Le présent travail propose d’étudier les problèmes de coordination en se plaçant dans un contexte de planification decentralisée, partant du postulat qu’une gestion centralisée n’est pas pertinente au regard des enjeux de confidentialité qu’affichent chaque partenaire d’une même chaîne logistique. Plus précisément, l’objectif du travail réside dans l’élaboration d’un protocole de négociation tendant à rechercher une solution de planification « gagnant-gagnant », i.e. l’élaboration de plans satisfaisant le producteur (clients du service transport) tout en augmentant le profit des prestataires de transport. La méthodologie suivie pour le développement de ce travail s’articule autour de deux étapes. Le contexte de planification decentralisée des activités d’un producteur avec celles d’un opérateur de transport est dans un premier temps étudié. L’objectif est de caractériser les modèles de programmation linéaire et les raisonnement nécessaires au développement du protocole de coordination et à la mise en œuvre de la simulation du comportement des deux partenaires, de manière à mettre en exergue les facteurs influant la performance globale. L’expérimentation conduite dans ce cadre s’appuie sur la notion de plans d’expériences. Le problème est dans un second temps étendu à la coordination des activités de plusieurs opérateurs de transport avec un producteur. Dans ce nouveau contexte, la résolution du problème de répartition de charges de transport entre les différents acteurs est intégrée dans le processus de négociation. Les modèles et protocole ainsi enrichis sont validés sur la base de plusieurs cas de tests. / The present work aims to study the coordination problems in the context of decentralized planning, based on the postulate that centralized management is not suitable regarding the confidentiality objectives of each partner of the same supply chain. More specifically, the aim of this work is to develop a negotiation protocol seeking to reach a “win-win” planning solution, i.e. the development of plans satisfying the producer (the customer of transportation service) while increasing profit of transport operators. The development methodology of this work contains two phases. The context of decentralized planning of activities of one producer and one transport operator is firstly studied. The main objective is to characterize the linear programming models and the key determinants to develop the coordination protocol and also to implement the simulation of both partners in order to identify the factors affecting the overall performance. The conducted experimentation in this context is based on the concept of the design of experiments. The problem is extended in a second phase to the coordination of several transport operators with one producer. In this new context, the problem of allocating transport load to different transport operators is integrated into the negotiation process. The complemented models and protocol are validated based on test cases.

Proponents of communicative language teaching in foreign language classrooms assume that the learners will profit from interacting in the target language on meaningful topics. The present study investigated whether non-native speaker interaction constitutes a good learning situation. Four research questions were posed: how pupils deal with breakdowns in communication, if they use any strategies to avoid problems, if they collaborate and negotiate for meaning and consequently if open-ended conversations among learners promote language development. Pupils in a Swedish secondary school were recorded interacting in the target language and conversation analysis was used to examine the data. It was found that there was a common structure to the way that the pupils dealt with problems, a few strategies were used and the pupils also collaborated. However, the conversations lacked some of the characteristics of interaction between native and non-native speakers that research have shown to be conducive to language development. Also, almost no negotiation of meaning was observed. Based on these results it is argued that non-native speaker interaction constitutes a good learning situation but probably needs to be accompanied by more explicit instruction.

Over the past 20 years, human trafficking has gained international attention and resulted in the creation of anti-trafficking laws in the United States. Politicians, scholars, and organizations have called for more professional efforts against human trafficking and advocated for better education and awareness to identify victims and prosecute traffickers. Local law enforcement is recognized for its ideal position in communities to combat this crime. In 2011, North Carolina implemented a statewide human trafficking training program for law enforcement. This research study examines the communication constitution of law enforcement and the use of power through this training program and as officers work trafficking cases. I position this research study within the literature of interorganizational collaboration (ICO), high- reliability organizations (HROs), and the Four Flows Model – a communication constitution of organizations (CCO) theory. I then provide a comprehensive methodical review of this research, which includes organizational documents and ethnographic data collected over a two-year period. The research results are divided into two discussions of law enforcement’s organizational constitution. First, I discuss law enforcement’s communication constitution through its human trafficking opposition and traffickers’ power to control victims. Second, I discuss law enforcement’s communication constitution through roles and partnerships in anti- trafficking efforts and power through government sanctioned authority. Finally, I conclude with a review of the research, contributions to the field, and recommendations.

The point of departure for this study is the linked family system – the two households where the natural parents are living, to which a child of a divorce and remarriage relates. The child has a central role in the study, and is regarded as a part of an extended family system. The position of the child as a link between the two households is unique. No one else except members of the same sibling group moves in the same way between the two households in a linked family system. The main purpose is to identify, describe, and analyse the negotiations which serve to define the link child´s family. The empirical data was obtained by qualitative semi-structured interviews with 27 children and adolescents, 17 mothers, 11 fathers and 14 stepfathers in 17 linked family systems. Topics in the interview guide were ”your family”, an ordinary day in the family, family routines and family rituals. The interviews have been supplemented with drawings and diaries. In research on family negotiation, the family as a joint project and men’s and women’s individual project are strategic concepts for understanding how modern family life works. Three different family types can be distinguished: The ”new” mother-child family, with mother and link child as negotiators, the ”new” nuclear family where the negotiations take place within the mother-household and the ”new” extended negotiation family where negotiations can cross household boundaries. The principles for negotiations are both generation- and gender-specific. The motherhood is here unconditional, while the fatherhood is conditional. For many women this leads to an extended motherhood through acting as chief negotiator between and within the households in the linked family system. The natural father is at a distance from the family’s mundane everyday life but he is expected to participate in decision-making in the child’s life. The stepfather takes part in the child’s everyday life but he seldom engages in a deeper relationship with his stepchild because – ”there already is a father.” The boys create their own individual projects with free time and activities and disappear more or less from the linked family system. The girls, as network builders and moral agents, take over the family as a project. We can speak about the family as the project of the link child – above all the project of the daughter – who works to hold together the extended linked family system. / Ingår även i Göteborgs universitets skriftserie 2000:6, ISSN 1401-5781.

Tore Andersson Hjulman: One with Nature: An Inquiry into the Renegotiation of Nature in the Conflicts between Nature Preservation and Sámi Rights during the Interwar Period.[Ett med naturen: En studie av hur naturen omförhandlades i mellankrigstidens konflikter mellan naturskydd och samiska rättigheter.] PhD dissertation in Swedish, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden 2017. In 1909 the Swedish national parks law was adopted with the assumption that theSámi people living in the areas to be preserved were, in principle, one with nature. Therefore the perception of their land as pristine was consolidated and they could be excepted from park regulations. About thirty years later the national park administration stated that the aim to keep the national park nature untouched would fail without a restriction of Sámi rights within the parks. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the distinction of nature from culture was renegotiated during the conflicts that preceded and followed this new stance. Tracing the impulses that fostered the reactions of the state administration back to their original contexts, complex interactions of differing interests are revealed. These contexts are examined in three case studies. The first case centers on nomad school superintendent Erik Bergström and his warning of the effects on the national parks from reindeer herders activities. The intersection of nature preservation and Sámi politics sheds light on their common outset in the use of the nature-culture dichotomy in approaching the Sámi. This contributes to explain the resistance by which the interest of change was met by those invested in the prevailing state policy towards the Sámi.The second case concerns a conflict of Sámi land use in the Abisko national park by the early 1930s. Several factors that possibly induced state officials to react on Sámi fishing and hunting in the national park are illuminated. These include different understanding of nature preservation, the moral ecology among the Sámi and antagonism between Sámi reindeer herders and inhabitants in the railway towns.The third case involves concerns raised in the process of establishing a new national park in the Muttos/Muddus area. A shift in focus from mountainous to forest landscapes among nature preservationists resulted in the inclusion of new stakeholders and fields of knowledge about land use and its effects. This seems to have spurred problematizing of both the ideal of pristine nature and of Sámi land use. A conflict was triggered by the in-migration of two reindeer herding families.In conclusion, it will be argued that it was a series of quite contextually different conflicts that interacted to undermine the institutionalized demarcation of nature. This simultaneously challenged Sámi rights in the national parks and took place in ideological opposition to the foundation of segregationist Sámi policy. / Nature Preservation and Indigenous Rights

This dissertation explores one white working-class family’s hopes, fears, illusions, and tensions related to social mobility. I tell stories from my experiences as a first-generation college student, including: ethnographic fieldwork; interviews with my family, community members, and former teachers; and narratives from other working-class academics to provide an in-depth, evocative, and relational look at mobility. I explore the roots of vulnerability in my family and how I was socialized into understanding belonging and worthiness in particular ways, and how this socialization influences my feelings of belonging and worthiness in the academy. The goal of this research is bridging – past and present selves, working-class and academic cultures, work and family – for me and my family and other first-generation students and their families.

Quoique l'obligation de renégocier constitue un outil ordinaire du paysage juridique, son appréhension par le droit positif n'est guère satisfaisante. Réduisant l'obligation de renégocier à un simple devoir d'entrer en pourparlers, la jurisprudence altère considérablement l'efficacité des clauses de hardship. Politiquement dangereuse, une telle solution apparaît aussi techniquement inexacte au regard de la notion d'obligation de renégocier. L'obligation de renégocier ayant pour finalité d'aménager ou d'alléger la dette de l'un des contractants, il apparaît nécessaire d'imposer à celui qui doit renégocier qu'il fasse des sacrifices sans lesquels l'obligation de renégocier ne peut produire son effet utile. Cette dernière ne va pas, pour autant, jusqu'à constituer une obligation de réviser: non seulement car l'échec de la renégociation n'est jamais fautif en soi, mais aussi parce que l'exercice de la liberté de ne pas réviser reste licite lorsqu'il se justifie par la préservation d'un intérêt raisonnable. Le sens de cette étude est ainsi de rétablir la véritable portée de l'obligation de renégocier, en exposant à la fois les exigences et les limites inhérentes à cette notion. / Accordingly, the duty to renegotiate could appear at first sight as a well-known and familiar device of contract drafting. Yet, the current state of the law is nonetheless quite unsatisfactory. Case law tends indeed to limit drastically the efficiency of hardship clauses by adopting an overly restrictive conception of the duty to renegotiate. This solution is not only unsatisfactory in practice, but also technically inaccurate regarding the concept of a duty to renegotiate. The purpose of this duty is indeed to reduce the debt of one of the parties. Therefore, the duty to renegotiate imposes to make some sacrifices without which the efficiency of the duty is drastically restricted. But it does not mean that the duty to renegotiate imposes to modify the contract. Not only because the failure of the renegotiation is not perse a case of breach of contract, but also because the parties can legitimately refuse to modify the contract in order to protect their reasonable interests. The purpose of this study is therefore to restore its true scope to the duty, by unveiling both the requirements and the limits that are inherent to the concept of a duty to renegotiate.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le champs de la conception organisationnelle. L'organisation du travail est un objet de conception particulier dans la mesure où elle recouvre plusieurs dimensions d'une situation de travail. Effectivement, elle concerne à la fois la structure prescrite, symbolique et matérielle, offrant un cadre à l'activité des salariés mais aussi l'activité des salariés et le système de régulations qu'ils mettent en place pour la rendre performante. Au regard de cette définition de l’organisation du travail, nous définissons la conception organisationnelle comme tout processus collectif qui permet de (re)concevoir, de façon formelle ou informelle, les composantes de la structure prescrite pour favoriser une activité performante et acceptable du point de vue de l'ensemble des acteurs de ce processus. Pour concevoir une structure prescrite efficace, pertinente et efficicente, nous sommes convaincue qu'un compromis acceptable par tous les acteurs de l'organisation du travail passe par la prise en compte du travail réel des salariés. Cette condition nécessite une certaine structuration de l'activité de conception organisationnelle. Dans le cadre de l'accompagnement d'un projet industriel d'automatisation de machines de production couplée à une réduction d'effectif, nous avons analysé les dialogues des concepteurs lors des réunions de conception organisationnelle. Cette analyse montre que :- d'une part, la simulation organisationnelle récemment développée en ergonomie est une ressource pour structurer une conception qui se base sur un dialogue centré sur le travail réel et,- d'autre part, l'acculturation à l'analyse de l'activité des concepteurs permet de négocier la conception organisationnelle sur la base de connaissances sur le travail réel.Par ailleurs, les résultats mettent en évidence que les sujets de négociation concernent davantage l'obtention de marges de manœuvre.Ainsi, spécifier les objets de négociation, les critères de conception et les choix organisationnels permet de mieux comprendre la conception organisationnelle afin de mieux l'outiller. En outre, cette thèse a pour objectif d'apprécier la fonction de l'ergonome au sein de la conception organisationnelle. Enfin, en plus d'apporter des éléments méthodologiques pour la conception organisationnelle, cette recherche propose une définition originale de l'organisation du travail sous l'angle de la négociation. / This thesis concerns the organizational design. Work organization is a special object because it recovers several dimensions of a situation of work. Indeed, at the same time, it relates to the prescribed, symbolic and material structure, offering a framework to the employees activity but also the activity of the employees and the system of regulations which they set up to make it effective. Taking into consideration this definition of the work organization, we define the organizational design as any collective process which makes possible to (re)conceiving, in a formal or abstract way, the components of the prescribed structure to support an acceptable and successful activity from the point of view of the whole of the actors of this process.To conceive a prescribed structure, we are convinced that an acceptable compromise by all the actors of the organization of work passes by the taking into account of the real work of the employees. This condition requires a certain structuring of the activity of the organizational design. Within the framework of the accompaniment of an industrial project of automation of production machine tools coupled to a reduction of manpower, we analyzed the dialogues of the originators duriing organizational design meetings. This analysis shows that :- the organizational simulation recently developed in ergonomics is a resource to structure a design which is based on a dialogue centered on rela work and,- the acculturation to the analysis of the activity of designers, thanks to the intervention of the ergonomist and his tools, can negotiate organizational design based on knowledge of the actual work.Furthermore, the results schow tat subjects of negotation relate more acquisition of room for maneuver.To specify the objects of negotiation and the crieria of design is to better understand the organizational design in order to equip best. Moreover, this thesis aims to appreciate the function of ther ergonomicist within the organizational design. Lastly, besides bringing methodological elements for the organizational design, this research proposes a definition of the organization of work under the angle of the negotiation.

Les facteurs de la performance commerciale en formation professionnelle, le cas du néo formateur consultant (N.F.C.). Constat empirique : Pendant plus de 10 ans, l’auteur a formé des demandeurs d’emplois (plus de 450). Dans le cadre des enseignements prodigués, une suspicion est née sur l’origine des difficultés des N.F.C. concernant les facteurs de la performance commerciale en formation professionnelle.Posture épistémologique : La finalité de la recherche est d'établir les facteurs de la performance commerciale en formation professionnelle, le cas du N.F.C. La démarche est de type classique, par une approche positiviste, en fonction du mode de recherche empirique et avec une validation du transfert dans l’univers de la formation professionnelle. Le mode de raisonnement qui s'est imposé est la démarche abductive selon un cadre de logique hypothético-déductif avec l'utilisation de la méthode Delphi. Nous concluons ensuite par des recommandations managériales. Schéma des travaux de recherche : Le point de départ est un groupe de 5 N.F.C. par choix aléatoire pour valider la suspicion. Ensuite l’Etat de l’art apporte les définitions, l'élaboration des concepts et la revue de littérature recherche les travaux existants dans le domaine, en France et dans les pays anglo-saxons. Les concepts d'expertise et de confiance sont ainsi mis en évidence. Les hypothèses sont définies par le groupe Delphi (20 experts et 4 tours d’expression des opinions) et validées par l'étude quantitative (301 réponses). Résultat : Cette méthode propose 2 facteurs de succès : la démonstration de l'expertise et le développement du climat de confiance, portés par 4 principaux paramètres influençant les 2 facteurs de succès, La compréhension du problème du client (95%), l'implication (91%), la réalisation d'actions similaires (86%) et la démonstration des méthodes utilisées (77%). Les recommandations managériales éclairées par le groupe d’experts : proposent aux N.F.C. de développer leur charisme et de faire autorité par la maîtrise de la rhétorique. Si le travail le dispute au talent, le N.F.C. verra les facteurs de sa performance commerciale transformer son expérience en expertise et son expertise en revenu. / The purpose of this research is to establish factors for commercial performance in the professional training sector, the case of the N.T.C. (Neo Trainer Consultant). Empirical observation: The author has trained job seekers (more than 450) for over 10 years. Through this experience providing lessons, a suspicion arose regarding the origin of the difficulties (N.T.C.) concerning the factors for commercial performance in professional training.Research work plan: The start point is a group of five randomly selected N.T.C. to confirm the suspicion. Then the state of the art bring the definitions, the development of concepts, and the literature review, research the works that already exist in the field in France and in English-speaking countries. The concepts of expertise and confidence are highlighted.The hypotheses are defined by the Delphi group (20 experts and 4 rounds of expressed opinions) and validated by the quantitative study (301 responses). Result: This method offers 2 factors of success: demonstration of the expertise and establishment of the confidence ascribed to the 4 principal parameters influencing 2 factors of success : comprehension of the client's problem (95%), involvement (91%), realisation of similar actions (86%) and demonstration of the methods employed (77%).Managerial recommendations enlightend by the group of experts who suggest to the N.T.C to develop their charisma and authoritativeness by mastering their grasp of rhetoric. If the work creates a conflict between this notion and talent, the N.T.C. will see factors for commercial performance transform his experience into expertise and his expertise into income.

In the past three decades, the HIV pandemic has struck sub-Saharan Africa and resulted in devastating consequences. Increasingly studies have shifted from applying a bio-medical approach to HIV to applying a social approach. This study focuses on applying a social approach. One of the major factors that contributes to the high HIV prevalence is women’s inferior social status. Women are unable to challenge their partners in situations of sexual intimacy and as such they are often at risk of contracting HIV. In Malawi, patriarchyis the dominant ideology structuring gender roles. These gender roles reinforce social hierarchies where women’s capacity to practice agency is significantly decreased. The domestic responsibilities female scholars carry often leads to their drop-out from school. Their lack of formal education, as a result, decreases their ability to pursue income generating activities. Furthermore their inability to acquire income increases their dependence on their partners. It is in part this dependence that perpetuates women’s vulnerability and ultimately increases their risk of contracting HIV. This study focused on how women are socialised to perform certain gendered roles and how this socialisation ultimately affects their capacity to negotiate safe sex.Various institutions and organisations have driven intervention programmes in communities in Malawi in order to address the issue of HIV/AIDS. This study looks at how socialisation of young women living in a peri-urban community in Malawi has changed and how this change has influenced their capacity to negotiate safe sex. The study found that although socialisation had changed and had some impact on increasing female scholars efficacy with regard to their education, they still remain constrained by their social status in a patriarchal context. Through the adapting of the curriculum, schools address issues of gender inequality and the changing roles of women. However, these institutions continue to remain male dominated. This poses an obstacle as they reinforce gender roles of subordinate women and in doing so diminish the impact of the new curriculum. Gender roles continue to make it difficult for women to practice agency in particular with regard to negotiating safe sex. In instances where women have suggested condom use, they have been subjected to domestic abuse or faced the withdrawal of financial support for a given period. This study proposes a continuum of agency ranging from submissive to autonomous. It suggests that women are never entirely submissive or autonomous. They either practice agency by manipulating their boundaries or pushing their boundaries. This study revealed that although there have been significant changes in the process of socialisation, women’s ability to practice agency is considerably limited. Where it is exercised, it often results in separating from their spouses. However, in spite of all the difficulties, women do practice agency on various levels. It also revealed that scholars are developing agency with regards to education. However, social structures continue to reinforce patriarchy. This creates contradictory messages which the scholars are not always able to negotiate. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Sociology / unrestricted