Problembakgrund: Finansiella rapporter är ett sätt för företagen att kommunicera med investerare och intressenter. Samtidigt som det finns lagar och förordningar som styr redovisning och rapporterns utseende finns det goda möjligheter för företagsledningen att påverka de siffror som presenteras i de publika rapporterna genom periodiseringar. Denna studie tar konceptet kring att investera baserat på graden av periodiseringar till den svenska aktiemarknaden. Problemformulering: Är det möjligt att generera riskjusterad överavkastning på den svenska aktiemarknaden med periodiseringsbaserade investeringsstrategier? Syfte: Huvudsyftet med studien är att undersöka investerares möjlighet till riskjusterad överavkastning på den svenska aktiemarknaden utifrån investeringsstrategier baserade på graden av periodiseringar. Ett delsyfte är att jämföra två delperioder för att undersöka om periodiseringsanomalins förekomst förändrats över den totala undersökningsperioden. Ett annat delsyfte är att undersöka om den svenska aktiemarknaden effektivt värderar offentlig redovisningsinformation. Teori: Studien baseras huvudsakligen på tidigare periodiseringsbaserad forskning utförd på den amerikanska aktiemarknaden där Sloan (1996) anses vara den som introducerade teorin kring periodiseringsanomalier så som den ter sig idag. Metod: En kvantitativ studie med en deduktiv ansats. Den empiriska undersökningen baseras på redovisnings- och aktiedata under tidsperioden 1996-12-31 till 2013-06-30 som kommer från Thomson Reuters Datastream och Worldscope. Empiri & analys: Resultatet av studien tyder på att det finns en negativ korrelation mellan periodiseringar och avkastning samt visar stöd för att periodiseringsanomalin existerar på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Av de periodiseringsmått som testats visade det sig att ΔNOA och ΔWC gav högst överavkastning. Slutsats: Studien indikerar att felprissättningar förekommer och att periodiseringsanomalin existerar på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Den höga exponeringen mot riskfyllda småbolag innebär att vinstmöjligheterna minskar något på grund av höga implementeringskostnader samtidigt som det gör strategierna mindre attraktiva för institutionella investerare. Det är därför upp till privata investerare att utnyttja dessa felprissättningar.

This thesis examines the links between economic time-series innovations and statistical risk factors in the UK stock market using principal components analysis (PCA) and the general-to-specific (Gets) approach to econometric modelling. A multi-factor risk structure for the UK stock market is assumed, and it is found that the use of economic 'news' (innovations), PCA, the Gets approach, and different stock grouping criteria helps to explain the relationships between stock returns and economic variables. The Kalman Filter appears to be more appropriate than first-differencing or ARIMA modelling as a technique for estimating innovations when applying the Gets approach. Different combinations of economic variables appear to underpin the risk structure of stock returns for different sub-samples. Indications of a possible influence of firm size are found in principal components when different stock sorting criteria are used, but more definite conclusions require simultaneous sorting by market value and beta. Overall it appears that the major factor affecting the identification of specific explanatory economic variables across different sub-samples is the general economic context of investment. The influence of firm size on stock returns seems in particular to be highly sensitive to the wider economic context. There is an apparent instability in the economic underpinnings of the risk structure of stock returns (as measured by principal components) that might also be a result of changing economic conditions.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to study the risk for two Swedish companies, Axfood and Volvo. To test the required return on equity, a bottom-up beta approach and a CAPM regression beta are used. This thesis concludes that the bottom-up beta gives a truer reflection and a more updated beta value than a CAPM regression beta on the firm’s current business mix, the CAPM beta takes only the past stock prices into consideration. The empirical results for Volvo conclude that the levered bottom-up beta is 1.09 and the CAPM β is 0.52 for Volvo. The empirical results for Axfood which is categorized as consumer goods sector implies that the levered bottom-up beta is 0.87 while the CAPM regression beta is 0.29.</p>

Les modèles d’équilibre à anticipations rationnelles (EAR) ont été considérablement développés ces 40 dernières années. Cependant, encore relativement peu d’avancées ont été réalisées quant à leurs applications empiriques, les signaux privés étant inobservables. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthodologie, fondée théoriquement, pour reconstituer ces signaux et ainsi parfaitement déduire toute l’information. Ce qui nous permet de construire le portefeuille optimal des agents informés et d’explorer ses propriétés à travers trois études. Dans un premier article, nous montrons que les ordres soumis au carnet d’ordres (l’offre) et le prix d’équilibre qui en résulte constituent une statistique suffisante pour l’ensemble d’information agrégé. Nous expliquons comment extraire l’information contenue dans ces deux données, en utilisant les volumes réalisés (connus avec délai) comme proxy pour l’offre, et construire ex post le portefeuille conditionnel à l’information privée. Nous comparons ses performances avec le portefeuille optimal des agents non-informés obtenu ex ante à partir des prix. Dans un second article, nous dérivons le portefeuille optimal des investisseurs informés en explorant une spécification différente du bruit. Constitué dans la première étude par une offre fournie de façon exogène par des noise traders, nous considérons à présent que les investisseurs informés et non-informés échangent entre eux. Ils sont initialement dotés d’une quantité aléatoire d’actifs risqués et échangent rationnellement sur le marché boursier pour se couvrir et spéculer sur leur information. Nous démontrons qu’il est alors nécessaire d’utiliser la partie des volumes relative à de l’information, déterminée à partir d’une mesure de la probabilité d’échanges informés, à la place des volumes totaux. A cause des contraintes et de la complexité de cette mesure, nous trouvons qu’utiliser les volumes totaux constitue le meilleur choix, du moins jusqu’à ce qu’une meilleure mesure soit trouvée. Enfin, dans une troisième étude, nous utilisons le portefeuille des agents informés pour tester le modèle d’évaluation des actifs financiers (MEDAF) conditionnel, à la place d’un indice boursier pondéré selon les capitalisations traditionnellement utilisé comme proxy pour le portefeuille de marché. Nous démontrons que conditionner à l’information privée permet d’estimer le vrai bêta, ainsi que la prime de risque du marché en isolant la prime de risque d’information qu’un indice boursier est incapable de distinguer. / Rational expectation equilibrium (REE) models were considerably developed over the past 40 years. However, still relatively little has been done on their empirical applications, private signals being unobservable. We propose a new methodology, theoretically premised, to reconstitute these signals and thus perfectly infer all the information. This allows us to build the optimal informed investors’ portfolio and explore its properties through three studies. In the first paper, we show, based on a REE model, that the orders entered into the order book (supply) and the resulting equilibrium price constitute a sufficient statistic for the aggregate information set. We explain how to extract the information contained in these two data, using realized volumes (known with delay) as proxy for the supply, and to construct ex post the portfolio conditional on private information. We compare its performance with the optimal uninformed agents’ portfolio obtained ex ante from prices. In a second paper, we derive the optimal informed investors’ portfolio by investigating a different specification for the noise. Constituted in the first study by a supply exogenously provided by noise traders, we now consider that informed and uninformed investors trade amongst themselves. They are initially endowed with a random quantity of risky assets and have both risk-sharing and informational motives to trade rationally on the stock market. We demonstrate that we must use information-related volumes, determined with a measure of the probability of informed trades, instead of total volumes. Due to the constraints and complexity of this measure, we found that using total volumes constitutes the best choice, at least until a better measure is found. Finally, in a third study, we use the informed agents’ portfolio to test the conditional capital asset pricing model (CAPM), instead of a value-weighted stock index traditionally used as proxy for the market portfolio. We show that conditioning on private information allows estimating the real beta, as well as the market risk premium by isolating the information risk premium that an index is unable to distinguish.

Equity Risk Premium (ERP) is the cornerstone in Financial Economics. It is a basic requirement in stock valuation, evaluation of portfolio performance and asset allocation. For the last decades, several studies have attempted to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic drivers of ERP. In this work, I empirically investigate the macroeconomic determinants of UK ERP. For this I parsimoniously cover a large body of literature stemming from ERP puzzle. I motivate the empirical investigation based on three mutually exclusive theoretical lenses. The thesis is organised in the journal paper format. In the first paper I review the literature on ERP over the past twenty-eight years. In particular, the aim of the paper is three fold. First, to review the methods and techniques, proposed by the literature to estimate ERP. Second, to review the literature that attempts to resolve the ERP puzzle, first coined by Mehra and Prescott (1985), by exploring five different types of modifications to the standard utility framework. And third, to review the literature that investigates and develops relationship between ERP and various macroeconomic and market factors in domestic and international context. I find that ERP puzzle is still a puzzle, within the universe of standard power utility framework and Consumption Capital Asset Pricing Model, a conclusion which is in line with Kocherlakota (1996) and Mehra (2003). In the second paper, I investigate the impact of structural monetary policy shocks on ex-post ERP. More specifically, the aim of this paper is to investigate the whether the response of UK ERP is different to the structural monetary policy shocks, before and after the implementation of Quantitative Easing in the UK. I find that monetary policy shocks negatively affect the ERP at aggregate level. However, at the sectoral level, the magnitude of the response is heterogeneous. Further, monetary policy shocks have a significant negative (positive) impact on the ERP before (after) the implementation of Quantitative Easing (QE). The empirical evidence provided in the paper sheds light on the equity market’s asymmetric response to the Bank of England’s monetary policy before and after the monetary stimulus. In the third paper I examine the impact of aggregate and disaggregate consumption shocks on the ex-post ERP of various FTSE indices and the 25 Fama-French style value-weighted portfolios, constructed on the basis of size and book-to-market characteristics. I extract consumption shocks using Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) and investigate its time-series and cross-sectional implications for ERP in the UK. These structural consumption shocks represent deviation of agent’s actual consumption path from its theoretically expected path. Aggregate consumption shocks seem to explain significant time variation in the ERP. At disaggregated level, when the actual consumption is less than expected, the ERP rises. Durable and Semi-durable consumption shocks have a greater impact on the ERP than non-durable consumption shocks. In the fourth and final paper I investigate the impact of short and long term market implied volatility on the UK ERP. I also examine the pricing implications of innovations to short and long term implied market volatility in the cross-section of stocks returns. I find that both the short and the long term implied volatility have significant negative impact on the aggregate ERP, while at sectoral level the impact is heterogeneous. I find both short and long term volatility is priced negatively indicating that (i) investors care both short and long term market implied volatility (ii) investors are ready to pay for insurance against these risks.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-10T13:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-05-10T13:36:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-10T13:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 343o FGV - Gustavo Ribas).pdf: 1032541 bytes, checksum: d5326372e73d2653dad404e2e9fc68a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This paper aims to analyze the results of an operation to hedge a diversified credit portfolio through the use of equity. Initially, a reference to the main theoretical aspects of this dissertation with their definitions and literature review will be made. Furthermore, there will be an explanation about the basic parameters of the selection of the sample used and the period during which such protection strategy will be implemented. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os resultados de uma operação de hedge de um diversificado portfólio de crédito de empresas brasileiras através do uso de ativos de equity. Inicialmente, faz-se uma alusão aos principais aspectos teóricos da presente dissertação com suas definições e revisão bibliográfica. Posteriormente, são apresentados os parâmetros básicos da seleção da amostra utilizada e do período durante o qual tal estratégia de proteção será implementada.

Submitted by Mariana Omari Romani (marianaorr@hotmail.com) on 2014-04-16T16:06:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final Tese Mariana Romani.pdf: 685378 bytes, checksum: 61ac9fb61f006080fd56406d726b7568 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-05-20T11:37:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final Tese Mariana Romani.pdf: 685378 bytes, checksum: 61ac9fb61f006080fd56406d726b7568 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T11:39:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final Tese Mariana Romani.pdf: 685378 bytes, checksum: 61ac9fb61f006080fd56406d726b7568 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-23 / Startups, by definition, are companies that are more exposed to risks and vulnerabilities than mature companies, which have already been established in the market. The aim of this study is to identify, apply and test a possible methodology to calculate additional risk premium for startups. This study develops a methodology to calculate risk premium based in the methodology to calculate size risk premium published by the independent investment research Morningstar. The adherence of the methodology proposed in this study is tested by the Kalman filter methodology, which was applied to calculate startup additional risk premium varying over time. The results of the application of both methodologies are similar. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the Morningstar methodology, when applied to calculate startup premium varying over time, is robust. / Por definição as empresas startups estão expostas a mais riscos e vulnerabilidades que empresas maduras e já estabelecidas no mercado. O objetivo do presente estudo é identificar, aplicar e testar uma possível metodologia para calcular prêmio de risco adicional para startups. Para tanto este trabalho desenvolve um estudo de caso no qual a conhecida metodologia para cálculo de prêmio de risco de tamanho da Morningstar é aplicada a uma startup americana. A aderência da metodologia proposta neste estudo é testada pela metodologia do filtro de Kalman, que calcula o prêmio de risco por tamanho variando ao longo do tempo. Os resultados encontrados são similares em ambas as metodologias. De forma que é possível concluir que a metodologia da Morningstar, quando aplicada para calcular prêmio por tamanho variante ao longo do tempo é robusta.

Submitted by Alexandre Antunes Teixeira (ale.fgv2015@gmail.com) on 2016-12-28T19:54:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Alexandre A Teixeira.pdf: 960867 bytes, checksum: c6eb66b3198449cf23b101be8839ed1b (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Alexandre, boa noite Para que possamos aceitar seu trabalho, é necessário realizar ajustes de acordo com as normas da ABNT: Retirar a acentuação do nome Getúlio. Centralizar os títulos: Dedicatória - Resumo - Abstract Em seguida submeter o arquivo novamente. att on 2016-12-28T22:20:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandre Antunes Teixeira (ale.fgv2015@gmail.com) on 2016-12-29T16:52:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Alexandre A Teixeira.pdf: 961122 bytes, checksum: 763ebabcd5cdd265bbd326ac383d6d41 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-12-29T16:53:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Alexandre A Teixeira.pdf: 961122 bytes, checksum: 763ebabcd5cdd265bbd326ac383d6d41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-29T18:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Alexandre A Teixeira.pdf: 961122 bytes, checksum: 763ebabcd5cdd265bbd326ac383d6d41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-05 / This study uses a four factor asset pricing model - a standard Fama and French (1993) three factor model augmented by a sustainability factor - to assess the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and stock price return. This is the first work to develop a risk factor from a firm sustainability ranking that combines all the important ESG (sustainability, social and governance) dimensions, in line with the modern concept of CSR. Besides, it adds to the body of CSR and finance knowledge as it shows that, in the majority of the regressions, the relationship between CSR and stock returns is negative and significant, suggesting that, in general, investors see CSR as a decision that negatively affect business profitability. However, there are specific cases where this relationship in consistently positive and significant, suggesting that CSR helps create value depending on firm characteristics. / Este trabalho utiliza um modelo de quatro fatores - o tradicional modelo de três fatores de Fama e French (1993), ampliado por um fator de sustentabilidade - para avaliar a relação entre Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC) e retorno das ações. Este trabalho é o primeiro a criar um fator de risco a partir de um ranking de sustentabilidade empresarial, que combina todas as dimensões relevantes de RSC. Além disso, adiciona conhecimento aos campos da RSC e das finanças ao indicar que, na maior parte dos testes realizados, a relação entre sustentabilidade e retorno das ações é negativa e significativa. Ou seja, no geral, não é possível afastar a hipótese de que os investidores associam práticas de RSC com queda dos lucros a longo prazo. No entanto, há casos específicos em que tal relação é consistentemente positiva, sugerindo que RSC ajuda a criar valor dependendo de características das empresas.

Submitted by Carlos Eduardo Shiratori (ceshiratori@gmail.com) on 2017-03-16T14:10:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao 201703013.pdf: 2320593 bytes, checksum: c7231782f9a6b60a08a669a83bda6e7c (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Carlos, boa tarde Para que seu trabalho esteja de acordo com as normas da ABNT, será necessário realizar alguns ajustes: Primeiramente, foi solicitado alteração do título? Caso não, será necessário retornar ao título que consta em ata: ESTIMAÇÃO DO MODELO APT PARA O MERCADO BRASILEIRO DE FLLS Nas páginas que constam seu nome, o título e São Paulo 2017, deixa-los em letra maiúscula. A ficha catalográfica deve estar após a contra capa, na parte inferior da página. Retirar a numeração das páginas anteriores à Introdução. Em seguida deverá submeter o arquivo novamente. Att on 2017-03-16T16:13:00Z (GMT) / Submitted by Carlos Eduardo Shiratori (ceshiratori@gmail.com) on 2017-03-16T17:55:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao 201703013.pdf: 2321265 bytes, checksum: 556389bf3029de29cf0ea9ea59b7afbb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2017-03-16T18:03:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao 201703013.pdf: 2321265 bytes, checksum: 556389bf3029de29cf0ea9ea59b7afbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T12:36:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao 201703013.pdf: 2321265 bytes, checksum: 556389bf3029de29cf0ea9ea59b7afbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-12 / This thesis seeks to investigate the risk factors that determine the returns of the FIIs traded in the stock exchange and organized counter markets of the BVMF, through the estimation of the APT model, according to the two classic approaches. For this purpose two APT models were estimated one with macroeconomic risk factors and a principal component analysis (PCA) of the returns of the FIIs selected for the sample. The results obtained indicate low explanatory power of the two APT models and, except for the ETTJt interest rate structure, no statistical significance was observed for the macroeconomic risk factors, results different from those obtained by Chan, Hendershott and Sanders (1990) for the US REITs market and similar to the results obtained by Rebeschini and Leal (2016) for the Brazilian stock investment funds market. This may indicate that despite the recent strong growth in the Brazilian FII market, the level of FIIs' Brazilian market development is still low, especially when compared to other assets traded in the Brazilian financial market or similar assets traded in foreign markets. Being observed a large number of FIIs with a single portfolio asset, which, together with the results obtained in previous studies and principal component analysis (PCA), suggest that FII returns are more related to the characteristics of the underlying assets than to risk factors related to market indices. / A presente dissertação busca investigar os fatores de risco que determinam os retornos dos fundos de investimentos imobiliários - FIIs negociados nos mercados de bolsa e balcão organizado da BVMF , mediante a estimação do modelo Arbitrage Princing Theory - APT, originalmente proposto por Ross (1976), conforme as duas principais abordagens. Para tanto foram estimados dois modelos APT um com fatores de risco macroeconômicos e uma Análise de Componentes Principais - PCA dos retornos dos FIIs selecionados para a amostra. Os resultados obtidos indicam baixo poder explicativo dos dois modelos APT e exceto pela estrutura de taxa de juros ETTJt não foi observada significância estatística dos fatores de risco macroeconômicos, resultados diferentes dos obtidos por Chan, Hendershott e Sanders (1990) para o mercado americano de REITs e semelhante aos resultado obtidos por Rebeschini e Leal (2016) para o mercado de fundos de investimento em ações brasileiros. O que pode indicar que apesar do forte crescimento recente do mercado brasileiro de FIIs, ainda é baixo o nível de desenvolvimento do mercado brasileiro de FIIs, principalmente se comparado a outros ativos negociados no mercado financeiro brasileiro ou de ativos semelhantes negociados em mercados estrangeiros, sendo observado ainda um grande número de FIIs com um único ativo em carteira, o que aliado aos resultados obtidos em trabalhos anteriores e na análise de componentes principais (PCA) sugerem que os retornos dos FIIs estão mais relacionados às características próprias dos ativos subjacentes do que à fatores de risco relacionados à índices de mercado.

Submitted by Felipe Merlo Nascimento (felipemerlo.eng@gmail.com) on 2017-09-20T03:09:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Felipe Merlo.pdf: 2654948 bytes, checksum: e4b83bed5e52b01c178db39bc7f862a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2017-09-20T17:57:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Felipe Merlo.pdf: 2654948 bytes, checksum: e4b83bed5e52b01c178db39bc7f862a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-21T12:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Felipe Merlo.pdf: 2654948 bytes, checksum: e4b83bed5e52b01c178db39bc7f862a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / In this paper, we present empirical evidence to investigate whether the propositions of the model of Frazzini and Pedersen (2014) apply to the Brazilian stock market. Using data from the year 2000 up to the first quarter of 2017, we find that the SML of this Market had a lower slope than that predicted by CAPM. In fact, it turned out to be negative, and this result was observed both in the time-series and in the cross-sectional analyzes. As a methodology to raise this evidence, 10 portfolios were created, organized in ascending order according to their respective betas. We calculated the returns relative to each portfolio and, with them, it was possible to verify that the portfolios with the highest beta performed less excess returns. In addition, we found that the Sharpe ratio was higher the lower the beta of the portfolios. Another proposition verified empirically in the Brazilian stock market, and in the considered period, was that the return of the BAB portfolios was positive. In addition, it was the largest one compared to others portfolios, and had the highest expected excess of return per unit of risk. Regarding the alpha, it was expected that the portfolios with higher beta had lower alpha. It was possible to verify this trend, but not in an undeniable way. This motivated us to make a small change in the model of Frazzini and Pedersen, which created a relation between the return of each one of the portfolios and the one of the BAB portfolio. The mathematical prediction, derived from the modified model, says that the coefficient of this relation is smaller the bigger the beta. It was possible to raise this empirical evidence in a clear way. This point was the great differential of this work, since we were the first to raise such evidence and to show that the BAB portfolios can be used as explanatory variable. / Neste trabalho, levantamos evidencias empíricas para investigar se as proposições do modelo de Frazzini e Pedersen (2014) se aplicam ao mercado acionário brasileiro. Utilizando dados que retomam o ano de 2000 até o primeiro trimestre de 2017, verificamos que a SML deste mercado é menos inclinada que a prevista pelo CAPM. De fato, ela chegou a ser negativa, sendo este resultado observado tanto nas analises em séries de tempo quanto nas em corte transversal. Como metodologia para levantar estas evidencias, foram criadas 10 carteiras, organizadas em ordem crescente segundo seus respectivos betas. Calculamos os retornos relativos a cada carteira e, com eles, foi possível verificar que os portfolios com maior beta realizaram menor retorno em excesso. Além disso, verificamos que o índice de Sharpe foi maior quanto menor foi o beta das carteiras. Outra proposição verificada empiricamente no mercado acionário brasileiro, e no período considerado, foi que o retorno das carteiras BAB foi positivo. Além disso, foi o maior entre todas as carteiras, ficando inclusive com o maior retorno esperado em excesso por unidade de risco. No que tange ao alfa, era esperado que as carteiras com maior beta tivessem menor alfa. Foi possível verificar esta tendência, mas não de maneira incontestável. Isso nos motivou a fazer uma pequena alteração no modelo de Frazzini e Pedersen, a qual criou uma relação entre o retorno de cada uma das carteiras e o da carteira BAB. A previsão matemática, oriunda do modelo modificado, diz que o coeficiente desta relação é menor quanto maior for o beta. Foi possível levantar esta evidencia empírica de maneira clara. Este ponto foi o grande diferencial deste trabalho, uma vez que fomos os primeiros a levantar tal evidencia e a mostrar que as carteiras BAB podem ser utilizadas como variável explicativa.