This study aims to semantically analyse the use of the three placement verbs wAH, wd(i), and rdi in Earlier Egyptian to investigate the nuances and development of the process of ‘placing’ in the language. A mixed methods approach was employed in the study using Systemic Functional Linguistics as the theoretical framework. The results show that the three verbs have distinct semantic profiles. The use of wd(i) and rdi changes after the Old Kingdom, whereas wAH remains more or less the same denoting a downward movement of the Goal. One of the verbs – wd(i) in the Old Kingdom and rdi after that – functions as a more general and frequent verb, although wd(i) already in the Old Kingdom shows a specific nuance of ‘firm placing’. Additionally, rdi is rare as a placement verb in the Old Kingdom, after which it is semantically bleached and becomes the general placement verb of the language. At the same time, the use of wd(i) diminishes.  Furthermore, the process of ‘placing’ in Earlier Egyptian tends to only include the participants Actor, Goal, and Location, whereas the other circumstances of the process are often more or less implicit. Consequently, the nuances of the process of ‘placing’ – especially with rdi after the Old Kingdom – can be interpreted from the combination of the participants and the co(n)text of the process as a whole. / Syftet med denna studie är att semantiskt analysera användningen av de tre placeringsverben wAH, wd(i) och rdi i tidig fornegyptiska för att undersöka nyanserna och utvecklingen av processen ”att placera” i språket. I studien användes en blandad metod med Systemisk Funktionell Lingvistik som teoretiskt ramverk. Resultaten visar att de tre verben har distinkta semantiska profiler. Användningen av wd(i) och rdi förändras efter Gamla riket, medan wAH förblir mer eller mindre oförändrat och betecknar en nedåtgående rörelse av Goal. Ett av verben – wd(i) i Gamla riket och rdi därefter – fungerar som ett mer allmänt och frekvent verb, även om wd(i) redan i Gamla riket uppvisar en specifik nyans av ”fast placering”. Dessutom är rdi sällsynt som placeringsverb i Gamla riket, varefter det semantiskt bleks och blir språkets allmänna placeringsverb. Samtidigt minskar användningen av wd(i).  Därutöver tenderar processen ”att placera” i tidig fornegyptiska att endast omfatta deltagarna Actor, Goal och Location, medan de övriga omständigheterna är mer eller mindre implicita. Följaktligen kan nyanserna i processen ”att placera” – särskilt med rdi efter Gamla riket – tolkas utifrån kombinationen av dess deltagare och ko(n)texten i sin helhet.

Waimaha is a Tucanoan language spoken in the Northwest Amazon Basin in Colombia and Brazil by a few hundred speakers. Languages in this region have a complex verb morphology based on affixation, where several suffixes may be attached to a root to create information heavy words. This study aims towards describing Waimaha’s verb morphology to provide a base on which to build a full grammar description, which the language does not yet have. The study means to analyze Waimaha verb morphology through distributional analysis of its morphemes with the help of parallel texts, and compares findings with related languages. The results find that Waimaha is quite similar to other Tucanoan languages, with a few minor differences in future tense constructions and affix ordering. / Waimaha är ett tukanospråk som talas i nordvästra Amazonas i Colombia och Brasilien av ett hundratal talare. Språk i detta område har en komplex verbmorfologi baserad på affixering, där ett flertal suffix kan fästas vid en rot för att skapa informationstunga ord. Denna studie syftar till att beskriva Waimahas verbmorfologi för att bestå med en grund varpå en grammatiksbeskrivning kan skapas, vilket Waimaha inte ännu har. Studien analyserar Waimahas verbmorfologi genom distributionsanalys med hjälp av parallelltexter, och jämför resultaten med besläktade språk. Resultaten visar att Waimaha är tämligen likartad andra tukanospråk, med ett par mindre skillnader i futurumkonstruktioner och affixordning.

No description available.

[pt] O presente estudo insere-se no campo da Tradução especializada, da Terminologia e da Terminografia bilíngue voltada para tradutores, com foco no papel dos verbos como termos no âmbito da linguagem especializada da aviação, uma vez que os recursos terminológicos tradicionais disponíveis neste domínio não contemplam essa classe de palavras. A pesquisa foi realizada com base em corpora comparáveis em inglês e português do subdomínio de Tráfego Aéreo, e adaptou a metodologia proposta por Pimentel (2012) para descrever verbos especializados com base no modelo teórico da Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985; FILLMORE e ATKINS 1992) e atribuir equivalências graças às descrições obtidas. Na Semântica de Frames, frames são um cenário comum de conhecimento com base no qual os significados podem ser interpretados. Partindo de dados dos corpora compilados, foram selecionados e analisados verbos considerados termos neste subdomínio, e frames semânticos foram propostos usando a FrameNet (RUPPENHOFER et al., 2010) como inspiração para abarcar os diferentes significados identificados. Outro recurso empregado para propor frames foi a cena de tráfego aéreo, inspirada nos princípios da Terminologia Baseada em Frames (FABER 2006), e utilizada para estruturar o conhecimento desta área de especialidade. Na presente pesquisa, os verbos especializados evocam frames com referência a uma etapa da cena de tráfego aéreo em que as ações ocorrem, nos quais alguns elementos obrigatórios (elementos de frame nucleares) desempenham papéis específicos (e.g. ENTIDADE, AUTORIDADE, LOCAL NO AR, LOCAL NO SOLO) e outros representam informações adicionais (elementos de frame não nucleares), como circunstâncias, finalidade e tempo ou duração em que cada ação se desenrola. Os frames reúnem termos com significados semelhantes nos dois idiomas, sendo, portanto, candidatos a equivalentes. Do total de 119 termos validados (64 em inglês e 55 em português), reunidos em 32 frames semânticos, 133 pares de equivalentes foram identificados, dos quais 118 foram considerados plenos por compartilhar o mesmo significado e a mesma estrutura de argumentos, pertencer à mesma etapa da cena de tráfego aéreo e evocar o mesmo frame da mesma maneira; e 15 pares foram considerados equivalentes parciais por não atender a pelo menos um desses critérios. Ao lançar luz na busca por equivalentes, este estudo pode ser relevante para o ensino de Tradução e Terminologia, uma vez que, ao procurar descrever o comportamento de verbos como termos especializados, poderá auxiliar tradutores profissionais e em formação a melhor embasar suas decisões tradutórias. / [en] This study pertains to the field of Specialized Translation, Terminology and Bilingual Terminography aimed at translators, focusing on the role of verbs as terms within the specialized language of aviation, considering that verbs are often overlooked in traditional terminological resources available in this domain. The research was carried out based on comparable corpora in English and Portuguese from the Air Traffic subdomain and adapted the methodology proposed by Pimentel (2012) to describe specialized verbs based on the theoretical model of Frame Semantics (FILLMORE 1976, 1977, 1982, 1985; FILLMORE and ATKINS 1992) and assign equivalences thanks to the descriptions obtained. In Frame Semantics, frames are a common knowledge scenario on the basis of which meanings can be interpreted. Based on data from the compiled corpora, verbs considered terms in this subdomain were selected and analyzed, and semantic frames were proposed using FrameNet (RUPPENHOFER et al., 2010) as inspiration to encompass the different meanings identified. Another means for proposing frames was the air traffic scene inspired by the principles of Frame-Based Terminology (FABER 2006) and used to structure knowledge in this subdomain. In the present research, specialized verbs evoke frames with reference to the stage of the air traffic scene in which the actions occur, where some mandatory elements (nuclear frame elements) play specific roles (e.g. ENTITY, AUTHORITY, LOCATION IN THE AIR, LOCATION ON THE GROUND) and others represent additional information (non-core frame elements) such as circumstances, purpose and time or duration in which each action unfolds. Frames bring together terms with similar meanings in both languages, thus rendering them candidate equivalents. From the total of 119 validated terms (64 in English and 55 in Portuguese), gathered in 32 semantic frames, 133 pairs of equivalents were identified, of which 118 were considered full equivalents for sharing the same meaning and the same argument structure, belonging to the same stage of the air traffic scene and evoking the same frame in the same way; and 15 pairs were considered partial equivalents because they did not meet at least one of these criteria. By shedding light on the search for equivalents, this study may be relevant for the teaching of Translation and Terminology, since, by describing the behavior of verbs as specialized terms, it may help translators and translation students to better support their translation decisions.

No description available.

Sammanfattning Den här uppsatsen undersöker verbanvändningen i skriftlig produktion hos en grupp avancerade svenska som andraspråkselever. Studien granskar såväl kvantitativa som kvalitativa aspekter i elevernas verbordförråd. Uppsatsens syfte är att kartlägga L2-elevernas verbvokabulär med avseende på frekvens, variation, fördelning över semantiska fält samt semantisk och konstruktionsmässig korrekthet. L2-gruppens resultat kontrasteras mot en kontrollgrupp bestående av L1-elever. Undersökningsmaterialet består av 20 argumenterande uppsatser skrivna av komvuxelever med svenska som andraspråk samt 20 argumenterande uppsatser skrivna av komvuxelever med svenska som förstaspråk. Samtliga verb har extraherats, räknats och, i de fall det varit tillämpbart, satts in i ett av de 13 semantiska fält som undersökts i uppsatsen. De olika typer av inkorrekt verbanvändning som påträffats i materialet har kategoriserats utifrån feltyp. De typer av fel som varit av intresse i denna studie är konstruktionsfel i prefixverb, reflexivverb, partikelverb samt fel i verb + substantiv- kollokationer. Förutom konstruktionsfel undersöker uppsatsen även primärt semantiska fel, dvs. fel som i första hand har att göra med verbets semantiska betydelse. Undersökningsresultatet visar att verbfrekvensen hos L2-talarna är lägre i jämförelse med L1-gruppen. Orsaken därtill är att L1-uppsatserna i snitt är längre än L2-uppsatserna och därmed innehåller många fler verb. Det verkar inte föreligga någon anmärkningsvärd skillnad i verbvariationen om man ser till verben i sin helhet. Vissa semantiska fält är dock mer utbyggda och mer varierade i L1-gruppen.         Verbfrekvenstabellerna visar att andelen partikelverb är hälften så stor i L2-gruppen jämfört med L1-gruppen. Listan över de 20 vanligaste verben visar att andraspråkseleverna, vid en jämförelse med L1-eleverna, underanvänder verben få och ska och överanvänder säga, vilja och finnas. Eftersom inga fler indikationer på överanvändning av kärnverb ges i materialet måste just detta interimspråkdrag ses som en mycket begränsad företeelse hos de avancerade L2-eleverna.         De allra vanligaste feltyperna hos såväl L1- som L2-talare är av primärt semantisk karaktär. Bland dessa fel är, i L2-gruppen, fel kopplade till det semantiska fältets betydelsesidoordning vanligast. Det innebär att studien pekar mot att det som ställer till mest problem för andraspråkseleverna, när det gäller verblexikonet, är sådant som har att göra med semantisk precisering och nyansering, dvs. att välja rätt synonym. / Abstract This essay deals with lexical competence in written language production among advanced learners of Swedish as a second language. The study focuses on the use of verbs with regard to both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The aim of this essay is to examine the L2-learners verb vocabulary, paying attention to frequency, variation, distribution in semantic fields as well as semantic and constructional correctness. The results of the investigations are compared to the results of a control group consisting of L1-speakers.         The material in the present investigation consists of 40 argumentative essays written by 20 adult students with Swedish as their second language and 20 adult students with Swedish as their first language. All students were enrolled in an adult education program, attending the courses Swedish as a second language B and Swedish B at senior high school level.         All verbs have been extracted, counted and, where applicable, inserted into the 13 semantic fields which are examined in this study. Errors in connection with the use of verb have been categorized according to two major error types, i.e. constructional errors (errors connected to prefixed verbs, reflexive verbs, particle verbs, and errors in verb + noun combinations) and primarily semantic errors.         The investigation demonstrates that the verb frequency is lower in the L2-group compared to the L1-group. The higher verb frequency in the L1-group is probably due to the, on average, longer essays in that particular group.            The verb frequency tables show that use of particle verbs is twice as high in the L1-essays compared to the L2-essays. The tables of the 20 most common verbs demonstrate that L2-students, compared to the L1-students, tend to underuse certain verbs and overuse others. Three verbs that are particularly overused by the L2-students, are säga, vilja and finnas, while the verbs få and ska underused to a great extent by the same group. The tree overused verbs are nuclear verbs in their specific semantic fields (VERBAL COMMUNICATION, WISH and EXISTENCE). Apart from the overuse of these nuclear verbs the investigation material does not give further indications of overuse of nuclear verbs. This shows that overuse of nuclear verbs as an interlanguage feature is not particularly prominent in the advanced L2-learners.              There does not seem to be any notable difference in verb variation when looking at the verbs in their entirety. However, certain semantic fields are more extended and more varied in the L1-group.         In the essays written by the L1-students there are very few occurrences of constructional errors. The most frequent error type, in both student groups, is of a semantic nature. The L2-material shows that the most common semantic error is related to the horizontal structure (and not the vertical structure) of the semantic fields. This means that L2-students find it hard to differ between synonyms in the same semantic field at the same hierarchical level. The current study thus indicates that, as far as the verb vocabulary goes, the L2-students main difficulty is semantic specification, i.e. choosing the right synonym. Among the combinatory errors, the errors connected to verb + noun combinations have the highest frequency.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Those who follow the research of the last century concerning verbal aspect, will realize the importance of this topic for the understanding of the input of the author / speaker in the written or spoken word, because verbal aspect gives the specific view of the author / speaker on an action. However, the input of the author is not unqualified, but takes place within certain grammatical and contextual parameters. Within these parameters the author has the freedom to give actions which occur within the written or spoken word, a specific colour. As a result of short definitions of the aspect of the different Greek tenses, I was able to identify six different aspectual uses for both the aorist and the imperfect which agreed with the chosen definitions. The Acts of the Apostles was used to test the tenability of the definitions and the aspectual uses. Only with extensive analysis can the theory be confirmed. Apart from the fact that Acts is an extensive book, it has the additional advantage that the writer regularly alternates between different genres (narrative and speech). In this way the analysis of the theory can be concentrated further by investigating whether aspectual changes occur between the different genres. Analysis of the proposed theory demonstrated firstly that the author does not use the Greek tenses haphazardly, but that he consciously makes use of the aorist and imperfect indicative. The aorist is used especially to represent events or acts in totality and as completed; the imperfect is used to represent events or acts in progress and as processes. The analysis also confirmed that the author applies the aorist and the imperfect in different ways. The identified aspectual uses of both these tenses could be recognized throughout the whole book. Although the author probably did not work with definitions and aspectual uses, he was clearly aware of verbal aspect and the different ways in which an action can be portrayed. The analysis finally demonstrated that a change in genre (from narrative to speech or the other way round) often also effects a change in verbal aspect. In this way the author portrays his specific view on actions within their context. The most frequent aspectual use of the aorist, is the aorist used to portray acts as completed actions in their totality (in both narratives and speeches) and the aorist to portray the key moments of the story (largely in narratives). The most frequent aspectual use of the imperfect, is the imperfect to show actions in progress (often in narratives) and the imperfect to sketch the background (largely in narratives). From the above we can draw the conclusion that the author of Acts uses the aorist and imperfect aspectually, while also considering the alternation between genres. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wie die navorsing van die laaste eeu oor verbale aspek in die Griekse werkwoord nagaan, kry 'n besef van die belang van hierdie onderwerp vir die verstaan van die skrywer / spreker se inset in die geskrewe of gesproke woord. Verbale aspek gee naamlik die spesifieke perspektief van die skrywer / spreker op die handeling weer. Die inset van die skrywer is egter nie ongekwalifiseerd nie, maar vind plaas binne bepaalde grammatikale en kontekstuele merkers. Binne hierdie merkers het die skrywer die vryheid om aan handelinge, wat binne die geskrewe of gesproke woord voorkom, 'n spesifieke kleur te gee. Na aanleiding van kort definisies van die aspek van die verskillende Griekse tydvorme, spesifiek die aoristos en die imperfektum, was ek in staat om ses aspektuele gebruike onder beide die aoristos en die imperfektum te identifiseer wat in ooreenstemming was met die gekose definisies. Handelinge van die Apostels moes dien as toetsingsmateriaal vir die houdbaarheid van die definisies en die aspektuele gebruike. Slegs deur omvangryke analise kan die teorie bevestig word. Behalwe dat Handelinge 'n omvangryke boek is, het dit verder die voordeel dat die skrywer op 'n gereelde basis tussen genres (narratief en redevoering) wissel. Op dié manier kan die analise van die teorie verder toegespits word om te ondersoek of daar aspektuele veranderinge optree tussen die verskillende genres. Die analise van die voorgestelde teorie het eerstens aangetoon dat die skrywer nie slegs lukraak van Griekse tydvorme gebruik maak nie, maar bewustelik met onderskeidelik die aoristos en die imperfektum indikatief omgaan. Die aoristos word veral gebruik om gebeure of handelinge in totaliteit weer te gee en as voltooid voor te stel; die imperfektum word gebruik om gebeure of handelinge in hul voortgang weer te gee en as proses voor te stel. Die analise het tweedens bevestig dat die skrywer beide die aoristos en die imperfektum aspektueel verskillend aanwend. Die geïdentifiseerde aspektuele gebruike van beide hierdie tydvorme kon deur die hele boek herken word. Alhoewel die skrywer waarskynlik nie met definisies en aspektuele gebruike gewerk het nie, was hy duidelik bewus van verbale aspek en die verskillende maniere waarop 'n handeling weergegee kan word. Die analise het derdens getoon dat 'n verandering van genre (van narratief na redevoering of andersom) meestalook 'n verandering van verbale aspek te weeg bring. Op hierdie manier gee die skrywer dus sy spesifieke perspektief op handelinge binne hul konteks weer. Die mees frekwente aspektuele gebruike vir die aoristos is die aoristos om handelinge as voltooide aksies in hulle totaliteit weer te gee (verdeel tussen narratiewe en redevoerings) en die aoristos om die hoofmomente van die verhaal weer te gee (grotendeels in narratiewe). Die mees frekwente aspektuele gebruike vir die imperfektum is die imperfektum om voortgaande aksies aan te toon (dikwels in narratiewe) en die imperfektum om agtergrond te skilder (grotendeels in narratiewe). Ons kan dus die gevolgtrekking maak dat die skrywer van Handelinge die aoristos en imperfektum aspektueel aanwend, en daarbyook afwisseling tussen verskillende genres in ag neem.

Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / This study explores semantic analysis of motion verb-hamba in IsiXhosa. In chapter 1 I have stated the aim of the study. I have discussed properties related to the lexical semantic analysis of the verb-hamba as well as Pustejovsky’s theory of the Generative Lexicon. The theoretical framework and the organization of study are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 addresses in more detail the type system for semantics. A generative theory of the lexicon includes multiple levels of representation for different types of lexical information needed. These levels include Argument Structure, Event Structure, Qualia Structure and Lexical Inherent Structure. In this chapter there is a more detailed structure of the qualia and the role they play in distributing the functional behavior of words and phrases in composition. In chapter 3 I have examined the lexical semantic analysis of the verb-hamba to account for the range of selectional properties of the NP phrase subject argument of the verb-hamba and various interpretations that arise in terms of composition with its complement arguments. The polysemous behavior of the verb-hamba is examined in sentence alternation constructions with respect to the properties of the event structure. I have also investigated the lexical representation in terms of argument structure and the event structure of the verb-hamba in different sentences. Chapter 4 is the conclusion, summarizing the findings of all the previous chapters in this study on lexical semantic analysis of the motion verb-hamba in IsiXhosa. This is followed by word lists that contain meanings of words in the context in which they are used.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of selected monotransitive verbs in Northern Sotho as regard their argument structure and event structure. These Northern Sotho verbs will be examined within the general theoretical framework of Generative Lexicon Theory postulated by Pustejovsky (1996). This theory is in essence concerned with the account of word meaning as it relates to lexical semantic properties of lexical items in composition with other lexical items in a sentence. The arguments of the Northern Sotho verbs examined will include an agentive subject argument, the external argument, and a patient/theme object argument, the internal argument. In addition, a locative internal argument occurs in the sentences, which may have the status of a true argument, a shadow argument, or a default argument, in Pustejovsky’s classification of arguments. The Northern Sotho verbs examined demonstrate accomplishment events in that they entail a change of state and are telic (i.e. they have a logical culmination or endpoint). This telicity property of the verb is often the result of the occurrence of the internal arguments, i.e. the patient/theme argument and locative argument of the verb. The verb classes examined for Northern Sotho include (i) verbs of putting, (ii) verbs of removing, (iii) verbs of sending and carrying, (iv) verbs of exerting force/push/pull verbs), (v) verbs of change of possession, (vi) learn verbs, (vii) verbs of throwing, (viii) verbs of contact by impact, (ix) verbs of cutting, (x) verbs of separating and disassembling, (xi) verbs of creation and transformation, (xii) verbs of communication, (xiii) verbs of ingesting, (xiv) verbs of change of state, and (xv) verbs of motion.

Thesis (DLitt)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the questions that have challenged scholars of BH for many years is whether the language should be regarded as a tense, aspectual or modal language. In this thesis, I argue that the lack and application of a metacategory for describing any language in general, and BH in particular, has been the main problem of the debate. A sound methodology is needed in order to be able to make an argument that can be tested empirically. The present study presents such a viable methodological approach. Using Bhatian parameters for tense, aspect and modal prominent languages, crosslinguistic metacategories of tense, aspect and mood were developed. These were applied to BH and the outcome was the hypothesis that BH is an aspect-prominent language. After formulating the above-mentioned hypothesis for BH, a corpus had been selected in the light of which the hypothesis was tested. The result demonstrates that BH consistently maintains perfective and imperfective aspectual distinctions. It was found that even where aspectual distinctions are extended to modal categories, the distinction in meanings between the perfective and the imperfective forms of the BH verb are not neutralised. From these observations, it has been concluded that there is the need to revisit the semantics of Proto Semitic. A model like the one used in this study could be replicated in the study of Proto Semitic. Such a revisit, it is hypothesised, may give fresh insights into the verbal system of Proto Semitic in general and BH in particular / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die vrae wat reeds vir baie jare vir kenners van Byblese Hebreeus (=BH) In uitdaging is, is of die taal 'n tempustaal, 'n aspektuele taal of 'n modale taal is. In hierdie tesis voer ek aan dat die gebrek aan die toepassing van 'n metakategorie vir die beskrywing van tale in die algemeen, en BH in die besonder, die hoof probleem in die debat is. 'n Deeglike begronde metodologie is nodig om 'n hipotese daar te stel wat empiries getoets kan word. Hierdie studie wil so 'n metodologie formuleer. Deur gebruik te maak van Bhat se parameters vir tale waarvan die tempus, aspek en modaliteit prominent is, is kruislinguistiese metakategorieë vir tempus, aspek en modaliteit ontwikkel. Hierdie metakategorieë is op BH toegepas en die resultaat daarvan was die hipotese dat BH 'n aspek-prominente taal is. Nadat die bogenoemde hipotese vir BH geformuleer is, is 'n korpus geselekteer in die lig waarvan hierdie hipotese getoets kon word. Die resultaat demonstreer dat BH konsekwent die perfektiewe en imperfektiewe aspektuele onderskeid handhaaf. Daar is gevind dat selfs wanneer aspektuele onderskeidings uitgebrei is na modale kategorieë, die onderskeid tussen die perfektiewe en die imperfektiewe vorme van die BH werkwoord nie geneutraliseer word me. Vanuit hierdie waarnemings is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat dit nodig is om weer te gaan kyk na die semantiek van Proto-Semities. 'n Model soos die een wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, kan ook in die studie van Proto-Semities bebruik word. Die hipotese is dat so 'n hernude ondersoek nuwe insigte kan gee in die werkwoordsisteem van Proto-Semities in die algemeen en BH in die besonder.