Wong, Hin Yee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-202). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements / List of Abbreviations / List of Tables / Abstract / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Bilingual first language acquisition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cross-linguistic Influence --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual development --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Structural overlap --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Language dominance --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Language Input --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Individual variation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.7 --- English VPC and Cantonese DVC --- p.20 / Chapter 1.8 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter Two --- The structure of English VPC and Cantonese DVC / Chapter 2.1 --- English VPCs --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Semantic classes of English VPCs --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Structure of English VPCs --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Linear order of VPCs --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- "Differentiating verb particles, prepositions and adverbs" --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2 --- Cantonese DVCs --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cantonese directional verbs --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cantonese simple DVCs --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cantonese complex DVCs --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Structure of Cantonese DVC --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Simple DVCs vs Complex DVCs --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Insertion of dak1 and m4 --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Aspectual meanings in directional complements --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3 --- Typological Differences between English VPCs and Cantonese DVCs --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Talmy (2000)'s classification of languages --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- English VPCs vs Cantonese DVCs --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter Three --- The acquisition of English VPCs in monolingual and bilingual children / Chapter 3.1 --- "Snyder (1995, 2001) The Compounding Parameter on acquisition of VPC s" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sawyer (2001)'s study of acquisition of English VPCs in monolingual children --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3 --- Diessel and Tomasello (2005)'s study on acquisition of VPCs --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4 --- Yip and Matthews (2007)'s study on acquisition of VPC in bilingual children --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Hypotheses and Methodology / Chapter 4.1 --- Acquisition of English VPCs --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2 --- Acquisition of Cantonese DVCs --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- Language dominance --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4 --- Parental input --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- Multifactorial analysis of the choice of VPC order --- p.89 / Chapter 4.6 --- Methodology --- p.89 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Subjects --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- The bilingual data --- p.92 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 4.7 --- Summary --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter Five --- The Acquisition of English Verb-Particle Constructions / Chapter 5.1 --- Distribution of English VPCs --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2 --- Transitive VPCs with a null object --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3 --- Split/non-split order of VPCs --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4 --- Type of VPCs in split/non-split order --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Spatial VPCs vs Non-spatial VPCs --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- English VPCs containing particles in and out and their word order --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5 --- Frequency of particles in VPC --- p.116 / Chapter 5.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.121 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Monofactorial analysis among Cantonese-dominant bilingual children --- p.123 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Monofactorial analysis among non-Cantonese-dominant bilingual children --- p.125 / Chapter 5.7 --- Input analysis --- p.127 / Chapter 5.8 --- Non-target forms --- p.128 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- Non-split VPCs with personal pronoun as direct object --- p.129 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- The combination of the verb and the particle --- p.132 / Chapter 5.8.3 --- Particle used as a verb --- p.135 / Chapter 5.8.4 --- Errors reported in monolingual children --- p.138 / Chapter 5.9 --- Summary --- p.140 / Chapter Chapter Six --- The Acquisition of Cantonese DVCs / Chapter 6.1 --- Simple and complex DVCs --- p.143 / Chapter 6.2 --- Directional verbs as complements and main verbs --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3 --- Frequency of directional verb complements --- p.153 / Chapter 6.4 --- Placement of objects --- p.155 / Chapter 6.5 --- Non-target forms --- p.160 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Absence of the second verb complement in Cantonese complex DVCs --- p.160 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Non-split order in complex DVCs --- p.162 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Negation in Cantonese DVC --- p.165 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- Other non-target forms --- p.167 / Chapter 6.6 --- Summary --- p.168 / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Discussion of Results / Chapter 7.1 --- Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual acquisition --- p.170 / Chapter 7.2 --- Cross-linguistic influence in English VPCs --- p.171 / Chapter 7.3 --- Acquisition of Cantonese DVCs --- p.178 / Chapter 7.4 --- The factors of structural overlap and language dominance --- p.183 / Chapter 7.5 --- Parental Input --- p.184 / Chapter 7.6 --- Acquisition of the components of VPC and DVC --- p.185 / Chapter 7.7 --- Individual differences --- p.186 / Chapter 7.8 --- Snyder's parameter for English VPCs --- p.186 / Chapter 7.9 --- Sawyer's study on acquisition of English VPCs --- p.188 / Chapter 7.10 --- Summary --- p.188 / Chapter Chapter Eight --- Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research / Chapter 8.1 --- Conclusions --- p.191 / Chapter 8.2 --- Suggestions for further research --- p.194 / Chapter 8.3 --- Open questions --- p.195 / References

O objeto empírico desta tese é um subgrupo de verbos complexos do português brasileiro. Os dados estudados são formações sincronicamente transparentes e composicionais com prefixos a-, eN- e eS- e sufixos -ec-, -iz-, -e- e -ej-, incluindo os chamados verbos parassintéticos, e formações originalmente complexas, porém duvidosas quanto à complexidade atualmente. O corpus contém 380 verbos selecionados a partir de dicionário e organizados por critérios de frequência. O objetivo geral descritivo enfoca questões relativas às propriedades e ao comportamento dos afixos, das raízes e das vogais temáticas. A discussão é organizada em torno dos níveis de estrutura morfológica, morfofonológica, argumental e eventual. O objetivo geral teórico do trabalho consiste em discutir as propostas da Semântica Lexical, da Sintaxe Lexical e da Morfologia Distribuída. Como resultados, o estudo oferece uma primeira classificação em verbos parcialmente transparentes e totalmente transparentes. Aqueles são analisados como fruto de um processo de reanálise histórica comparado ao desaparecimento de preverbos. O estudo mostra que existe um continuum entre formações completamente fossilizadas, reanalisadas como simples, em processo de mudança e completamente transparentes e composicionais. Uma segunda classificação se refere a formações com significado composicional e não-composicional. Os dados não-composicionais são estruturalmente analisados através de uma releitura da restrição de localidade na interpretação das raízes e do uso da noção de polissemia das raízes. Os verbos totalmente transparentes e composicionais são descritivamente classificados em verbos de mudança de estado, de lugar (location), de posse concreta (locatum), de posse abstrata, de reconfiguração e verbos de modificação de v. A característica mais robusta dessa subclasse é a obrigatoriedade de um argumento interno interpretado como objeto afetado (tema ou experienciador, em menor escala) da mudança expressa pelo evento. A investigação aponta que esses prefixos podem ser a realização fonológica de um núcleo misto de natureza lexical e funcional que é responsável por introduzir o argumento interno na estrutura e relacioná-lo à semântica da raiz. Tal núcleo possui minimamente o traço [+r] (relacional) e, em poucos casos, apresenta especificação direcional [+dir]. Com isso, a ideia de que esses prefixos são morfemas direcionais é desmistificada, pois essa informação interna ao verbo complexo é residual e decadente. Em geral, os prefixos se comportam como alomorfes e não há fortes evidências de associação exclusiva de um prefixo a uma determinada estrutura argumental ou classe semântica. Os sufixos são analisados como realizações de núcleos funcionais de tipo v[+voice], v[-voice] e v[+voice, -télico] e também se observa que a ocorrência sufixal em tipos de eventos não se dá de modo tão sistemático como afirma a literatura prévia. A teoria de alomorfia prospota em Embick (2010), baseada em localidade e linearidade, se mostra efetiva para analisar a escolha dos alomorfes dos vi núcleos R (relacionador), v e Th (Vogal temática). O tipo semântico da raiz influencia o tipo de verbo formado, mas pode ser manipulado a fim de sofrer coerção por um processo metonímico ou estrutural. A principal conclusão a partir dos resultados obtidos é que a morfologia verbal do português brasileiro pode revelar tendências em relação à estrutura argumental e a estrutura de eventos, mas não reflete correlações suficientemente regulares ou consistentes. / The empirical object of this dissertation is a subgroup of complex verbs of Brazilian Portuguese. The dataset is composed by synchronically and compositional formations containing the prefixes a-, eN- e eS- and the suffixes -ec-, -iz-, -e- e -ej- and originally complex formations which are dubious in relation to its synchronic complexity. The corpus contains 380 verbs selected from a dictionary and organized by frequency criteria. The general descriptive goal encompasses topics on properties and behavior of affixes, roots and theme vowels and the discussion is guided by the levels of morphological, morphophonological, argument and event structure. The general theoretical goal of this dissertation is to discuss Lexical Semantics, Lexical Syntax and Distributed Morphology proposals. As empirical results, the study offers a primary classification in terms of partially and totally transparent verbs. Partially transparent verbs are treated as resulting from a historical reanalysis process compared to the well known process of disappearance of preverbs. It is assumed that there is a continuum from forms which are: 1) completely fossilized; 2) reanalyzed as simple; 3) forms in process of change; 4) completely compositional and transparent. A secondary classification refers to compositional and noncompositional formations. Non-compositional data are structurally analyzed by means of a new reading on the literature on locality restriction on the interpretation of roots and the use of the notion of root polysemy. Completely compositional and transparent verbs are empirically classified into change of state, change of location, change of abstract and concrete possession, reconfiguration and verbs of modification of v. The strongest characteristic of this subclass is the obligatory presence of an internal argument interpreted as an affected object (theme or experiencer, to a less extent) of the change denoted by the event. The investigation points out that the prefix may be considered as the phonological realization of a head with a mixed lexical functional nature, which is responsible for introducing the internal argument in the structure and relating it to the root semantics. This head has at least the feature [+r] and, in a few cases, it may present directional information [+dir]. Considering this, the assumption that these prefixes are directional morphemes is debunked since this kind of information within a complex verb is residual and decayed. In general, prefixes behave as allomorphs and there are not strong evidences of an exclusive association of a prefix and a certain kind of argument structure or semantic class. The suffixes are analyzed as realizations of three functional heads: v[+voice], v[-voice] and v[+voice, -telic] and it is observed that suffix occurrence in event type is not systematic as previous literature claims. The theory of allomorphy proposed in Embick (2010), which is based on locality and linearity, was efficient in accounting for selection of allomorphs of R, v and Th heads. Finally, semantic type shows influence on verb type but this information can be viii manipulated in order to derive structural or metonymical coercion. The main conclusion to be drawn from the results is the fact that Brazilian Portuguese verbal morphology may reveal certain tendencies in argument and event structure, but it does not reflect sufficiently regular or consistent correlations.

Esta tese tem por objetivo a análise da norma de uso das construções com a partícula SE e com o verbo haver na gramaticografia de língua portuguesa de 1540 até 2010. Para analisar a norma empreendemos um trabalho de descrição dos critérios de correção de ratio e usus determinantes em cada obra analisada. A norma de uso das construções que estudamos decorre da regra geral de concordância verbal, que por sua vez é dependente da noção ou da identificação do sujeito das sentenças. Deste modo, o que investigamos neste trabalho foram as relações existentes entre os critérios de correção, a regra geral de concordância verbal e a definição de sujeito com vistas ao estabelecimento da norma de uso das construções objeto de nosso estudo. Realizamos então a análise do método que cada autor utilizou para fixar a norma de uso de cada construção sob o olhar da noção de epistemologia normativa de Auroux (1980). Do ponto de vista historiográfico realizamos uma historiografia de perspectiva interna, focando na descrição, análise e interpretação das ideias linguísticas contidas nas obras, mas também tangenciamos a perspectiva externa da historiografia ao correlacionarmos a ratio das gramáticas brasileiras escritas a partir da segunda metade do século XX ao advento da Nomenclatura Gramatical Brasileira (NGB). / The aim of this thesis is to analyse the grammatical norm of SE construction and haver construction in Portuguese grammars from 1540 up to 2010. To analyse the grammatical norm we describe the correction criteria of ratio e usus in each grammar. The norm that we have studied is due to the verb agreement general rule in Portuguese, which depends on the notion or identification of the subject in the sentences. In this way, we have investigated the relations between the correction criteria, the verb agreement general rule and the subject definition with the aim to establish the norm of the constructions of our study. Thefore we have investigated the method that each autor used to stablish the norm of each construction under the perspective of Auroux (1980)s normative epistemology. From a historiographical point of view, we have adopted an internal perspective, focusing on the description, analysis and interpretation of the linguistic ideas contained in each gramar, and in a more limited way, we have approached an external perspective of historiography, as we make a correlation between the ratio in post-1950s Brazilian grammars and the establishment of the Brazilian grammatical nomenclature (Nomenclatura Gramatical Brasileira, NGB).

Past tense verb production in children with specific language impairment and language-matched children with typical language was compared using language samples and a standardized probe (Rice/Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment). Analyses revealed accuracy and error type differences between elicitation types and groups. Results have important clinical practice implications.

Regular (e.g., jumped) and irregular (e.g., fell) past tense verb acquisition in children with typical language development (TL) occurs between ages 3-5. In children with specific language impairment (SLI), acquisition of these forms is extended and errors in spontaneous conversation may even continue into adulthood. However, there is a lack of consensus as to whether probed or spontaneous language samples give a more accurate representation of a child’s linguistic skills. The first aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in regular and irregular past tense verb production accuracy between two Elicitation Methods: probed vs. spontaneous language sampling. The second aim was to determine if accuracy and error patterns differed between children with SLI and children with TL. The participants included 11 children with SLI (mean age: 5 years) and 20 children with TL (mean age: 3 years 6 months). Each participant received a battery of tests to determine language status. This battery included two elicitation methods for regular and irregular past tense: a probe and a spontaneous language sample. The Rice/Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment probed past tense verb production using picture prompts and a standardized verbal routine. Additionally, a language sample was recorded in which participants told three thematically related stories provided spontaneous productions. The first two stories were read by the examiner first and the child was asked to retell it. The first story was presented in the present tense. The second story was presented in the past tense. The third story was made up by the child based on the pictures and the tense was free to vary. These stories provided the language sample that was then transcribed and coded for a statistical analysis of verb production. Within and between groups ANOVAs revealed statistically significant differences between the probe and spontaneous language samples, with the probe yielding higher accuracy for regular and irregular past tense verb production in both groups. There was no significant Group effect or Group by Elicitation Method interaction. Analysis of the types of errors produced revealed a statistically significant Group by Elicitation Method interaction. Post hoc analysis found for regular past tense verbs, children with SLI produced more stem-form errors than children with TL. For irregular past tense forms, children with SLI produced more stem form errors, while children with TL produce more overregularization errors. The observed pattern of errors is consistent with inclusionary criteria for SLI, the literature, and theoretical foundations. The results add to the literature about the accuracy of probe and spontaneous language sample elicitation methods.

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No description available.

<p>This dissertation examines direct and subordinate questions, as well as verb morphology in L2 Swedish, from a developmental perspective. The study is cross-sectional, containing data from Iraqi Arabic, Persian and Somali adolescent learners representing three different levels of proficiency. The data are analysed on the basis of two theories: The Markedness Differential Hypothesis and Processability Theory. Data elicited through four different techniques are examined with the aim of examining the possible impact of different data types on the results. The different elicitation techniques used in the study are: oral production, written production, grammaticality judgement and a receptive skills task. Two of the elicitation techniques, written production and grammaticality judgement, include all three structures in focus in the study, whilst the oral production and the receptive task is centred on direct questions.</p><p>The results suggest that there are implicational relationships regarding the order in which the grammatical structures are acquired. On the whole, predictions based on the two theories used as a basis for the analyses find support in the material. Having a wide scope for predictions at the morpho-syntactical level, the results meet the claims in particular of Processability Theory. The predictions and the results do not contrast the two theories with each other. A comparison of the different data types clearly indicates that the grammaticality judgement task substantially diverges from the other data types providing less consistent data and exhibiting trends that are in conflict with the data obtained through the three other elicitation techniques.</p>

<p>In this thesis I have investigated verb frame divergences in a bilingual Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar for machine translation. The purpose was threefold: (1) to describe and classify verb frame divergences (VFDs) between Swedish and English, (2) to practically implement a bilingual grammar that covered many of the identified VFDs and (3) to find out what cases of VFDs could be solved and implemented using a common semantic representation, or interlingua, for Swedish and English.</p><p>The implemented grammar, BiTSE, is a Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar based on the LinGO Grammar Matrix, a language independent grammar base. BiTSE is a bilingual grammar containing both Swedish and English. The semantic representation used is Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). It is language independent, so generating from it gives all equivalent sentences in both Swedish and English. Both the core of the languages and a subset of the identified VFDs are successfully implemented in BiTSE. For other VFDs tentative solutions are discussed.</p><p>MRS have previously been proposed as suitable for semantic transfer machine translation. I have shown that VFDs can naturally be handled by an interlingual design in many cases, minimizing the need of transfer.</p><p>The main contributions of this thesis are: an inventory of English and Swedish verb frames and verb frame divergences; the bilingual grammar BiTSE and showing that it is possible in many cases to use MRS as an interlingua in machine translation.</p>

<p>The aim of this research has been to describe and analyse Swedish linguistic and cultural influence, on identification, and idiomatic awareness as well as on the Spanish used by Hispanic Americans who have lived more than 12 years in Sweden.</p><p>The analysis has been carried out within the field of sociolinguistics, specifically in the area of language contact, drawing on methodological aspects of ethno linguistics, sociology of language and cognitive linguistics. The research was divided into two phases. In the first phase, we describe and analyse Corpus 1, consisting of 20 interviews of first generation Hispanic Americans political refugees. In the second phase, we describe, compare and analyse Corpus 2, which consists of 105 questionnaires distributed to first and second generation Hispanic Americans in Sweden.</p><p>The results have shown that in Sweden Hispanic Americans have gradually generated a variety of Spanish which clearly shows features of Swedish culture and language and with an aspect of standardisation due to the fact that in the intercommunication between language speakers of varieties of Spanish certain variations have slowly been eliminated over the course of time. The sociolinguistic situation of the informants has been observed as well as the nature of the immigration and identification and idiomatic awareness in relation to their integration or lack of integration into Swedish society. The use of 38 words with a high level of synonymy was also investigated in order to establish standardisation of these representative words among the varieties of Spanish, spoken in Sweden. Furthermore we have investigated clichés, lexical, semantic-pragmatic and syntactic loans from Swedish as well as Swedish cultural influence on use tense among the informants.</p>