Tooth-whitening or tooth-bleaching has become an integral part of modern dental practice. Today, a large number of whitening products are available on the market which are commonly categorized into dentist-supervised home bleaching, in-office bleaching and over-the-counter bleaching products according to their mode of application. This thesis looks into safety and efficacy of various tooth-whitening products and methods.

O objetivo desta tese é compreender as tensões e metamorfoses existentes na análise social realizada por por alguns do principais autores brasileiros da virada do século XIX para o XX, rocurando demonstrar que, indo além das ideologias racistas presentes em suas obras, eles tentavam compreender e explicar a sociedade e a cultura rasileiras, abrindo, assim, novos caminhos e horizontes para outros estudos. Neste sentido, serão analisadas as obras de Sílvio Romero, Nina Rodrigues, Euclides da Cunha e Oliveira Vianna, tomando a perspectiva analítica de comparar como estes autores, clássicos e fundamentais para a compreensão do Brasil, conseguiram superar o racismo que aparecia inerente em suas obras, mostrando uma abordagem crítica em relação à sociedade brasileira e abordando aspectos culturais e sociais do Brasil, até então inéditos / The objective of this thesis is to understand the existing tensions and metamorphoses in the social analysis carried through by for some of the main Brazilian authors of the turn of century XIX for the XX, looking for to demonstrate that, going beyond the racist ideologies gifts in its workmanships, them they tried to understand and to explain the Brazilian society and the culture, opening, thus, to new ways and perspectives for other studies. In this direction the workmanships of Sílvio will be analyzed Romero, Nina Rodrigues, Euclides of Cunha and Oliveira Vianna, taking the analytical perspective to compare as these authors, basic classics and for the understanding of Brazil, had obtained to surpass the racism that appeared inherent in its workmanships, showing a critical boarding 6 in relation to the Brazilian society and approaching cultural and social aspects of Brazil, until then unknown.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Tooth-whitening or tooth-bleaching has become an integral part of modern dental practice. Today, a large number of whitening products are available on the market which are commonly categorized into dentist-supervised home bleaching, in-office bleaching and over-the-counter bleaching products according to their mode of application. This thesis looks into safety and efficacy of various tooth-whitening products and methods. / South Africa

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-07-12T17:54:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Telma Cezar Martins.pdf: 4412550 bytes, checksum: 268807a698397f79d160f8a1ba7baf49 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-12T17:54:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Telma Cezar Martins.pdf: 4412550 bytes, checksum: 268807a698397f79d160f8a1ba7baf49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-09 / This PhD dissertation analyses the influence of the whitening process on pedagogical practices in the context of early childhood education, especially in the environment of kindergartens. It aims to support both the understanding and the raise of awareness concerning the effects of whitening upon the development of the identity of children between 0 and 3 years old, especially when it comes to black children. Although the Law 10.639/03 had substantially fostered the inclusion of ethno-racial education in the different fields of education, the reproduction of whitening in kindergartens is still considerably frequent. Remarking that such reality affects society in general, among other kinds of harms whitening reinforces prejudice, discrimination, stigmatization and, as consequence, racism itself, and negatively influences the development of both the identity and self-esteem of black children. Taking into account the premises worked by critical authors from different areas of social studies, the theoretical grounding of this research is composed by those thinkers who, while questioning a Western society marked by the imposition of Eurocentric and US-centric hegemonic values, also demonstrate how education reproduces the same values. Alongside a critical dialogue with the relevant literature, whitening is examined in this research based on two empirical realities. For this purpose, the methodological tools employed during the fieldwork were ethnographic observation, interviews with the management team, and focal groups performed with the teaching staff of two municipal kindergartens in Santo André/SP as well with coordinators from the Educational Service of Santo André city’s Municipal Department of Education. The analysis of the data validated the hypothesis that the whitening process is still hegemonic in the educational practices in kindergartens despite the mandatory presence of ethno-racial education in those places, which is assured by the Law 10.639/03. In regard to education policies, this situation reinforces the need of qualifying the teaching and administrative staff of educational unities, which will produce spaces for fostering the discussion around the problems concerning the phenomenon of whitening and its many causes and consequences. / Esta tesis analiza la influencia del proceso del blanqueamiento en las prácticas pedagógicas relacionadas a la primera infancia, especialmente en las guarderías. El objetivo del trabajo es aumentar la comprensión y el conocimiento de los impactos de este proceso a la formación de la identidad del niño de 0-3 años, sobre todo el niño negro. Aunque la Ley 10.639 / 03 en gran medida ha contribuido a la inclusión del tema de la educación étnica-racial en los diferentes segmentos de la educación, la realización del blanqueamiento en el entorno infantil es todavía muy presente. Aparte de afectar a toda la sociedad, el blanqueamiento refuerza el prejuicio, la discriminación, la estigmatización y el racismo, influyendo negativamente en el desarrollo de la identidad y la autoestima de los niños negros. Basándose en presupuestos de los autores del pensamiento crítico de diferentes áreas de los estudios sociales, la base teórica de esta investigación se compone de las ideas de los pensadores que, cuando problematizan la sociedad occidental marcada por la imposición de los valores hegemónicos europeos y estadounidenses, también muestran la educación como la reproducción de estos valores. Además del análisis critico de las fuentes bibliográficas, este trabajo analiza el tema del blanqueamiento basándose en los resultados de dos investigaciones empíricas. Por lo tanto, como las herramientas metodológicas se utilizó la observación etnográfica, entrevistas con el equipo de gestión, y también la aplicación de grupos focales con los equipos docentes de dos guarderías infantiles municipales ubicadas en Santo André / SP y el Equipo de Coordinación del Servicio Educativo de la Secretaría Municipal de Educación de Santo André / SP. Los resultados del análisis de datos confirmaron la hipótesis de que, a pesar de que la educación étnica-racial sea obligatoria de conformidad con la Ley 10.639 / 03, el proceso del blanqueamiento se mantiene hegemónico en la práctica educativa cotidiana de los niños. En el contexto de las políticas educativas se desprende la necesidad de calificar el equipo pedagógico y administrativo de las unidades educativas, produciendo espacios para alimentar la discusión acerca de los problemas relacionados al blanqueamiento y las numerosas causas y consecuencias de este fenómeno. / Esta tese analisa a influência do processo de branqueamento nas práticas pedagógicas na pequena infância, notadamente na Creche. Tem por objetivo auxiliar a compreensão e a conscientização sobre os impactos que o branqueamento promove na formação da identidade da criança de 0-3 anos, especialmente da criança negra. Embora a Lei 10.639/03 tenha contribuído muito para a inserção da temática da educação étnico-racial nos diferentes segmentos da educação, a reprodução do branqueamento no ambiente da Creche é ainda fortemente presente. Dentre outros danos, ressaltando que essa realidade afeta toda a sociedade, o branqueamento reforça o preconceito, a discriminação, a estigmatização e, por sua vez, o racismo, impactando negativamente no desenvolvimento da identidade e da autoestima da criança negra. Partindo de pressupostos de autores do pensamento crítico de distintas áreas dos estudos sociais, o embasamento teórico desta pesquisa é composto por pensadores(as) que, ao problematizarem a sociedade ocidental marcada pela imposição de valores hegemonicamente eurocentrados e “estadunizados”, evidenciam também a educação como reprodutora desses valores. Além do diálogo crítico com as fontes bibliográficas, esta pesquisa examina o tema do branqueamento a partir de duas realidades empíricas. Para tanto, como instrumentos metodológicos de campo, foram utilizados observação etnográfica, entrevistas com a equipe gestora e aplicação de grupo focal com as equipes docente de duas Creches municipais, localizadas em Santo André/SP e da equipe de Coordenadoras do Serviço Educacional, da Secretaria Municipal da Educação de Santo André/SP. A partir da análise dos dados, confirmou-se a hipótese de que, apesar da obrigatoriedade da educação étnico-racial, designada nos termos da Lei 10.639/03, o processo do branqueamento mantém-se hegemônico nas práticas educativas do cotidiano das creches. Decorre dessa situação, a necessidade de, no contexto de políticas públicas educacionais, qualificar o quadro pedagógico e administrativo das unidades educativas, produzindo espaços para alimentar a discussão da problematicidade em torno do tema do branqueamento e das inúmeras causas e consequências desse fenômeno.

Η αντιστοίχιση εικόνων έχει σαν σκοπό την εύρεση γεωμετρικών και άλλων διαφορών ανάμεσα σε δύο ή περισσότερες εικόνες. Η ψηφιακή υδατογράφηση εικόνων προσφέρει κατοχύρωση των πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων, εισάγοντας στις εικόνες ένα αδιόρατο σήμα, ένα υδατογράφημα, με τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε να είναι δύσκολο να αφαιρεθεί. Η αντιστοίχιση μπορεί να αποτελέσει τμήμα της ψηφιακής υδατογράφησης, στη φάση της ανίχνευσης του υδατογραφήματος. Επιπλέον, για την ανίχνευση του υδατογραφήματος χρησιμοποιούνται παρόμοιες ή και ίδιες μετρικές ομοιότητας με αυτές που χρησιμοποιούνται στην αντιστοίχιση. Έτσι, οποιαδήποτε βελτίωση αφορά την αντιστοίχιση ή τις μετρικές ομοιότητας μπορεί να έχει θετικές επιδράσεις και στην ψηφιακή υδατογράφηση. Η έρευνα που έγινε στα πλαίσια της διδακτορικής διατριβής σε σχέση με το πρόβλημα της αντιστοίχισης αφορά τη συσχέτιση των εικόνων στο χωρικό πεδίο, η οποία έχει το εξής μειονέκτημα: η περιοχή γύρω από τη μέγιστη τιμή της μπορεί να έχει μεγάλο εύρος και να επηρεάζει την ακρίβεια της αντιστοίχισης. Για την αντιμετώπιση αυτού του προβλήματος, προτείνεται μια διαδικασία προ-λεύκανσης των εικόνων, βασισμένη στο φίλτρο σφάλματος πρόβλεψης. Επίσης, αναπτύσσεται ένας επαναληπτικός αλγόριθμος αντιστοίχισης για μετατοπίσεις και περιστροφές, ο οποίος εφαρμόζεται σε ακολουθίες ιατρικών εικόνων με σκοπό τη διάγνωση δυσπλασιών και κακοηθειών. Ένα δεύτερο μειονέκτημα της χωρικής συσχέτισης είναι το μεγάλο υπολογιστικό της κόστος. Στη διδακτορική διατριβή προτείνεται ένα γρήγορο σχήμα υπολογισμού της, το οποίο βασίζεται σε κατάλληλη τμηματοποίηση της εικόνας και στη χρήση του μετασχηματισμού Fourier. Επίσης, το πιο απαιτητικό κομμάτι της διαδικασίας αντιστοίχισης είναι ο υπολογισμός της χρησιμοποιούμενης μετρικής σαν συνάρτηση της σχετικής θέσης των εικόνων. Έτσι, αναπτύσσεται ένας αποδοτικός επαναληπτικός αλγόριθμος, ο οποίος μειώνει σημαντικά τις αναζητήσεις που απαιτούνται για την εύρεση του μεγίστου του συντελεστή συσχέτισης και παρέχει ακρίβεια εικονοστοιχείου. Τέλος, προτείνεται μια τεχνική η οποία παρέχει ακρίβεια υποδιαίρεσης εικονοστοιχείου και βασίζεται στη μεγιστοποίηση του συντελεστή συσχέτισης. Η τεχνική αυτή δεν απαιτεί ανακατασκευή των τιμών της έντασης και παρέχει μια λύση κλειστού τύπου για την εκτίμηση της μετατόπισης. Όσο αφορά το πρόβλημα της υδατογράφησης, η έρευνα που έγινε στα πλαίσια της διδακτορικής διατριβής στοχεύει στην ένθεση ισχυρών υδατογραφημάτων στο χωρικό πεδίο και στη βελτίωση της ανίχνευσής τους. Καταρχήν, προτείνεται μια χωρική αντιληπτική μάσκα, η οποία βασίζεται στην τοπική διασπορά του σφάλματος πρόβλεψης της αρχικής εικόνας. Παράλληλα, αναπτύσσεται ένα «τυφλό» σύστημα ανίχνευσης και η βελτιωμένη απόδοσή του σε σχέση με υπάρχοντες ανιχνευτές αποδεικνύεται θεωρητικά για τη γενική περίπτωση επίθεσης με γραμμικό φίλτρο και θόρυβο. Στη συνέχεια, παράγεται μια νέα χωρική μάσκα η οποία επιτρέπει την ένθεση υδατογραφημάτων με εξαιρετικά μεγάλη ενέργεια, διατηρώντας ταυτόχρονα την ποιότητα της εικόνας σε πολύ καλό επίπεδο. Η απόδοσή της συγκρίνεται με πολύ γνωστές και ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενες μάσκες και αποδεικνύεται σημαντικά καλύτερη. Επίσης, αναπτύσσεται ένα βελτιωμένο σχήμα ανίχνευσης, το οποίο σε συνδυασμό με την προτεινόμενη μάσκα έχει πολύ καλή απόδοση. Τέλος, προτείνεται μια μέθοδος εισαγωγής υδατογραφήματος στην εικόνα με πολλαπλασιαστικό τρόπο, χρησιμοποιώντας χωρο-χρονική κωδικοποίηση μπλοκ και ειδικότερα μια 4x4 πραγματική, ορθογώνια διάταξη συμβόλων. Το σχήμα αυτό αποδεικνύεται να έχει πολύ καλύτερη απόδοση σε σχέση με την επαναληπτική υδατογράφηση. / Image registration aims at finding geometrical or other differences between two or more images. Image watermarking offers copyright protection by embedding in the images an invisible signal, a watermark, in such a way that it is difficult to be removed. Image registration can be part of a watermark detector. Moreover, similar (or the same) similarity measures are used for both image registration and watermark detection. Thus, any improvement concerning the image registration or the similarity measures can have positive effects on image watermarking, too. Our research concerning the image registration problem deals with the spatial cross-correlation, which has the following drawback: the region around its maximum value can be rather wide, affecting the registration accuracy. This problem can be solved, by properly pre-whitening the images with the prediction error filter. Furthermore, an iterative algorithm is proposed for registering images with translation and rotation differences, which is then applied in sequences of medical images for cancer diagnosis. A second disadvantage of the spatial correlation is its computational cost. A fast computation scheme is proposed, based on a proper partitioning of the images and the Fourier transform. Also, the most computationally intensive part of a registration process is the evaluation of the involved measure for different relative image positions. Thus, an efficient iterative algorithm is developed that considerably reduces the number of searches required for finding the correlation coefficient maximum value and provides pixel accuracy. Finally, an image registration technique with subpixel accuracy is proposed, which is based on the correlation coefficient maximization. This technique does not require the reconstruction of the intensity values and provides a closed form solution to the subpixel translation estimation problem. As far as the problem of image watermarking is concerned, our research aims at embedding robust watermarks in spatial domain and improving their detection. First, a spatial perceptual mask is proposed, based on the local variance of the initial image prediction error. A blind detector is also developed, which performs better than the existing ones. This is theoretically proved for the general attack case with linear filter and noise. Furthermore, a new spatial perceptual mask is proposed that allows for a significantly increased strength of the watermark, while at the same time the image quality remains very good. Its performance is compared to known and widely used masks and is proved to be much better. Moreover, an improved detector is developed, which, combined with the new mask, performs very well. Finally, a new multiplicative watermark embedding is proposed, which uses space-time block coding (specifically a 4x4 real orthogonal design). This scheme is proved to perform much better than the repetitive watermarking.

In my dissertation, I explore social strategies that Peruvian subalterns have developed to survive against racism and discrimination. I have identified and coined one of these strategies as etnovaivén (ethno-sway), which I define as a pendulum-like approach that allows subalterns to swing/sway from blanqueamiento to cholificación, and vice versa. In this context, blanqueamiento (whitening) mainly refers to the subaltern's willingness and efforts to assimilate the white culture in order achieve upward social mobility, whereas cholificación depicts the reluctance of Indian and mestizo subalterns to assimilate the cultural norms of the dominant group in certain circumstances, while asserting their own ethnic identity. Conversely, etnobúmeran (ethno-boomerang) is a self-inflicted boycott to one’s own ethnic groups. I claim that Peruvian subalterns shape their cultural singularity between ethno-sway and ethno-boomerang. My research has examined these social phenomena as reflected in the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega’s Comentarios reales (1609), Clorinda Matto de Turner’s Aves sin nido (1889), and Enrique López Albújar’s Matalaché (1928). In addition, in La ciudad y los perros (1963) by Mario Vargas Llosa, Montacerdos (1981) by Cronwell Jara, La violencia del tiempo (1991) by Miguel Gutiérrez, and Hienas en la niebla (2010) by Juan Morillo, I have analyzed the historical connection between miscegenation, discrimination, inequality and violence, which progressively led to the Internal Conflict (1980-2000), the goriest and longest war in Peru’s republican history that resulted in the assassination of approximately 70 000 persons, most of them Quechua-speaking, ordinary civilians. Highlanders fleeing from terrorism during those two decades account for the depopulation of over 2/3 of the Andean region. This study is both relevant and pertinent because it intersects with contemporary debates about national identity formation, and because it provides a means to understand the aftermath of political violence, a phenomenon that periodically threatens the lives of Peruvians. My work contests the traditional thesis of racial and cultural miscegenation as the foundation of Peruvian national identity (the "melting pot" metaphor), which has proven to be ineffective. Instead, I propose a more inclusive identity concept that celebrates cultural diversity and accepts the coexistence of multiple ethnic and cultural groups within the confines of the nation.