<p> </p><p>This work is a study, conducted by interviews, of how teachers evaluate the concepts of inclusion and integration. The aim of this work is to obtain views on the possible differences between teachers' own definitions and the previous research definitions. The earlier published research which was read during this work, together with the three interviews which were conducted is the basis for the study. I've done three interviews in which two of the people interviewed are active teachers and the third who works as an assistant headmaster at a school located in a suburb of Stockholm. The interviewed teachers have been working for different periods in the school which gave me the opportunity to highlight differences between teachers definitions depending upon the experience they had. The results of this study highlight that the school is aware of the importance the concepts of inclusion and integration have and also the importance of putting them into practice. The study also concludes that the definitions teachers have of inclusion and integration is not the same as described within the literature. In addition, some teachers feel uncomfortable with the subject and hence are not actively working with inclusion and integration</p><p> </p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose of my study is to describe what view teachers, which are working with autistic children, have about how the individual autistic child will have a good schooling? If children with autism should be integrated or segregated. I also want to find out how ”a school for all” shall be worked out to fit children with autism. To reach my purpose I’ve chosen to use a qualitative method and to hand out questionnaire to three teachers which are working in a training school.</p><p>To get a background to this study I’ve presented what researchers have to say about this subject. In the literature study is information about what autism is, what the researchers think about integration and segregation and finally what our control document is saying about the subject. Autism is a connection and communication disability that influences the whole development and it shows before the age of three.</p><p>The results that I’ve found are a little different from what the literature is saying. The literature are more negative to the integration then what the teachers on the training school are. Integration of children whit autism is difficult because the disability differs from child to child. In many cases it is good because the children with autism are learning to be social together with other children.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med min studie är att beskriva vilken syn pedagoger, som arbetar med autistiska barn, har på hur det individuella autistiska barnet ska få en bra skolgång? Om barn med autism ska integreras eller segregeras? Vidare ville jag också ta reda på hur ”en skola för alla” ska se ut för att passa barn med autism. För att nå mitt syfte har jag valt att använda mig av en kvalitativ metod. Jag valde att lämna ut frågeformulär till tre pedagoger som arbetar på en träningsskola.</p><p>För att få en bakgrundsbild har jag tagit upp vad forskarna säger om just detta ämne. I litteraturgenomgången finns information om vad autism är, vad forskarna anser om integrering eller segregering och slutligen vad våra styrdokument säger. Autism är ett kontakt- och kommunikationshandikapp som påverkar hela utvecklingen och visar sig före 3 års ålder.</p><p>Resultatet som jag har kommit fram till skiljer sig lite ifrån vad litteraturen säger. Litteraturen är mer negativ till integrering än vad pedagogerna på träningsskolan är. Integrering av barn med autism är svårt eftersom handikappet är så brett men i många fall är bra, barnen med autism lär sig social samvaro med andra barn.</p>

Abstract The purpose of my study is to describe what view teachers, which are working with autistic children, have about how the individual autistic child will have a good schooling? If children with autism should be integrated or segregated. I also want to find out how ”a school for all” shall be worked out to fit children with autism. To reach my purpose I’ve chosen to use a qualitative method and to hand out questionnaire to three teachers which are working in a training school. To get a background to this study I’ve presented what researchers have to say about this subject. In the literature study is information about what autism is, what the researchers think about integration and segregation and finally what our control document is saying about the subject. Autism is a connection and communication disability that influences the whole development and it shows before the age of three. The results that I’ve found are a little different from what the literature is saying. The literature are more negative to the integration then what the teachers on the training school are. Integration of children whit autism is difficult because the disability differs from child to child. In many cases it is good because the children with autism are learning to be social together with other children. / Sammanfattning Syftet med min studie är att beskriva vilken syn pedagoger, som arbetar med autistiska barn, har på hur det individuella autistiska barnet ska få en bra skolgång? Om barn med autism ska integreras eller segregeras? Vidare ville jag också ta reda på hur ”en skola för alla” ska se ut för att passa barn med autism. För att nå mitt syfte har jag valt att använda mig av en kvalitativ metod. Jag valde att lämna ut frågeformulär till tre pedagoger som arbetar på en träningsskola. För att få en bakgrundsbild har jag tagit upp vad forskarna säger om just detta ämne. I litteraturgenomgången finns information om vad autism är, vad forskarna anser om integrering eller segregering och slutligen vad våra styrdokument säger. Autism är ett kontakt- och kommunikationshandikapp som påverkar hela utvecklingen och visar sig före 3 års ålder. Resultatet som jag har kommit fram till skiljer sig lite ifrån vad litteraturen säger. Litteraturen är mer negativ till integrering än vad pedagogerna på träningsskolan är. Integrering av barn med autism är svårt eftersom handikappet är så brett men i många fall är bra, barnen med autism lär sig social samvaro med andra barn.

This work is a study, conducted by interviews, of how teachers evaluate the concepts of inclusion and integration. The aim of this work is to obtain views on the possible differences between teachers' own definitions and the previous research definitions. The earlier published research which was read during this work, together with the three interviews which were conducted is the basis for the study. I've done three interviews in which two of the people interviewed are active teachers and the third who works as an assistant headmaster at a school located in a suburb of Stockholm. The interviewed teachers have been working for different periods in the school which gave me the opportunity to highlight differences between teachers definitions depending upon the experience they had. The results of this study highlight that the school is aware of the importance the concepts of inclusion and integration have and also the importance of putting them into practice. The study also concludes that the definitions teachers have of inclusion and integration is not the same as described within the literature. In addition, some teachers feel uncomfortable with the subject and hence are not actively working with inclusion and integration

Abstract   The purpose of this study was to examine how teachers in regular classrooms include pupils with special educational needs. I also wanted to find out what support teachers get of special education teachers, and the teaching perspective the teachers have when they work whit pupils. The teachers that have been interviewed and observed in this study work in regular classes.   This report is a qualitative study based on interviews and observations whit four teachers. The results indicate that the teachers are conscious of how they teach and their teaching strategies. The teachers agree that all students should be included in regular education, because learning occurs in the interaction between individuals. No one should be excluded from their regular classroom. But for students with special needs to receive an equal education, there should be more resources in the classroom. Special educators should be more involved in the regular teaching, to create conditions to a school for all pupils.     Keywords: Inclusion, pupils whit special educational needs, regular classroom teaching, special education, teaching strategies, a school for all.

Det huvudsakliga syftet med min studie har varit att undersöka hur några pedagoger tolkar begreppet inkludering samt hur detta begrepp kan komma till uttryck i deras arbete. Data har samlats in genom fokusintervjuer med sex pedagoger från två arbetslag på en F-5 skola i Stockholm. Frågeställningen har handlat om pedagogernas syn på inkludering, vilka tankar de hade kring inkluderande undervisning samt vilka eventuella svårigheter de såg med att arbeta inkluderande. Det framkom genom studien att det rådde delade meningar mellan informanterna om vad ett inkluderande arbetssätt var. Det ena arbetslaget hävdade att det innebar att alla elever skulle befinna sig i klassrummet för att känna sig inkluderade medans det andra arbetslaget menade att det handlade om att eleven skulle känna att den var en del av sammanhanget, oavsett var den befann sig någonstans. Att arbeta inkluderande i undervisningen betydde för många av pedagogerna att eleverna skulle känna att de hade lyckats. Läxor och genomgångar av lektioner anpassades efter elevernas olika nivåer och till sin hjälp tog pedagogerna sig större friheter i sina egna arbetssätt. Pedagogerna använde sig av olika metoder för att arbeta inkluderande i undervisningen och svårigheter de såg med detta arbetssätt handlade om att lyckas hålla alla elever i arbete hela tiden och utmana dem så långt som möjligt. De fann även svårigheter med att finna balansen mellan de elever som behövde mycket hjälp och de elever som var mer självgående. / The aim with my study was to examine how some tachers interpret the term inclusion and how they implement it in their work. Information has been collected through focus interviews with sex teachers from two pedagogical teams at an elementary school in Stockholm. The mail questions regarded the teachers view and thoughts on inclusion and also eventual difficulties they saw by working with inclusion within the classroom. The study showed that there was a difference of opinion between the interviewed teachers on what including workway was. One of the pedagogical teams said that all the students should be in the classroom in order to feel included. The other team said that it was not the classroom but that students should feel included in the learning process. Many of the teachers felt that working with inclusion through learning and teaching meant that the students should feel they succeeded. Homework and lessons were adapted to the student’s individual needs. Teachers used different methods in working with inclusion in their lessons. The difficulties they seen in their work were to succeed in keeping all the students working and challenge them as far as possible. There were also difficulties finding balance between those students who needed help and those that were independent.

The purpose of this study is that the stories provide insight into and understanding of institutionalized girls experiences and views on their schooling, and from their stories also explore how schools can create opportunities for students who challenge. An overriding purpose is also that the girls’ life stories in the long run lead to a school developing work. To provide a better understanding of the girls, qualitative methods with a narrative approach have been used. In the theory chapter I have used, inter alia, George H. Mead and Aaron Antonovsky's theories; Mead's theories to illuminate and understand the interactions between people and their understanding of each other, while Antonovsky's theory highlights the importance of creating meaningfulness, manageability and comprehensibility to people in vulnerable situations. The results show that by taking in the girls' valuable experiences and wise thoughts, we can affect their schooling positively instead of continuing as we do today, which obviously is not working but rather contributes to that the girls get low self esteem, do not feel accepted and are forced out of society. One conclusion is that if we and today's politicians listen to the girls' stories, we can together through our professionalism create a meaningful existence in school, a school where girls do not have to be expelled and end up with antisocial friends, leading to abuse or criminal behavior as a result.

The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate experiences, perceptions and experiences of "a school for all" in one municipality by means of a case study. The municipality is medium-sized and, for many years, has had a clearly expressed intention of providing "a school for all". This means that all pupils are included in regular comprehensive school classes, where no separate schools or groups are available for pupils with intellectual disabilities. The empirical material consists of three studies. The pilot study is a licentiate thesis published in 2007, with a societal bias and is based on web-based documentation and interviews with politicians and civil servants (n=5). This study describes regional administrators’ initiatives to promote the implementation of ”a school for all” within the entire municipality. A major finding was the importance of committed and engaged leadership.  Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) model for ecological systems constitutes the theoretical starting point. The respondents in sub-studies I and II, which are the focus in this section of the thesis, are parents (n=14) and teachers (n=8). The common denominator is children/pupils who have an intellectual disability, and study according to the curriculum for special schooling but are taught in regular comprehensive school classes. Previous research into inclusion and national policy documents are of central concern to this thesis. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis is employed as an interpretative tool for the interviews. Parents discuss the benefits of "a school for all"; good role models, social relationships and opportunities for the child to develop both socially and intellectually. They also describe how they must always be prepared to fight for their child, "keeping a watchful eye" on the school, and they imply that it is never possible to "become complacent". Teachers' attitudes and knowledge are described as crucial. A few parents wanted to have the opportunity to choose a special school for children with intellectual disabilities (ID). Their arguments are presented. In the teacher interviews, a conviction emerges about the importance of "a school for all" for the pupils' self-image, social and academic development. Organizational support, in-service training and skills’ development are seen as the prerequisites for successful inclusion, as well as educational strategies such as family groups and model learning. Respondents indicate that inclusion works most satisfactorily between years 1 and 6 in the comprehensive school and is viewed more detrimentally between years 7 and 9, in order to be better viewed again in the upper secondary school (senior high school) and the reasons for this are discussed. The case study contributes to a broader understanding of  the processes of implementation and change regarding inclusion of pupils with special school status and the importance of understanding the connections and relationships between the levels within Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory which directly or indirectly affect the child’s/pupil’s development and well-being.

Within special education, there is a big dilemma where some mean that school should include all pupils in the same school class, regardless of the students' needs for assistance, while others believe that students with special needs to be placed in small adapted groups where students have similar needs is to exclude pupils. While others argue that the inclusion can sometimes lead to exclusion. The aim is to investigate what meaning teachers and special education teachers gives the concept of inclusion in school and what consequences it entails in teaching. This study is based on a number of qualitative interviews of teachers and specialist teachers to obtain answer of the following questions. Has the concept of inclusion and integration the same significance and meaning according to those asked teachers, special educators and special educators? Which students should be included, according to those asked teachers, special teachers and special teachers? What is required to work from an inclusive perspective, according to the asked teachers, special teachers and special teachers? Perceive the asked teacher, special educators and special teachers some disadvantages of inclusion? Which students receive special education instruction in the schools were asked? Do the asked teacher, special educators and special teachers think that there is a school for all? The results of this study is that teachers and special instructors have difficulty indistinguishing the concepts and that they puts the same emphasis on inclusion as the integration, the students must adapt to school and not vice versa. The teachers believe that schools today do not possess the skills and resources needed to meet students' needs. The results show that inclusion can have an opposite effect in the daily activities of the school.

’A school for all?’ is a scientific essay regarding the inclusion of students with neuropsychiatric disabilities inside the classroom. This essay is about the reality behind ’a school for all’ and became a starting point of this paper due to the everyday dilemmas I face as a leisure-time teacher that coexist in a classroom. In the classroom, there are students with neuropsychiatric disabilities and we attempt to provide the inclusion of these students during a lesson. Due to the daily events and happenings in the classroom, I began questioning the idea of a school for all and contemplate the significance of inclusion for myself, as well as other colleagues. This essay will contribute to a better understanding of ‘a school for all’ concept, which has normally had varying implications for different individuals. I’ve chosen an essay-style method, with which I explored my experiences through self-reflection. I used Hans-George Gadamer’s hermeneutist perspective regarding comprehension, in order to observe my own dilemma from various angles. It is also discussed how the teachers’ interpretation of inclusion influences the students in a classroom. Special pedagogy is recommended to simplify the inclusion of students with disabilities, however, the different viewpoints regarding special pedagogy and the lack of competent pedagogics in schools prevents us from reaching the goal of ‘a school for all’. I will finally conclude by pointing out the vague description of the ‘inclusive work ethic’ mission within school regulations specified by the state. We instructors interpret inclusion differently based on personal presumptions, and the inclusion that is being currently practiced in schools, is merely a physical inclusion that leads to discrimination, frustration, and poor results. In addition, I recognize the lack of provisions and resources required to ensure that all children, regardless of their needs, would be successfully educated within the same classroom. / ”En skola för alla?” är en vetenskaplig essä om inkludering av elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar i klassrummet. Denna uppsats handlar om verkligheten bakom ”en skola för alla” och tar sin utgångspunkt i dilemman hos mig som är fritidspedagog och samverkar i ett klassrum med en lärare. I klassrummet finns elever med neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar och vi försöker att inkludera alla elever i undervisningen. Det som hände dagligen i klassrummet fick mig att ifrågasätta tanken om en skola för alla och fundera på inkluderingens betydelse för mig och andar pedagoger. Denna uppsats syftar till att bidra till bättre förståelse kring begreppet ”en skola för alla” som kan ha olika innebörd för olika individer. Jag har valt att använda essäskrivande som metod där jag genom reflektion utforskar mina erfarenheter. Jag utgår från Hans- George Gudmar hermeneutiskt perspektiv om förståelsehorisont för att se på mitt dilemma ur olika vinklar. Jag kommer gå också in på hur pedagogernas tolkning av inkludering påverkar eleverna i klassrummet. Jag rekommenderar specialpedagogik för att underlätta inkluderingen av elever med svårigheter, men att olika syn på specialpedagogik och brist på kompetenta pedagoger i skolan gör att vi inte når målet” en skola för alla”. Slutligen kommer jag fram till att uppdraget som beskrivs som inkluderande arbetssätt är väldigt otydligt i styrdokumenten. Vi pedagoger tolkar inkluderingen på olika sätt utifrån våra förutsättningar. Inkluderingen som vi gör i skolan är en fysisk inkludering som leder till kräkningar, frustration och dåligt resultat. Vidare finner jag att vi verken har förutsättningar och resurs för att alla barn oavsett behov ska kunna undervisas i en och samma klassrum.