El presente informe de relevancia jurídica aborda la demanda de Bosnia y Herzegovina en contra de Serbia ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia en virtud de la Convención para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio. La motivación de la investigación de este expediente se debe a que aquella controversia suscita un caso emblemático que estuvo en análisis durante catorce años por la CIJ. Asimismo, resulta muy llamativo analizar una controversia de Estados que enlazan diversos puntos del derecho internacional público y el derecho penal internacional. El informe se centra en el análisis de la decisión tomada por la CIJ en su fallo del 26 de febrero de 2007. Se identifica que Serbia tuvo responsabilidad ante hechos internacionalmente ilícitos en virtud de la violación de la Convención de Genocidio. A lo largo del informe se revela que los hechos ocurridos en Bosnia y Herzegovina durante los años 1992 y 1995 constituyeron no solo la violación de la obligación de prevenir y sancionar de la Convención, sino que también Serbia violó la obligación de no ser cómplice de genocidio. Se plantea que la CIJ no consiguió todos los medios de prueba necesarios que tuvo a su alcance, y que de haberlo hecho quizás se habría probado la violación de la obligación de no cometer genocidio por parte de Serbia. Los problemas jurídicos del expediente abarcan lo siguiente: a) si hubo un genocidio en Bosnia y Herzegovina, b) si Serbia se encontraba obligada a cumplir con la Convención de Genocidio, c) si los hechos relacionados con Serbia entre 1992 y 1995 vulneraron las obligaciones establecidas en la Convención de Genocidio y d) si aquellos actos internacionalmente ilícitos ocurridos entre 1992 y 1995 fueron atribuibles a Serbia. Finalmente, a manera de conclusión, coincido parcialmente con la decisión tomada por la CIJ en su fallo del 2007. Coincido en el ámbito en que Serbia violó la obligación de prevenir y sancionar, sin embargo, respecto de las otras obligaciones, como la complicidad, considero que la CIJ no realizó un correcto análisis de esta. Asimismo, considero que la CIJ no debió de basar sus decisiones solo en base a pruebas y juzgamientos del TPIY, sino también la CIJ debió de haber analizado por sí misma y solicitado más pruebas que permitan realizar un adecuado juzgamiento respecto de los hechos internacionalmente ilícitos por parte de Serbia.

In der Dissertation wird die These vertreten, dass deutschsprachige Texte der postjugoslawischen Migration die Grenzen von zeitgenössischer deutscher Literatur erweitern. Sie hinterfragen die Vorstellung von unterschiedlichen, separaten und abgegrenzten Nationalliteraturen und erfordern einen komparativen und mehrsprachigen kritischen Ansatz. Um das zu verdeutlichen, werden in der Arbeit die Prosatexte von Peter Handke, Saša Stanišić, Marica Bodrožić und Alma Hadžibeganović untersucht. Die Analyse orientiert sich an Leslie A. Adelsons Studie The Turkish Turn in Contemporary German Literature (2005) und berücksichtigt die Mehrsprachigkeitstheorie sowie die Gendertheorie. Die Arbeit setzt sich außerdem mit dem „Eastern Turn“ in der deutschen Literatur auseinander. Der Zusammenbruch Jugoslawiens war ein Wendepunkt in der jüngeren europäischen Geschichte und führte zur gewaltsamen Teilung des Landes und zur Flucht vieler Menschen nach Westeuropa. Deutschsprachige Kommentatoren waren von Anfang an stark an den Debatten rund um den Krieg beteiligt. Die Dissertation vergleicht die umstrittenen Reiseberichte von Peter Handke aus den 1990er Jahren mit späteren Werken von Stanišić, Bodrožić und Hadžibeganović. Sprachlich heterogene Texte sind in der Lage, das essentialistische Verständnis von ethnischer, nationaler und kultureller Identität zu untergraben. Die Analyse offenbart die Machtstrukturen, die in der Sprache verwurzelt sind und die durch nicht-idiomatische Wendungen, Sprachfehler, Code-Switching, interlinguales Mischen, wörtliche Übersetzung, Interferenzen, referentielle Unbestimmtheit und einen strategischen Einsatz von Unsinn untergraben werden können. Die feministische Auseinandersetzung mit den Texten geht auf die Themen Geschlecht, Sexualität und Diskriminierung ein. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Texte patriarchale Gewalt bezeugen und sich der gewaltsamen Auslöschung solcher Erfahrungen aus dominanten Narrativen widersetzen. / My thesis argues that German-language texts of post-Yugoslav migration expand our understanding of what constitutes German-language literature today, since they cannot be contained by scholarly paradigms rooted in notions of distinct national literatures and require a comparative and multilingual critical approach. In order to illustrate this, the thesis examines prose texts by Peter Handke, Saša Stanišić, Marica Bodrožić, and Alma Hadžibeganović. In methodological terms, I draw on Leslie A. Adelson’s ground-breaking study The Turkish Turn in Contemporary German Literature (2005). Combining approaches derived from theories of multilingualism and gender theory, I engage with the so-called ‘Eastern Turn’ in German literature. The collapse of Yugoslavia was a watershed moment in recent European history, which led to a violent partition of the country and resulted in high numbers of people fleeing the conflict to Western Europe, including Austria and Germany. German-language commentators were from the start heavily involved in debates surrounding the war. I start my discussion by looking at Peter Handke’s travelogues from the 1990s. Contrasting Handke’s essays with later works by Stanišić, Bodrožić, and Hadžibeganović, I explore the potential of linguistically heterogeneous texts to undermine essentialist understandings of ethnic, national, and cultural identity. I draw attention to power structures rooted in language which, in my opinion, can be subverted by non-idiomatic usage, linguistic errors, code-switching, interlingual mixing, literal translation, interferences, referential indeterminacy, and a strategic deployment of non-sense. Crucially, I combine my text analysis with a feminist response to the texts. I highlight the works’ engagement with gender, sexuality, and discrimination, and examine how they address the traumas suffered by diverse subjects in patriarchal society, and resist the violent erasure of such experiences from dominant narratives.

The thesis provides a cultural analysis on the micropolitics of Yugoslavia wars in 1992-1995, examining local and global media coverage along with grassroots and historical dimensions. The study offers an extensive overview of scholarly literature on the Balkans, arguing that often omitted local, cultural and historical narratives of the war events reveal complex perspectives on the rationales provided on civil war. Investigating the nationalist social movements in Yugoslavia (1992-1995), the thesis articulates the need to revisit Deleuze and Guattari's framework of micropolitics to understand the cultural and historical dimensions operational in such movements. The study presents local media coverage in Nasa Borba, Borba, and Hrvatsko Slovo, focusing mainly on two major atrocities committed during the Balkan conflict, in order to shed light on the complex role of discourse emerging in war environments. / by Martin Y. Marinos. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

In July 1995, more than 8,000 young boys and men were executed by Bosnian Serb Forces in what was later declared a genocide in Srebrenica. In the following years, Bosnia and Herzegovina has undergone a long and difficult process of restoring peace and achieving justice and reconciliation. The country's main challenges have mainly concerned Dayton peace agreement and its division of entities and political power, tensions between parties and a structural exclusion of minorities. Following the extensive legal process, a national and international denial of the genocide, and denial of the legitimacy of the ICTY has been dominant. Other historical events like “Safe area” and UN action during the war and the occupation of Srebrenica are important factors for the development towards a democracy. The aim of this thesis is to investigate through a qualitative method the consequences of the denial of the Srebrenica genocide and its impact on the country's ability to achieve peace, justice and reconciliation. Other key concepts are sustainable peace, truth and justice in relation to human rights. Hannah Arendt's theories of total domination, tyranny and political revisionism constitutes the theoretical framework of the thesis. These theories are used to gain a deeper understanding of the concepts, their meaning and how they can be related to countries' transitional justice and achieve peace after serious war crimes. The study shows that the country is strongly affected by its history and the serious violations that the Bosnian Muslim population was subjected to during the war. The widespread denial of the genocide is an extension of suffering and human rights violations, which strongly impedes the country's ability to achieve peace, justice and reconciliation. Other results are that more knowledge is needed about the choice of legal methods after serious violations of humanitarian law. The methods discussed in the study are international tribunals and truth commissions and in which countries these are most adequate. The study has identified gaps in research regarding the understanding of the importance interpersonal relationships, dialogue and a smaller distance between political systems and citizens has for Bosnia & Herzegovina and for countries' recovery and reconciliation processes.

<p>Rad istražuje alternativne kulturne prakse arhitekture i<br />urbanizma u Jugoslaviji, nastale u periodu 1945. i 1980.<br />Teorijske, edukativne, kustoske, umjetničke i profesionalne<br />arhitektonske prakse su sagledane u kontekstu socijalističke<br />svakodnevice i modernizma. Obja&scaron;njene su osnovne<br />karakteristike fenomena alternativnih kulturnih praksi,<br />prostora i autora, njihova reprezentativna moć kao sastavni<br />dio reprezentacije moći države, njihova posebnost kao<br />prostorno-kulturnog fenomena i trajne posljedice nezavisno<br />od izmjenjenih uslova i okolnosti u kojima danas postoje.</p> / <p>The paper explores alternative cultural practices of architecture<br />and urban planning in Yugoslavia, from the period 1945 and<br />1980. Theoretical, educational, curatorial, artistic and<br />professional architectural practices have been viewed in the<br />context of everyday life and socialist modernism. Explains the<br />basic characteristics of the phenomenon of alternative cultural<br />practices, space and authors, their representative power as an<br />integral part of the team and not the state, their uniqueness as<br />spatially-cultural phenomenon and lasting effects<br />independently of the changed conditions and circumstances<br />exist today.</p>

Thesis: Operation Allied Force in Selected Czech Daily Newspapers Author: Mgr. Lucie Božková Annotation In my thesis Operation 'Allied Force' in Selected Czech Daily Newspapers I am tracing the representation of the topic - NATO's air strikes in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (the so called Operation 'Allied Force') in 1999 in selected Czech Daily Newspapers. I am observing the effects, media's impact, frames and agenda setting. To support the integrity of the topic I added a chapter about the Kosovo crisis which enlightens the initiation of the air attacks. Furthermore, and mainly I am focusing on professional studies dealing with military news. The dominant theme of these articles is the foreign media coverage of the Kosovo War. In the experts 'outputs I predominantly center on their choosing and the method of analysis, on which I then base my analysis on. I decided to use the method of the quantitative content analysis for my own research. The first period of exploration is the bombing period (March 24, 1999 - June 10, 1999). Here the aim of my analysis is to find out what attention have the daily newspapers MF Dnes, Hospodářské noviny, Právo and Blesk paid to the Operation 'Allied Force'. In addition, I followed the placement of the articles, media resources and also the presentation of...

Este trabalho tem por objetivo debater a contribuição e o papel que a jurisprudência do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia desempenhou no processo de produção e desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade e sua influência na formação do conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a), do Estatuto de Roma, que trata do crime contra a humanidade. Para isso, analisa-se como a Corte determinou o costume válido sobre as elementares do crime contra a humanidade nos casos Duko Tadie Draen Erdemovi, julgados antes da conferência de Roma. Em seguida, examina-se a teoria das fontes, mais especificamente, o costume internacional, seu fundamento, seus dois elementos (combinação de prática e opinio iuris), bem como seus sujeitos criadores e veículos de exteriorização, em especial a jurisprudência internacional. Nesse percurso, apontam-se as práticas destoantes do costume e a dificuldade de sua determinação, para então indicar o binômio valor e poder como elementos que influenciam sua manifestação. Depois, procura-se verificar o contexto político e jurídico de criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia, associando-o à proteção do valor paz mundial e às alterações das estruturas de poder da ordem internacional. Então, faz-se uma avaliação da contribuição dos julgados analisados como veículos para exteriorização do costume ou de seus elementos. Por fim, com a análise da coincidência de resultados no que tange à estrutura de algumas das elementares decididas pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia e o conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a) do Estatuto de Roma, pode-se concluir que a jurisprudência estudada veiculou parte da opinio iuris do direito costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade, contribuindo, assim, com o desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal sobre o tema. / This work aims to discuss the contribution and the role that the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia played in the production and development of international criminal customary law on crimes against humanity and its influence in shaping the article 7o(1),(2)(a), of the Rome Statute, about crime against humanity. In order to accomplish this task, it analyses how the Court defined valid custom on the chapeau elements of crime against humanity in the Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases. Next, it considers the theory of sources, more specifically, international custom, its basis, its two elements (combination of state practice and opinion juris), as well as its subjects and forms of externalization, including international decisions. About this, it points out the dissonant ways custom emerges and the difficulty of its determination, then indicating values and power as elements that influence its manifestation. After, it analyses the political and juridical contexts in which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established, relating it with the protection of world peace, as a value, and the changes in the power structures of international order. Then, it unpacks the contribution of the above decisions (Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases) as vehicles of externalization of custom or, at least, one of its elements. Finally, with the analyse of the coincidence between the chapeau elements of crimes against humanity as decided by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the current normative content of article 7o(1),(2)(a),of the Rome Statute, it can be concluded that the jurisprudence studied ran part of the opinion jurisabout crimes against humanity as an element of custom, thus, contributing to the development of international criminal law on that issue.

Le tourisme fait l’objet de multiples recherches en géographie. Dans ce contexte général, notre thèse envisage et propose de réaliser une relecture de ce phénomène en investissant le champ des représentations issues du tourisme, en analysant et décryptant l’image touristique de la destination croate (image fantasmée et stéréotypée du touriste ou encore image promue par les organismes officiels croates). La destination croate retrouve, en effet, un certain renom depuis la fin de la guerre qui a sévi en ex-Yougoslavie (1991-1998) : elle est le théâtre d’un développement important depuis une décennie. Il s’agit ici d’examiner à la fois le phénomène de crise touristique, en en cernant tant les facteurs la justifiant que ceux qui ont permis au tourisme d’être redynamisé et, en particulier, en montrant l’impact de la promotion touristique après en avoir défini les acteurs et cherché à connaître sa (ou ses) finalité(s).Pour ce faire, un cadre méthodologique a été déterminé (première partie) : grâce à une démarche hypothético-déductive classique et en s’appuyant sur la comparaison entre les faits touristiques (étudiés par le biais des statistiques, des observations de terrain ou des enquêtes auprès des touristes) et les images de la promotion touristique croate (vue au travers de documents promotionnels de l’Office du Tourisme Croate mais également du discours de nombreux guides et articles consacrés à la Croatie). Nous avons donc construit notre étude en partant d’observations empiriques et en cherchant à confirmer ou infirmer nos hypothèses de travail, notamment celle basée sur le dévoiement de l’image marketing en une image instrumentalisée. La problématique a, en effet, été orientée vers la notion d’ « image » touristique. Notre recherche tendra, avant tout, à comprendre les mécanismes de la construction de l’image de la Croatie liée au tourisme. Se pose donc, inévitablement, la problématique de l’adéquation entre la réalité et les discours qui sont tenus sur elle. Notre posture de thèse pose le principe que la dialectique entre représentation et réalité - touristique et territoriale croate - n’est pas du seul ressort commercial : d’autres logiques, que nous considérons comme du domaine de la construction identitaire, peuvent intervenir nous amenant à penser que l’image promue est, consciemment ou non, instrumentalisée.Pour mener à bien cette analyse de l’image, une connaissance approfondie du tourisme (ou des faits constatés et scientifiquement énoncés) nous a paru une approche préliminaire indispensable. Ce moment incontournable de l’analyse permet une prise de distance, autrement dit une véritable objectivisation par rapport à l’analyse des représentations. Une première étape (deuxième partie) s’intéresse, grâce à l’exploitation de faits statistiques, au phénomène touristique en termes de flux mais également aux formes de tourisme. Nous montrons ainsi que la crise touristique, plus structurelle que conjoncturelle (c’est-à-dire plus liée à la transition du régime socialiste à une économie de marché qu’à la guerre de la fin de la Yougoslavie) a vite été dépassée grâce à une clientèle essentiellement européenne et à un tourisme quasi uniquement balnéaire. Ce rapide rattrapage peut être expliqué par de multiples facteurs (troisième partie) : les plus classiques sont mis en avant (climat méditerranéen, forte capacité d’hébergement sur le littoral, proximité des foyers classiquement émetteurs en Europe, voire certains a priori favorables concernant la Croatie). Mais, contrairement à l’idée préconçue et souvent relayée par les médias, nous insistons sur la place et sur le rôle de l’histoire du développement touristique de la région en soulignant que le tourisme actuel, tant en termes d’infrastructures que de clientèles, est le résultat de nombreux héritages issus de périodes précédentes (fin du XIXème siècle et époque yougoslave) [...] / Tourism is the subject of many researches in geography. In this general context, our thesis deals with this phenomenon by investing the field of representations created by tourism, analyzing and interpreting the image of the Croatian tourist destination (dreamed image, stereotypical tourist image or promoted image – this last one created by the official Croatian organizations). The Croatian destination is, indeed, well known since the end of the war that raged in the former Yugoslavia (1991-1998): for a decade, it is actually the scene of an important tourism development. We want to examine the phenomenon of tourism crisis, identifying the factors that justify this crisis and those that have allowed tourism to be reactivated and, in particular, showing the impacts of tourism promotion after having defined its actors and its purposes.For this purpose, a methodological framework has been determined (first part): with a classic hypothetical-deductive reasoning, we have compared the tourism facts (analyzed with statistics, observations or surveys) with the images created by the Croatian tourism promotion (especially with the promotional materials of the Croatian Tourist Board but also with many guides and articles about Croatia). So we built our study on the basis of empirical observations, trying to prove or disprove our ideas, including the idea that the marketing image is a manipulated one. The main point of our research is to understand how the tourism image of Croatia is created. This raises inevitably the question of the adequacy between the reality and what is said about it. We want to explain that the principle of the dialectic between representation and reality - Croatian tourism - is not only dependent on business or marketing case: other logics appear, especially using the field of identity construction. With such a way of thinking, we can demonstrate that the promoted image is, consciously or not, exploited.To analyze the image, a perfect knowledge of tourism (or of scientifically established facts) is a preliminary and essential approach. This unavoidable time of the analysis must allow to know the facts and not only the representations. So the second part of our analysis is dedicated to the exploitation of statistical facts, to the tourism phenomenon in terms of flows but also of forms of tourism. We show that the tourism crisis, more structural than cyclical (that is to say, more related to the transition from a socialist to a market economy at the end of the war in Yugoslavia) was quickly overwhelmed because of the customers (mainly Europeans) and because of well-known sea resorts. This quick tourism development may be explained by many factors (Part three): the most traditional arguments are highlighted (a Mediterranean climate, high accommodation capacities on the coast, the proximity of the European customers). But, contrary to a preconceived idea that is often relayed by the media, we insist on the place and on the role of the history of tourism development in the region: according to us, the tourism in Croatia (in terms of infrastructure or of customers) is nowadays, the result of previous periods (late nineteenth century and Yugoslav period) [...]

This dissertation discusses the rebuilding of cities after war in the context of the changing character of warfare and the increased expectations for societies to deal with difficult pasts. Departing from studies that approach post-war reconstruction focusing on the functional dimension of infrastructural repair and housing relief or on debates about architectural form, this dissertation examines reconstruction through the lens of the process of 'coming to terms with the past'. It explores how understandings of victimhood and responsibility influence the rebuilding of urban space. Conversely, it argues that cities and architecture, through the meanings ascribed to them by various actors, play an important role in dealing with the past. Building on the moral philosophy of Theodor Adorno and Hannah Arendt, it discusses the potential of reconstruction for societies to work through the past, then it engages with frictions highlighted by three situations of rebuilding after different types of war. First, it examines the rebuilding of Belgrade as the capital of socialist Yugoslavia after the aerial bombings typical of the Second World War. Second, it analyses reconstruction debates in the same city after the 1999 NATO bombings, a high-tech operation, framed by NATO as a preventative, humanitarian intervention against a 'perpetrator' state. Third, it discusses rebuilding processes in Sarajevo, where destruction was inflicted between 1992 and 1995 by actors internal to the country, albeit with international ramifications, exemplary of Mary Kaldor's 'new wars'. Based on thirteen months of fieldwork conducted in Belgrade and Sarajevo between 2012 and 2015, it analyses intentions and consequences of reconstruction acts. It suggests the potential and the challenges of a reflective reconstruction, which engages critically with the past, and of a syncretic place-making reconstruction, which focuses on place and its agonistic promise. Its main contribution is to highlight the essential relationship between reconstruction and coming to terms with the past, arguing for an understanding of reconstruction with regards to conflict itself.

<p>This paper is about the reparations regime of the International Criminal Court and reparations possibilities for victims of sexual violence. It will contain a legal analysis of the reparations system of&nbsp / the Court, including the Trust Fund for Victims of the International Criminal Court. In a second step, the needs of women who experienced conflict related violence will be examined. The central&nbsp / &nbsp / question, which this paper will try to answer, is whether the ICC reparations regime has the ability to provide gender-sensitive reparations and thus make a contribution to the improvement of&nbsp / women&rsquo / s lives in post-conflict societies.</p>