L’objectif principal de cette thèse est l’étude et la formalisation de nouvelles constructions permettant d’augmenter l’expressivité du filtrage et des langages à base de règles en général. Ceci est motivé par le développement de Tom, un système qui enrichit les langages impératifs comme Java et C avec des constructions de haut niveau comme le filtrage et les stratégies. Une première extension que l’on propose est la notion d’anti-patterns, i.e. des motifs qui peuvent contenir des symboles de complément. Nous définissons de manière formelle la sémantique des anti-patterns dans le cas syntaxique et modulo une théorie équationnelle arbitraire. Puis nous étendons la notion classique de filtrage entre les motifs et les termes clos au filtrage entre les anti-patterns et les termes clos (anti-filtrage). Ensuite, nous proposons plusieurs extensions aux constructions de filtrage fournies par Tom. La condition pour l’application d’une règle devient une conjonction ou disjonction de contraintes de filtrage et d’anti-filtrage ainsi que d’autres types de conditions. Les techniques classiques de compilation du filtrage ne sont pas bien adaptées à ces conditions complexes. On propose donc une nouvelle méthode de compilation basée sur des systèmes de réécriture contrôlés par des stratégies. Nous avons complètement réécrit le compilateur de Tom en utilisant cette technique. Tous ces éléments rassemblés constituent un environnement pour décrire et implémenter des transformations de manière élégante et concise. Pour promouvoir son utilisation dans des projets à grand échelle, on développe une technique pour extraire automatiquement des informations structurelles à partir d’une hiérarchie de classes Java. Cela permet l’intégration du filtrage offert par Tom dans n’importe quelle application Java / The main objective of this thesis is the study of new constructs and formalisms that increase the expressivity of pattern matching and rule based languages in general. This is motivated by the development of Tom, a system that adds high level constructs such as pattern matching and strategies to languages like Java and C. A first extension that we propose is the notion of anti-patterns, i.e. patterns that may contain complement symbols. We define formally the semantics of anti-patterns both in the syntactic case and modulo an arbitrary equational theory. We then extend the classical notion of matching between patterns and ground terms to matching between anti-patterns and ground terms. We further propose several extensions to the matching constructs provided by Tom. Consequently, the condition for the application of a rule becomes a combination of matching and anti-matching constraints together with other types of conditions. Classical compilation techniques for pattern matching are not very well suited for these complex conditions. Therefore we propose a new compilation method based on rewrite systems controlled by strategies, which provides a high level of modularity. Tom’s compiler has been rewritten from scratch using this technique. All this constitutes a software environment for expressing transformations in a clear and concise way. To promote its use in large scale applications, we propose an approach for extracting automatically structural information from arbitrary Java hierarchies. This allows a seamless integration of Tom’s pattern matching facilities in any application

L’analyse comportementale traditionnelle opère en général au niveau de l’implantation de comportements malveillants. Pourtant, elle s’intéresse surtout à l’identification de fonctionnalités données et elle se situe donc plus naturellement à un niveau fonctionnel. Dans cette thèse, nous définissons une forme d’analyse comportementale de programmes qui opère non pas sur les interactions élémentaires d’un programme avec le système mais sur la fonction que le programme réalise. Cette fonction est extraite des traces d’un pro- gramme, un procédé que nous appelons abstraction. Nous définissons de façon simple, intuitive et formelle les fonctionnalités de base à abstraire et les comportements à détecter, puis nous proposons un mécanisme d’abstraction applicable à un cadre d’analyse statique ou dynamique, avec des algorithmes pratiques à complexité raisonnable, enfin nous décrivons une technique d’analyse comportementale intégrant ce mécanisme d’abstraction. Notre méthode est particulièrement adaptée à l’analyse des programmes dans des langages de haut niveau ou dont le code source est connu, pour lesquels l’analyse statique est facilitée : applications mobiles en .NET ou Java, scripts, extensions de navigateurs, composants off-the-shelf.Le formalisme d’analyse comportementale par abstraction que nous proposons repose sur la théorie de la réécriture de mots et de termes, les langages réguliers de mots et de termes et le model checking. Il permet d’identifier efficacement des fonctionnalités dans des traces et ainsi d’obtenir une représentation des traces à un niveau fonctionnel; il définit les fonctionnalités et les comportements de façon naturelle, à l’aide de formules de logique temporelle, ce qui garantit leur simplicité et leur flexibilité et permet l’utilisation de techniques de model checking pour la détection de ces comportements ; il opère sur un ensemble quelconque de traces d’exécution ; il prend en compte le flux de données dans les traces d’exécution; et il permet, sans perte d’efficacité, de tenir compte de l’incertitude dans l’identification des fonctionnalités. Un cadre d’expérimentation a été mis en place dans un contexte d’analyse dynamique comme statique / Traditional behavior analysis usually operates at the implementation level of malicious behaviors. Yet, it is mostly concerned with the identification of given functionalities and is therefore more naturally defined at a functional level. In this thesis, we define a form of program behavior analysis which operates on the function realized by a program rather than on its elementary interactions with the system. This function is extracted from program traces, a process we call abstraction. We define in a simple, intuitive and formal way the basic functionalities to abstract and the behaviors to detect, then we propose an abstraction mechanism applicable both to a static or to a dynamic analysis setting, with practical algorithms of reasonable complexity, finally we describe a behavior analysis technique integrating this abstraction mechanism. Our method is particularly suited to the analysis of programs written in high level languages or with a known source code, for which static analysis is facilitated: mobile applications for .NET or Java, scripts, browser addons, off-the-shelf components.The formalism we propose for behavior analysis by abstraction relies on the theory of string and terms rewriting, word and tree languages and model checking. It allows an efficient identification of functionalities in traces and thus the construction of a represen- tation of traces at a functional level; it defines functionalities and behaviors in a natural way, using temporal logic formulas, which assure their simplicity and their flexibility and enables the use of model checking techniques for behavior detection; it operates on an unrestricted set of execution traces; it handles the data flow in execution traces; and it allows the consideration of uncertainty in the identification of functionalities, with no complexity overhead. Experiments have been conducted in a dynamic and static analysis setting

Le langage XML est devenu un standard de représentation et d'échange de données à travers le web. Le but de la réplication de données au sein de différents sites est de minimiser le temps d'accès à ces données partagées. Cependant, différents problèmes sont liés à la sécurisation de ces données. Le but de cette thèse est de proposer des modèles de contrôles d'accès XML qui prennent en compte les droits de lecture et de mise-à-jour et qui permettent de surmonter les limites des modèles qui existent. Nous considérons les langages XPath et XQuery Update Facility pour la formalisation des requêtes d'accès et des requêtes de mise-à-jour respectivement. Nous donnons des descriptions formelles de nos modèles de contrôles d'accès et nous présentons des algorithmes efficaces pour le renforcement des politiques de sécurité spécifiées à la base de ces modèles. L'autre partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude pratique de nos propositions. Nous présentons notre système appelé SVMAX qui met en oeuvre nos solutions, et nous conduisons une étude expérimentale basée sur une DTD réelle pour montrer son efficacité. Plusieurs systèmes de bases de données natives (systèmes de BDNs) ont été proposés récemment qui permettent une manipulation efficace des données XML en utilisant la plupart des standards du W3C. Nous montrons que notre système SVMAX peut être intégré facilement et efficacement au sein d'un large ensemble de systèmes de BDNs. A nos connaissances, SVMAX est le premier système qui permet la sécurisation des données XML conformes à des DTDs arbitraires (récursives ou non) et ceci en moyennant un fragment significatif de XPath et une classe riche d'opérations de mise-à-jour XML / XML has become a standard for representation and exchange of data across the web. Replication of data within different sites is used to increase the availability of data by minimizing the access's time to the shared data. However, the safety of the shared data remains an important issue. The aim of the thesis is to propose some models of XML access control that take into account both read and update rights and that overcome limitations of existing models. We consider the XPath language and the XQuery Update Facility to formalize respectively user access queries and user update operations. We give formal descriptions of our read and update access control models and we present efficient algorithms to enforce policies that can be specified using these models. Detailed proofs are given that show the correctness of our proposals. The last part of this thesis studies the practicality of our proposals. Firstly, we present our system, called SVMAX, that implements our solutions and we conduct an extensive experimental study, based on real-life DTD, to show that it scales well. Many native XML databases systems (NXD systems) have been proposed recently that are aware of the XML data structure and provide efficient manipulation of XML data by the use of most of W3C standards. Finally, we show that our system can be integrated easily and efficiently within a large set of NXD systems, namely BaseX, Sedna and eXist-db. To the best of our knowledge, SVMAX is the first system for securing XML data in the presence of arbitrary DTDs (recursive or not), a significant fragment of XPath and a rich class of XML update operations

Esta tese estuda a obra do escritor Thomas Bernhard, especialmente a partir de dois de seus romances, a saber Holzfällen. Eine Erregung (1984) e Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall. (1986). Pela mediação entre forma literária e forma social, pretende-se desvendar dinâmicas históricas inscritas na forma literária elaborada pelo escritor austríaco. Por um lado, o autor busca \"politizar a estética\" por meio de uma estética da provocação formal, com o que cita diretamente a sociedade e quebra as fronteiras bem delimitadas entre ficção e realidade. Por outro lado, dadas as condições históricas específicas da Áustria após a Segunda Guerra, e apoiando-se na formulação adorniana da arte como historiografia inconsciente de nosso tempo, Bernhard cria uma obra que procura ler a contrapelo (Benjamin) e atualizar esta rica tradição num momento propício, culminando em sua obra dos anos 80. / The present dissertation is a study of the work of Thomas Bernhard, based mainly in two of his novels, Holzfällen. Eine Erregung (1984), and Auslöschung. Ein Zerfall (1986). The intention is to uncover the historical dynamics inscribed in the literary form developed by the Austrian author through the mediation between literary and social form. On the one hand, Bernhard seeks to \"politicize the esthetics\", making use of an esthetics of formal provocation that makes direct references to real people of the Austrian society, effacing the sharp distinction between fiction and reality. On the other hand, in the specific context of the historical condition of Austria after the Second World War and based on Adorno\'s concept of art as the unconscious historiography of our time, Bernhard writings seek to renew this rich tradition in a way that is opposed to the traditionally accepted one (Benjamin) and to bring it up-to-date in a propicious context. The higher point of this achievement is the work he produced during the decade of 1980.

A Sonata per pianoforte, composta em 2001, é o trabalho para piano solo de maior fôlego de Luciano Berio. A peça condensa diversas estratégias composicionais características de Berio e se apresenta, assim, como uma espécie de relicário da escritura desse compositor. Nesse trabalho comentaremos, a partir da Sonata, três importantes estratégias composicionais de Luciano Berio: a noção de reescritura, a noção de gesto e a noção de processo. Como veremos, essas três noções são atravessadas pela idéia de obra aberta e estarão presentes durante todo seu percurso composicional, consolidando-se como aspectos fundamentais para a construção de sua poética. / The Sonata per pianoforte, composed in 2001, is the Luciano Berio\'s solo piano work of greatest scope. The piece brings together several of Berios\'s characteristic compositional strategies and thus presents itself as a sort of a reliquary of his musical resources. In this work, we will comment, from the Sonata, three Luciano Berio\'s important compositional strategies: the notion of rewriting (réécriture), the notion of gesture and the notion of process. As we will see, these three notions are crossed by the idea of open work and will be present throughout his compositional pathway, establishing themselves as fundamental aspects for the construction of his poetry.

[pt] O presente trabalho busca compreender como a crítica saramaguiana contida em Caim pode contribuir para a derrubada de imagens inautênticas de Deus. Para tal intento foi necessário seguir alguns passos sendo o primeiro percorrer o caminho de uma proposta de aproximação entre teologia e literatura. No entanto, como a literatura do autor escolhido está marcada por seu ateísmo também se impôs a tarefa de compreender como a teologia pode acolher as críticas ateístas. Já num segundo passo, à luz de um breve perfil biográfico, literário e do pensamento religioso do escritor português percebeu-se que em diversas de suas tramas opera uma reescritura lançando mão da intertextualidade, sobretudo com a Bíblia carnavalizando-a. A partir disso, concluiu-se que uma espécie paixão por questões religiosas habita inúmeros textos do escritor. Todavia, nesses textos Saramago (des)constrói compreensões acerca de representações de Deus que foram forjadas dentro do cristianismo e que ainda estão em vigor em diversos de seus ramos. Ou seja, faz sua a-telogia, ou que se pode chamar de teologia às avessas. Por fim, como último passo afunilou-se a discussão em torno do romance Caim. Nele,ao recontar diversos episódios bíblicos, o lusófono continua seu projeto de uma reescritura nada sagrada e seu labor a-teológico. Pinta através de sua pena um Deus egocêntrico, arbitrário e indiferente ao sofrimento humano. Deus esse que alguns teólogos tem tentado matar. Em suma, a crítica presente em Caim num diálogo com a teologia contribui para demolir imagens inautênticas de Deus. / [en] This study seeks to understand how Saramago s criticism in his book Cain can aid in overturning spurious images of God. For this purpose it was necessary to pursue various paths; the first one being a reconciliation between theology and literature. Since the literature of the chosen author is characterized by his atheism, this required an understanding of how theology canaccomodate atheistic criticism. In the second step, by means of a short biographical sketch that included the literary and religious thinking of the Portuguese writer, it was noted that in many of his plots he does a rewriting of the Bible, using intertextuality, by divesting it of its sacred qualities. From this basis,a conclusion was drawn that Saramago possessed a passion for religious questions that are embedded in many of his works. Even so, in these texts Saramago (de)constructs understandings about the representations of God that were forged within Christianity and which are still in force in many of its branches. That is to say, he creates an nontheology, or what can be called an upside down theology. The last step narrowed down the discussion to include only the novel Cain. In the retelling of many biblical episodes, the Lusophone author continues his project of a profane rewrite of the Scriptures as well as his project of creating a nontheology. Through his pen he paints a portrait of a God who is egocentric, arbitrary and indifferent to human suffering. It is just such a God that some theologians have tried to kill. In summary, the criticism found in the novel Cain offers a dialogue with theology that contributes to the overturning of spurious images of God.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meyre Ivone Santana da Silva.pdf: 775031 bytes, checksum: 04d5c85cec4cddd73f9b9a531d3fdf26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper intends to analyse the African female literary expression as a significant contribution to an alteration in the literary scenario of the Anglophone African countries. African female writers works contribute to the process of history rewriting and the reconstruction of female images in the African societies. Ama ata Aidoo is one these women writers that contribute to the development of an african feminist theory. African feminists fight against neocolonial powers and tradional structures that constitute some mountains to women lives / Este trabalho pretende analisar a expressão literária feminina africana como contribuição significativa para uma alteração no panorama da literatura dos países africanos de expressão inglesa. As obras destas escritoras contribuem para o processo de reescritura da história e reconstrução da imagem das mulheres nas sociedades africanas. Ama Ata Aidoo é uma destas mulheres que contribuem para a formulação de uma teoria feminista africana. As femininstas africanas lutam contra os poderes neocoloniais e as estruturas tradicionais que funcionam como montanhas na vida das mulheres

Étant une représentation formelle et explicite des connaissances d'un domaine, les ontologies font régulièrement l'objet de nombreux changements et ont ainsi besoin d'être constamment adaptées pour notamment pouvoir être réutilisées et répondre aux nouveaux besoins. Leur réutilisation peut prendre différentes formes (évolution, alignement, fusion, etc.), et présente plusieurs verrous scientifiques. L'un des plus importants est la préservation de la consistance de l'ontologie lors de son changement. Afin d'y répondre, nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à étudier les changements ontologiques et proposons un cadre formel capable de faire évoluer et de fusionner des ontologies sans affecter leur consistance. Premièrement, nous proposons TGGOnto (Typed Graph Grammars for Ontologies), un nouveau formalisme permettant la représentation des ontologies et leurs changements par les grammaires de graphes typés. Un couplage entre ces deux formalismes est défini afin de profiter des concepts des grammaires de graphes, notamment les NAC (Negative Application Conditions), pour la préservation de la consistance de l'ontologie adaptée.Deuxièmement, nous proposons EvOGG (Evolving Ontologies with Graph Grammars), une approche d'évolution d'ontologies qui se base sur le formalisme GGTOnto et traite les inconsistances d'une manière a priori. Nous nous intéressons aux ontologies OWL et nous traitons à la fois : (1) l'enrichissement d'ontologies en étudiant leur niveau structurel et (2) le peuplement d'ontologies en étudiant les changements qui affectent les individus et leurs assertions. L'approche EvOGG définit des changements ontologiques de différents types (élémentaires, composées et complexes) et assure leur implémentation par l'approche algébrique de transformation de graphes, SPO (Simple PushOut). Troisièmement, nous proposons GROM (Graph Rewriting for Ontology Merging), une approche de fusion d'ontologies capable d'éviter les redondances de données et de diminuer les conflits dans le résultat de fusion. L'approche proposée se décompose en trois étapes : (1) la recherche de similarité entre concepts en se basant sur des techniques syntaxiques, structurelles et sémantiques ; (2) la fusion d'ontologies par l'approche algébrique SPO ; (3) l'adaptation de l'ontologie globale résultante par le biais des règles de réécriture de graphes.Afin de valider les travaux menés dans cette thèse, nous avons développé plusieurs outils open source basés sur l'outil AGG (Attributed Graph Grammar). Ces outils ont été appliqués sur un ensemble d'ontologies, essentiellement sur celles développées dans le cadre du projet européen CCAlps (Creatives Companies in Alpine Space) qui a financé les travaux de cette thèse. / Ontologies are a formal and explicit knowledge representation. They represent a given domain by their concepts and axioms while creating a consensus between a user community. To satisfy the new requirements of the represented domain, ontologies have to be regularly updated and adapted to maintain their consistency. The adaptation may take different forms (evolution, alignment, merging, etc.), and represents several scientific challenges. One of the most important is to preserve the consistency of the ontology during the changes. To address this issue, we are interested in this thesis to study the ontology changes and we propose a formal framework that can evolve and merge ontologies without affecting their consistency.First we propose TGGOnto (Typed Graph Grammars for Ontologies), a new formalism for the representation of ontologies and their changes using typed graph grammars (TGG). A coupling between ontologies and TGG is defined in order to take advantage of the graph grammars concepts, such as the NAC (Negative Application Conditions), in preserving the adapted ontology consistency. Second, we propose EvOGG (Evolving Ontologies with Graph Grammars), an ontology evolution approach that is based on the TGGOnto formalism that avoids inconsistencies using an a priori approach. We focus on OWL ontologies and we address both : (1) ontology enrichment by studying their structural level and (2) ontology population by studying the changes affecting individuals and their assertions. EvOGG approach defines different types of ontology changes (elementary, composite and complex) and ensures their implementation by the algebraic approach of graph transformation, SPO (Single pushout).Third, we propose GROM (Graph Rewriting for Ontology Merging), an ontologies merging approach that avoids data redundancy and reduces conflict in the merged result. The proposed approach consists of three steps: (1) the similarity search between concepts based on syntactic, structural and semantic techniques; (2) the ontologies merging by the algebraic approach SPO; (3) the global ontology adaptation with graph rewriting rules.To validate our proposals, we have developed several open source tools based on AGG (Attributed Graph Grammar) tool. These tools were applied to a set of ontologies, mainly on those developed in the frame of the CCAlps (Creatives Companies in Alpine Space) European project, which funded this thesis work.

<p>Inferno constitutes a turning point in Strindberg's literary production in that scriptural quotations appear more frequently and a new style emerges. This thesis presents the characteristics of the scriptural quotations appearing in Inferno (1897) and Jacob Wrestles (a fragment following Légendes, written in French and in Swedish in 1898). Comparative, discourse, textual and intertextual approaches are used to define the place and role of scriptural quotations in this literary corpus.</p><p>From a historical point of view, both novels are part of the religious history of late 19th century France, where religion played a more important role than during the scientific, rationalist era characterizing the preceding decades. Strindberg adopts a new style corresponding to the spirit of his time. The art of "quoting the Bible at random" is a rhapsodic style, which appears mainly in Strindberg’s correspondence, in his Occult Diary (writings contemporary with Inferno) and in the work of some French 19th century writers. This style originates, above all, in the occult tradition, but it is also a means of imitating the Bible and identifying with a prophetic figure.</p><p>The research discussed in this dissertation has made it possible to determine, for the first time, what Bible translations are used in the two novels by Strindberg (translations by Ostervald and Martin / Roques). Five different types of rewritings of quotations were found: omissions, cutting of verses, substitutions, typographical changes and inversions. These variations were aimed at harmonising the Biblical text and the Strindbergian text, while removing contextual and theological elements that bothered the writer. The discourse analysis has concentrated on the quotations viewed as reported speech, distinguishing different ways of introducing Biblical verses in the novel. It was found that the narrator's subjectivity is present in the comments leading up to the quotations. The polyphonic character of some quotations has stressed the importance of identification play between the narrator and certain quotations characters such as Christ, Job and the psalmist.</p><p>The intertextual analysis has revealed a large number of similarities in the scriptural quotations in the literary production of Strindberg, Swedenborg and French 19th century literature. It is shown that Inferno contains various quotations that appear in Occult Diary and in other writers’ works, such as those of Swedenborg, Péladan, Zola, Huysmans and Chateaubriand. Jacob Wrestles, on the other hand, does not include as many intertextual elements but instead reassembles many scriptural quotations that were underlined in the Bible translation used for this novel: La Sainte Bible, Ostervald's translation from 1890, which can be found in Blå Tornet (The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm). Strindberg is consequently recycling Biblical material when he writes Inferno, while resorting to the French Bible of Ostervald from 1890 to write Jacob Wrestles.</p><p>The quotations strewn in Inferno constitute a crescendo and reveal the narrator’s unsuccessful attempt at conversion, at the same time forming the structure of a complaint psalm in which the narrator cries out his suffering and awaits liberation. In the French text of Jacob Wrestles, the writer offers a package of scriptural quotations in order to identify the narrator as "a religious man", imploring God's mercy like Moses and Job. In the Swedish text of Jacob Wrestles, a new perspective is introduced as a result of the change in language, the change from Old to New Testament, the new spiritual disposition of the narrator and the sudden intrusion of the writer in the narrator’s space. The role of scriptural quotations in the entire fragment of Jacob Wrestles is a true linguistic, thematic and theological revolution, which accounts for the narrator's extraordinary religious evolution. The misery of the narrator in Inferno allows a ray of Christian hope, which will persist in Strindbergs’s literary production post-Inferno.</p>

Inferno constitutes a turning point in Strindberg's literary production in that scriptural quotations appear more frequently and a new style emerges. This thesis presents the characteristics of the scriptural quotations appearing in Inferno (1897) and Jacob Wrestles (a fragment following Légendes, written in French and in Swedish in 1898). Comparative, discourse, textual and intertextual approaches are used to define the place and role of scriptural quotations in this literary corpus. From a historical point of view, both novels are part of the religious history of late 19th century France, where religion played a more important role than during the scientific, rationalist era characterizing the preceding decades. Strindberg adopts a new style corresponding to the spirit of his time. The art of "quoting the Bible at random" is a rhapsodic style, which appears mainly in Strindberg’s correspondence, in his Occult Diary (writings contemporary with Inferno) and in the work of some French 19th century writers. This style originates, above all, in the occult tradition, but it is also a means of imitating the Bible and identifying with a prophetic figure. The research discussed in this dissertation has made it possible to determine, for the first time, what Bible translations are used in the two novels by Strindberg (translations by Ostervald and Martin / Roques). Five different types of rewritings of quotations were found: omissions, cutting of verses, substitutions, typographical changes and inversions. These variations were aimed at harmonising the Biblical text and the Strindbergian text, while removing contextual and theological elements that bothered the writer. The discourse analysis has concentrated on the quotations viewed as reported speech, distinguishing different ways of introducing Biblical verses in the novel. It was found that the narrator's subjectivity is present in the comments leading up to the quotations. The polyphonic character of some quotations has stressed the importance of identification play between the narrator and certain quotations characters such as Christ, Job and the psalmist. The intertextual analysis has revealed a large number of similarities in the scriptural quotations in the literary production of Strindberg, Swedenborg and French 19th century literature. It is shown that Inferno contains various quotations that appear in Occult Diary and in other writers’ works, such as those of Swedenborg, Péladan, Zola, Huysmans and Chateaubriand. Jacob Wrestles, on the other hand, does not include as many intertextual elements but instead reassembles many scriptural quotations that were underlined in the Bible translation used for this novel: La Sainte Bible, Ostervald's translation from 1890, which can be found in Blå Tornet (The Strindberg Museum in Stockholm). Strindberg is consequently recycling Biblical material when he writes Inferno, while resorting to the French Bible of Ostervald from 1890 to write Jacob Wrestles. The quotations strewn in Inferno constitute a crescendo and reveal the narrator’s unsuccessful attempt at conversion, at the same time forming the structure of a complaint psalm in which the narrator cries out his suffering and awaits liberation. In the French text of Jacob Wrestles, the writer offers a package of scriptural quotations in order to identify the narrator as "a religious man", imploring God's mercy like Moses and Job. In the Swedish text of Jacob Wrestles, a new perspective is introduced as a result of the change in language, the change from Old to New Testament, the new spiritual disposition of the narrator and the sudden intrusion of the writer in the narrator’s space. The role of scriptural quotations in the entire fragment of Jacob Wrestles is a true linguistic, thematic and theological revolution, which accounts for the narrator's extraordinary religious evolution. The misery of the narrator in Inferno allows a ray of Christian hope, which will persist in Strindbergs’s literary production post-Inferno.