foram apresentadas em áudio por meio de um software e o sujeito foi solicitado a completar a frase. RESULTADOS: As respostas dos sujeitos foram analisadas e descritas com perfis de desempenho dos grupos em relação à escolaridade. Nos verbos reais irregulares foi observado pior desempenho para o G1 em relação ao G2, com diferença estatística. Nos pseudoverbos foi observada diferença estatística em todas as flexões verbais, com desempenho pior para o G1. A análise qualitativa das respostas revelou efeito de lexicalização do pseudoverbo, ausência de respostas e transformações fonológicas mais frequentes nas respostas do G1. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo, realizado com uma amostra populacional cognitivamente saudável pode contribuir como referência para futuras pesquisas envolvendo pacientes com diferentes alterações de linguagem / Introduction: Little is known about the morphological aspects of language, which represents a gap in the brain-mind relationship scenario. The scarce studies were produced in Anglo-Saxon languages, with different characteristics from the Brazilian Portuguese. Studies on morphological aspects in subjects with neurological disorders have shown worst performance related to language tasks. A few studies indicate that the inflexion of regular and irregular verbs may be associated with different mechanisms and cerebral processes. The research about healthy Brazilian Portuguese speakers\' behavior may collaborate as reference for future studies with subjects with language disorders. Purpose: to verify the morphological production in the Portuguese language in healthy subjects through a verb and pseudoverb inflexion test. Methods: the sample was composed by cognitively healthy individuals with ages ranging between 40 to 80 years old. The years of formal education were considered as the educational level; the Group 1 (G1) between 0 to 7 years of study and the Group 2 (G2) above 8 years of study. The test consisted of 213 target-phrases with different verbal tenses. The sentences were built with real verbs and pseudoverbs. A program was designed to play the target-phrases in audio and the subjects had to complete the given sentence. Results: the subjects\' answers were transcribed and analyzed by their performance on the test and also through the type of answer presented to each stimulus. Subjects were then compared by their performance and educational level. For the real irregular verbs it was observed a worse performance by G1 than G2, with a marked statistical significance. For the pseudoverbs it was observed a statistical significance in all verb inflexions, with worse performance by G1. Qualitative analysis of the responses revealed a pseudoverb lexicalization effect, absence of answer and a more frequent phonological transformation for G1 answers. Conclusion: there is an education influence in the morphological production performance in cognitively healthy individuals. This study may contribute as a reference for future researches involving patients with language disorders in Brazil

Nesta tese, discutem-se, dentre outros, os conceitos de \"auditório universal\", de Perelman (2000); o de \"contrato de comunicação\", de Charaudeau (1992); os conceitos de duplo vínculo e enquadres, propostos por Bateson (1972), e abre-se também espaço para os principais tipos de paradoxos. Nela apresentase ainda a teoria dos semas e de sua combinatória, segundo Langendoen (1971), e, finalmente, analisa-se o sermão pelo Bom sucesso das armas de Portugal contra as de Holanda. O trabalho tem por objetivo evidenciar que o discurso religioso do Padre Antônio Vieira, no Sermão Pelo bom sucesso das armas de Portugal contra as de Holanda, é um discurso paradoxal porque desconstrói a si próprio. Para atingir tal propósito, confrontam-se os argumentos de que Vieira faz uso para dirigir-se a Deus, no referido sermão, com os textos das Sagradas Escrituras; analisa-se a argumentatividade das formas nominais do verbo, com ênfase particular na estrutura do gerúndio, enquanto ato ilocucional, a partir do Sermão da Sexagésima, e descreve-se um tipo de paradoxo pragmático: a roda argumentativa. / In this thesis, among others, the concepts of \"universal auditorium\", from Perelman (2000); \"communication contract\", from Charaudeau (1992); the concepts of double bind and frames, proposed by Bateson (1972) are discussed, and room is opened for the main types of paradox. In this one, the theory of semantic traits and its combinatory, according to Langedoen (1971) is also presented and, finally, the sermon For the good success of Portugal\'s weapons against Holland\'s is analyzed. The work has as a scope to evidence that the religious speech from Father Antônio Vieira, at the sermon For the good success of Portugal\'s weapons against Holland\'s, is a paradoxal speech for it unbuilds itself. To reach such purpose, the arguments Vieira uses to address God are confronted, at the referred sermon, with the Holy Scriptures\' texts; the argumentativity of the nominal forms of the verbs is analyzed, with particular emphasis on the structure of the gerund, as an illocutionary act, starting from Sermon of the Sixtieth, and a kind of pragmatic paradox is created: the argumentative round.

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste na análise do processo de gramaticalização do verbo viver, que parte de sua função original como verbo pleno e assume novas funções, ao ponto de se recategorizar como verbo quase-auxiliar, exprimindo aspecto continuativo. Segundo Heine (1993), verbos plenos produtivos nas línguas podem ser submetidos a processos de auxiliarização em níveis e forças distintos, e esses níveis e forças podem ser representados pelos padrões funcionais do verbo viver. Demonstraremos que esses deslizamentos unidirecionais movidos por abstratização são guiados por processos cognitivos correlacionados à mudança no estatuto categorial do item em processo de gramaticalização. Para fazê-lo, utilizaremos a escala de categorias cognitivas propostas por Heine, Claudi e Hünnemeyer (1991, p. 55): pessoa > objeto > processo > espaço > tempo > qualidade, em sua proposta de versão sugerida no bojo do Grupo de Pesquisa em Mudança Gramatical (Lima-Hernandes, 2009) para: pessoa > objeto > instrumento > espaço > tempo > processo > qualidade. Para realizar essa tarefa, faremos uso de um corpus composto pelos seguintes materiais: i. Dossiês do DEOPS/SP (1924 -1945), nos quais se encontram informações e documentos fundamentais para uma compreensão mais abrangente da vida política, social e cultural de São Paulo na primeira metade do século XX; ii. Debates exibidos na MTV (Music Television edição brasileira), recolhidos em um programa semanal que discute os assuntos mais polêmicos do momento com convidados especialistas, profissionais, estudantes e pessoas comuns. iii. Entrevistas variadas concedidas ao jornal Folha de S. Paulo e à revista VEJA. Com base no corpus escrito, iniciamos um exercício de busca das motivações que fazem o verbo viver ser empregado em funções mais abstratizadas. Essa busca permitirá hipotetizar a rota de mudança e norteará a hipotetização do gatilho que fez com que o falante da língua portuguesa no Brasil reanalisasse expressões linguísticas com o verbo viver pleno em estruturas de auxialirização. / The objective of this research consists in the analysis of the process of grammaticalization of the verb to live, that it has left of its original function as full verb and assumes new functions, to the point of recategorization as Quasi-auxiliary verb, expressing continuative aspect. According to Heine (1993), productive full verbs in the languages can be submitted to auxiliarization processes in distinct levels and strength, and these levels and strength may be represented by the functional standards of the verb to live. We will demonstrate that these unidirectional movements stimulated by abstraction are guided by cognitive processes correlated to the change in the categorial statute of the item in gramaticalization process. To demonstrate it, we will use the scale of cognitive categories presented by Heine, Claudi and Hünnemeyer (1991, p. 55): person > object > process > space > time > quality, in his proposition of version suggested by the Group of Research in Grammatical (Lima-Hernandes, 2009) Change to: person > object > instrument > space > time > process > quality. To carry through this research, we will use corpus arranged by the following materials: i. Dossiers of the DEOPS/SP (1924 -1945), in which it might be possible find basic information and documents that permit a better understanding of the politic, social and cultural life in São Paulo in the first half of century XX; II. Debates shown on MTV (Music Television - Brazilian edition), collected in a weekly program that argues the most controversial subjects of the moment with guests like: specialists, professionals, students and common people. III. Varying interviews granted to Folha de S. Paulo newspaper and to VEJA magazine. On the basis of written corpus, we initiate an exercise of search of the motivations that allow the verb to live being used in more abstracted function. This search will allow to get the hypothesis the change route and guide the hypothecal trigger that made with that the speaker of Portuguese language in Brazil has reanalyzed linguistic expressions with the verb to live in its full meaning in auxiliarization structures.

O pretérito perfeito composto (também conhecido como passado composto) português tem uma interpretação que diverge de praticamente todos os tempos análogos nas línguas românicas e germânicas. A caracterização desse tempo, bem como a determinação da sua relação com os tempos cognatos das outras línguas é uma questão ainda em aberto. Na sua investigação, cruzam-se temáticas atinentes às áreas temáticas de aspecto, accionalidade, temporalidade, modalidade. / The meaning of pretérito perfeito composto, the Portuguese verb form analogous to the English present perfect, is markedly distinct from the corresponding tenses in Romance and Germanic languages. Its description and the nature of its relationship to the corresponding tenses in other languages is still a question open to debate. The enquiry into this verb form is at the crossroads of the areas of aspect, actionality, tense, modality. This dissertation is aimed at trying to pinning down the characteristic features of this verb form more precisely, and pointing at possible explanatory hypotheses about its functioning.

Neste estudo procurou-se analisar sobre como se manifesta a aquisição dos tempos verbais do português por falantes de línguas timbira. Tal observação baseou-se em quarenta redações elaboradas por alunos indígenas matriculados no projeto: Uma escola Timbira, realizado pelas Secretarias de Educação do Maranhão e do Tocantins em conjunto com a FUNAI e com o Centro de Trabalho Indigenista (CTI) no ano de 2006. Do corpus analisado, escolheu-se, como objeto de investigação, a aquisição dos tempos verbais da língua portuguesa, visto que as dificuldades de expressão quanto ao presente, passado e ao futuro ocorriam com grande frequência. Como bases teóricas, o Modelo de Análise de Erros (AE) juntamente com o Modelo de Análise Contrastiva (AC) contribuíram para a divisão e a classificação dos desvios de norma padrão da língua portuguesa e para o contraste entre a língua materna e a língua alvo, criando-se as hipóteses desse estudo. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que muitos desvios de norma padrão de L2 estão intimamente relacionados à transferência de parâmetros de L1 para L2, à substituição errônea de tempos verbais e ao uso de estratégias facilitadoras de referenciação à temporalidade. / The aim of this study is to analyze how the acquisition of Portuguese verb tenses occurs for Timbira speakers. This observation was based on forty essays produced by indigenous students enrolled in the project Uma escola Timbira held by Departamento da Educação of the states of Maranhão and Tocantins in conjunction with FUNAI and Centro de Trabalho Indigenista (CTI) in 2006. As a result of the analysis of the corpus, the acquisition of verb tenses in Portuguese was chosen as the object of this research, since the difficulties of expression for the present, past and future occur with high frequency. As a theoretical basis, the Model of Error Analysis (EA) together with the Model of Contrastive Analysis (CA) contributed to the division and classification of the deviations from the standard Portuguese norm and also to the contrast between the mother tongue and the target language, creating the hypotheses of this study. The research results show that many deviations from the standard L2 are closely related to the transfer of parameters from L1 to L2, the erroneous substitution of tenses and the use of strategies to facilitate temporality reference.