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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

不動產估價人員受客戶影響之研究

汪駿旭, Wang, Chun-hsu Unknown Date (has links)
估價是一門科學,也是一門藝術,除了專業的技術理論之外,還需仰賴估價人員本身的經驗以及能力,因此估價雖然是一種科學推論的過程,它仍然需要人類加以執行。由行為學的角度觀之,人類並非完全客觀理性,因此估價雖然依循科學推論的程序,但仍有可能因為人的執行問題,而影響到估值。在過去估價的相關研究多著重於技術方法上的改良,以期望提升估價人類的專業能力,然而估價所面臨的問題除了技術方法未臻成熟之外,另外為人所詬病者則在於缺乏獨立性,能夠經由人為操作而得到期望之估值。 因此本文擬藉由估價人員的觀點,從行為的角度來探討估價人員在執行業務時,所面臨之客戶影響,及其與估價人員/公司特性間的關聯性。 本文根據問卷調查結果發現,證實目前估價業中確實普遍存在預估制度,且有部份估價人員有估值配合之情形,但並無法證實估值配合是否為普遍存在的現象。預估制度雖未必會直接影響估值的產生,但實際上卻可能會使得估價人員在估價過程之中,接收到額外的客戶影響。至於國內客戶影響之潛在因素可分為業績因素、後果因素、資訊掌握能力、缺乏客觀資料,以及環境因素,與國外區分為提供服務者特性、客戶特性、外部環境特性,以及所提供服務之特性,在分類方式上有所差異,實證結果所呈現者,是在於估價人員面臨客戶影響時,其所認同之潛在因素於傾向上的差異。在影響方式上,客戶很容易利用其他估價人員未掌握的資訊,或是由不同的價格觀點對估值提出質疑。除此之外,最常使用的方式便是打電話給估價人員或上級主管,或是直接告知期望的價格。至於客戶影響力大小部份,整體而言對收入影響重大的客戶,其影響力較大,同時亦發現估價人員對於勘估標的實際成交價格,以及其他估價人員/公司對勘估標的之估算價格,依賴程度很高。此外熟客或是大客戶,尤其是對公司有一定熟悉程度時,由於客戶知道該對誰運用其影響力,所能夠發揮的影響力亦較大。
2

不動產估價師與地價人員估值決定行為之研究 / A study on valuation behavior of appraisers and assessors

徐詩怡, Hsu,Shih I Unknown Date (has links)
不動產估價為一連串的估值決定行為下,所得之結果。不動產估價過程並非絕對的理論,而存在非規範性的自我主觀,此種特質正是行為研究方法可著力之處。 本文運用行為研究方法,以基準地查估為平台,在相同的估價制度和規範,比較基礎一致的情形下,探討公部門的地價人員與私部門的不動產估價師之估值決定行為,試圖探究兩者行為決策模式是否有所不同。並進一步分析,若估值決定行為存有差異,該差異是否影響估值準確程度。 研究採實驗方式進行,結果顯示,不動產估價師與地價人員於估價過程中,所為估值決定有所不同。透過本實驗觀察,估價師較符合本研究設定之行為模式,且於個案估價準確程度方面,有其專業的展現。本文得到估值決定行為,存在影響估值準確程度的可能,故建議後續研究焦點可置於估價過程之行為探討,而非單就估價結果論之。 關鍵字:不動產估價、行為研究、估值決定 / The real estate is appraised for a succession of behaviors of valuation. Real estate appraisal is really not an absolute theory, and exists non-regulatory subjective judgment. This is what we can exactly put forth effort on behavioral property research. This paper uses the behavioral property research, under the situation that the comparative foundation is unanimous, and investigates valuation behavior of appraisers and assessors in the same appraisal system and norm. We further analyze the difference of the valuation behavior whether it would influence the accurate degree of valuation. The result shows the valuation behavior of appraisers and assessors is different. In addition, appraisers relatively accord with the hypothesis of the research, especially they represent the accuracy of the case through the experiment of behavioral property research. The text finds out the difference of the valuation behavior might affect the accuracy of valuation. Therefore, follow-up study could focus on the valuation behavior, instead of the appraisal result.
3

不動產估價師信心判斷行為之研究

王士鳴 Unknown Date (has links)
不動產估價師之主觀判斷在估價過程中占有舉足輕重的地位,尤以市場比較法中之案例選擇、比較項目之調整最為明顯。然而不動產估價既然非由機器所為,則不動產估價師之行為勢必會影響到其價值判斷。而不動產估價師於行為上之差異,極可能是因為心理層面的某些狀態所致,如過度自信。心理學上已針對許多領域專家之信心判斷進行探討,且均發現多數會有過度自信之情形發生,過度自信將導致人們表現於行為上,進而從事錯誤的決策。 / 本文嘗試以心理學上之行為研究方法,探討不動產估價師於進行不動產估價作業時其信心判斷情形,是否如同其他領域之專家一樣,會出現過度自信之情形。並且進一步探討不動產估價師過度自信與其外在行為表現和評估價值準確性之關係。 / 研究採實驗之方式進行。結果顯示我國之不動產估價師之信心判斷普遍存有過度之現象,而要求不動產估價師遵行估價規範進行估價作業,將有助於降低其過度自信。另外,研究亦發現不動產估價師之評估價值準確性並不會隨著蒐集案例數量之增加而提高,然其信心判斷卻會逐漸提升。最後,不動產估價師之過度自信,將導致其評估價值準確性降低。
4

不動產估價人員估值決定行為之研究

李易璇 Unknown Date (has links)
不動產的高度異質常使得市場參與者蒙受相當大的不確定性,若不動產市場參與者能對於不動產價值有效預測與掌握,將可以減少所面臨的風險。因此,不動產估價人員提供的專業服務-估價訊息,逐漸形成市場運作的一環。而估價(valuation)除了是一種技術過程之外,也是一種「行為」過程,終究離不開人的執行問題。 本論文嘗試以認知心裡學中肯證偏誤角度,探討不動產估價人員於決定估值時可能發生的偏誤,藉此瞭解估價人員是否會於必要的估價程序前,一個不容易改變的自信估值已經決定;而這樣提早產生估值的行為,是否足以影響估價結果。 本論文採取問卷調查方式進行課題之實證,問卷預試方法則以認知訪談予以修正。結果得到台灣估價人員並非依照理論模式決定估值,隱含採取捷思法的價格決定方式;而且越早決定估值的估價人員對於認知合理區間越大。另外,發現年資兩年以上與所處公司或估價部門規模越大的估價人員,其估值決定較早,這可能來自於可靠交易資訊不足之下估價必須大量倚賴經驗以及大規模公司可接觸的訊息多樣之緣故。 關鍵字:不動產估價、估價程序、行為研究、肯證偏誤
5

住宅類綠建築評估項目對不動產估價調整率之影響 / The influence of green building indicators to the percentage adjustment of appraisal on residential building

曹妤, Tsao, Yu Unknown Date (has links)
為改善綠建築與售價之間的定錨效應,本研究以台灣EEWH綠建築評估系統為基礎,建構AHP分析層級程序法之問卷架構,共分為目標、面向、指標以及評估項目四大階層。透過第一階段以及第二階段問卷調查與分析,本研究初步得到不動產估價師平均願提高9.77%之綠建築願付價格,且住宅類綠建築中,價格影響權重較高者為室內環境、節能設備以及空調系統指標。 取得各評估項目的價格影響權重後,以相關分析、價格影響權重分析為基礎,篩選應謹慎考量其價格的評估項目,再輔以盒狀圖分析,將價格影響權重細分為若干加權等級,進而建立更加完善的住宅類綠建築估價應用總表,並提供不動產估價師於實務中使用。 最終,運用實證分析,本研究發現綠建築等級或總得分與溢價幅度具有中度以上的解釋力,當綠建築等級或總得分越高時,其溢價幅度亦隨之提高,然而,當綠建築施作至一定程度後,其上升的溢價幅度將有限;此外,以銀級為例時,同等級內的綠建築總得分與溢價幅度未具顯著解釋力,意旨同等級案例之總得分越高時,並無法解釋其溢價幅度將越大。本研究建議,當衡量綠建築之價格時,應依循本研究提供的應用總表,評估各綠建築的實質溢價情況,以提高綠建築案例於估價時的準確性。 / In order to improve the anchoring effect between green building and selling price, this study based on the EEWH Green Building Assessment System in Taiwan, and constructed the questionnaire structure of AHP analysis hierarchy process which classified into four dimensions: Target, Orientation, Index and Element. Through the first stage and the second stage of the questionnaire survey, the higher weight of the price impact are the indexes of indoor environment, energy-saving equipment and air conditioning system. The average of willing to pay on the green buildings from the appraisals is around 9.77%. Based on the correlation analysis, the weight of price impact analysis and the box analysis, there are some elements which need to be subdivided into several weighting scale. After that, this study would establish a much more complete table called “the application table of residential green buildings.” It will provide for appraisers to use in practice as well. Finally, using the empirical analysis, this study found that there are moderate positive correlation between the levels or the total scores of green buildings and the price premium, which means the higher the green building level or the total score is, the greater the price premium is. However, when the green building level reach a certain extent, the increase on the prie premium will be limited. In addition, take the silver level for example. The total score of green buildings in the same level dose not have significant correlation with its price premium, which means the higher scores of green buildings in the same level can not explain the price premium will be greater. Therefore, this study suggests that green buildings should follow the application table provided in this study to measure the real premiums of the green buildings in order to improve the accuracy of the green building price at the time of appraisal.
6

不動產估價師與買賣雙方對住宅價格影響因素認知差異分析

邱信智 Unknown Date (has links)
不動產估價師的本質在於解釋不動產於市場上價值反應的情況,而價格係由買賣雙方透過公開市場所決定,故不動產估價師不僅在解釋不動產之價值所在,亦在說明買賣雙方於公開市場中的行為模式。然此行為模式主要根據買賣雙方對不動產價格之認知基礎,因此不動產估價師以比較法進行項目調整時,若缺乏考量買賣雙方之認知,對不動產價格的合理區間即可能無法清楚掌握。而國外過去對此議題僅著重於估價師與買方之討論,然不動產價格係由買賣雙方共同合意,故應加入賣方進行探討。 本文以台北市住宅不動產為例,透過對不動產價格影響因素的認知角度,探討不動產估價師、買方及賣方對住宅價格影響因素重要性的認知差異情形,並進一步分析不動產估價師和買賣雙方認知產生差異的可能原因。 研究根據問卷調查結果,實證顯示買賣雙方彼此間對住宅價格影響因素並無明顯認知差異,然而不同家戶屬性的買方、賣方對價格影響因素仍有不同的認知。另外,研究亦發現不動產估價師與買賣雙方之間,對價格影響因素認知存有差異,這是由於環境與制度面使然,且本研究亦證實台灣不動產估價師以區位交通因素為調整價格的首要因素,然而區位未必代表一切,研究結果顯示住宅環境對買賣雙方的重要性甚至更高。 / The real estate appraiser is not only interpreting the value range, but telling the behavior of buyer and seller. The objective of this study is to probe into the cognition differences to the variables determining residential property values between appraiser, buyer and seller. The survey was carried out within a period involved buyers and sellers which participated in the sales of residential property from June 2008 to February 2009 in Taipei City. The results show that buyers and sellers do not have obvious cognition difference, but they do have different cognition with different household attributes. Besides, there is exactly cognition difference between appraiser, buyer and seller, and this is because of the residential property transaction environment and institution. Furthermore, the study reveals that the real estate appraisers in Taiwan take Location factors as the most important ones when they adjusting property price; however, buyers and sellers put even more attention on Residential factors.
7

運用土地開發分析法建立地價評估機率模型 / The use of the land development analysis to establish the probability model of premium assessment

林俊豪 Unknown Date (has links)
土地開發分析法是開發人員與估價師評估土地價格的重要方法之一,然而不同從業人員針對相同標的估值往往不盡相同,是估價人員的偏誤造成價格上的差異?抑或是估價人員運用土地開發分析法時,各項投入參數差異所產生?本研究以台北市公開標售成交地價與上市建設公司評估台北市地價分別分析,利用@Risk尋找土地開發分析法各項投入參數可能的機率分配型態,再以蒙地卡羅模擬分析建立土地開發分析價格的機率模型,並利用平均絕對百分比誤差(MAPE)、命中率(hit Rate)及交插驗證(cross-validation)做為機率模型預測估值優劣程度的衡量標準,比較「公開標售」組與「評估地價」組兩者機率模型何者預測能力。結果發現「評估資料」組的估值準確性較佳,「公開標售」組所建立之機率模型較不具預測效果。而三種適合度檢定之機率模型則是以A-D適合度檢定所建立之機率模型表現最佳(MAPE為14.98%,誤差±10% Hit-rate為38.46%,誤差±20% Hit-rate為71.43%)。本文透過機率模型的建立,考量不動產開發隱含之風險,呈現估值的結果由定值轉變為區間;考量不同估價人員或開發業者間,對於相同投入參數不同認知的情形;本模型將對地價敏感性較大之投入參數由定值轉為機率密度函數,較估價人員或開發業者主觀認定各項投入參數之變動更為客觀;可應用於大量估價,亦可作為估價人員或開發業者評估土地時,價格之參考 / Land development analysis is one of the developers and valuers assessment of land price method, different practitioners, however, is often not the same for the valuation of the same subject, valuers bias caused by the difference in price? Or valuers use of the land development analysis, the various input parameters the differences? In this study, turnover in Taipei sale by public tender premium and public listed construction company to assess the land value of Taipei City were analyzed, Looking for land development analysis the probability distribution of possible input parameters using the @ Risk, useing Monte Carlo simulation analysis to establish the land development analysis of the price of the probability model, and using the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the hit rate and cross-validation as a probability model to predict the measure of the quality and extent of the valuation, "open auction” group and “assess the premium” group between the two probability model may be predictive ability. The results showed that the valuation accuracy of the assessment information group better probability model created by the sale by public tender group compared with no predictive effect. Three kinds of fit test of the probability model is based on the AD for degree verification to establish the probability model the best performing (MAPE of 14.98%, the error is ± 10% Hit-the rate is 38.46%, the error is ± 20% the Hit-the rate is 71.43% ). Through the establishment of the probability model, consider the real estate development implied the risk of showing the results of the valuation by the valuation change interval; considerations between the different valuation or development industry, for the same input parameters of different cognitive situations; this model will have premium The larger sensitivity of the input parameters from the given value to the probability density function over valuation or development industry subjective judgments more objective changes of the input parameters; can be applied to a large number of valuation, assessment of land may be used as the valuation or development industryWhen the reference price.
8

特徵價格法在住宅大量估價模型中的延伸—分量迴歸之應用 / The Extension of Hedonic Price Theory in Housing Mass appraisal Models— The Application of Quantile Regression

張怡文, Chang, Yi Wen Unknown Date (has links)
特徵價格模型是傳統常被使用於不動產大量估價的模型,由於模型將造成所有價位的不動產其特徵都具有同樣的邊際價格而無法解釋現實不動產特徵的各種可能狀況,故引發本研究利用分量迴歸建立大量估價模型之動機。研究利用台灣不動產成交行情公報的資料進行台北市大廈的實證分析,針對特徵價格法的延伸與估價準確度做檢視。嘗試應用分量迴歸建立大量估價模型,討論住宅特徵對於價格的邊際影響力於不同價位的住宅是否存在差異,並討論分量迴歸模型的估價精確度。研究採用交互驗證法與重複實驗30次討論模型的估計效果,並利用平均絕對百分比誤差(MAPE)以及命中率(Hit Rate)做為模型預測優劣程度的衡量標準,以討論分量迴歸模型是否可以較最小平方特徵價格模型有更為準確的估計表現。實證首先探討價格分量之下各住宅屬性對於價格的影響狀況,得到大部分住宅特徵對於價格的邊際影響力的確會因住宅價位的不同而有所差異。在估價準確度的部份,經測試得到利用分量迴歸建立大量估價模型的估價效果達研究的預期目標,且其估計表現優於最小平方特徵價格模型。 / 藉由分量迴歸模型,得到隨著住宅價位的增加,坪數與屋齡對於價格的影響力並非呈現一致的趨勢;坪數輪廓與屋齡輪廓出現轉折也為變數增加二次項變數的原因得到實證依據。重複實驗30次的整體表現,分量迴歸模型的MAPE較最小平方迴歸模型低了1.687%;誤差落在正負10%的Hit Rate較最小平方迴歸模型高了3.81%;誤差落在正負20%的Hit Rate較最小平方迴歸模型高了5.14%。30次的實證為分量迴歸模型的估價表現更優於最小平方迴歸模型得到較具說服力的結果。 / Hedonic pricing models are traditionally used for real estate automated valuation models. Because the conditional mean calculated by OLS does not give a complete description of the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables, which leads to the motive of this study. This study inspects the extension of hedonic pricing models and appraisal accuracy, and we attempt to apply quantile regression to real estate automated valuation models and discuss the difference of the marginal contribution in each individual characteristic under different price level. Our study adopts cross validation and repeats empirical process for 30 times, and we use MAPE and hit rate to evaluate accuracy and argue if quantile regression models have better estimation. The empirical results show that the marginal contribution of housing area and age changes with price level; the turning points of area curve and age curve show empirical evidence for including square variables. The entirety performance of repeated experiments points out that the MAPE of quantile regression model is 1.687% lower than OLS model; as error ranged between 10% to -10%, the hit rate of quantile regression model is 3.81% higher than OLS model; as error ranged between 20% to -20%, the hit rate of quantile regression model is 5.14% higher than OLS model. The 30 times experiment of quantile regression models shows a much more persuasive result than OLS models.
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影響得標價格、估價金額及標售底價間差異之因素探討-以台北市辦公室標售為例 / A Study on the Factors Affecting Differences Between Auction Price, Appraised Value, and Reserve Price-on the Evidence of Business Buildings Auction in Taipei City

柯鳳茹, Ke, Feng Ru Unknown Date (has links)
由於2004至2013年在不動產多頭走勢及賣方市場背景下,商用不動產採用拍賣方式銷售,得標價格屢創新高,使商用不動產採用拍賣銷售交易比例逐漸提高,然而得標者為何願以高於標售底價甚多的價格競標?以及,投標者多為專業法人機構,依法需委託不動產估價師估價,競標時估價金額與得標價格卻不一致,為何如此?而賣方訂定的標售底價,是委託不動產估價師評估之市場價值,或賣方評估拍賣標的物之市場價值,為何估價金額與標售底價有所差異?由於得標價格公開,常被視為不動產市場前景指標,故了解得標價格、估價金額與標售底價間關係,有其必要性。 因此,本研究以台北市辦公室標售個案為研究對象,以拍賣理論、特徵價格理論為基礎,建構複迴歸分析模型,探討影響得標價格、估價金額及標售底價間差異之因素,以供投標者出價決策、賣方訂定底價與不動產估價師估價時之參酌。本研究實證結果顯示,得標價格、估價金額皆高於標售底價,但得標價格不一定高於估價金額。投標者、賣方、不動產估價師對價格認知存有差異,賣方、投標者及不動產估價師會依據其所蒐集的資訊、個人的知識與專業、自身經驗法則及決策參考因素,對價格形成因素存有不同詮釋。此外,不動產估價師僅是協助投標者評估可獲利的合理價格,但無法保證其獲利,致投標者認知之投資價值與不動產估價追求的真實價值相異。
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客戶影響不動產估值之研究—以台灣公開發行公司為例 / Client influence on real estate valuation : an evidence of public companies in Taiwan

陳金田, Chen, Chin Tien Unknown Date (has links)
不動產估價獨立客觀為金融體系穩定的關鍵因素,而客戶影響是探討估價獨立性的重要議題。過去多以問卷調查、實驗設計或深度訪談方式進行相關研究,卻難以證明不動產估值受到客戶影響之真實情形。本文蒐集公開資訊觀測站相同不動產其買賣雙方各自委託之估值及其成交價,在雙方均有影響估值之動機前提下,以獨立樣本t檢定及Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney檢定驗證其估值溢價率以及估值差異比率在不同變數情況下之差異情形。實證結果顯示,不動產估值因客戶為買方或賣方不同而有顯著差異,另經驗老練客戶將使不動產估值差異更為擴大,而不動產採標售方式買賣者,其估值差異比率遠較採議價方式高。 / The independent objective of real estate appraisal is the key factor of the stability of the financial system, while the client influence is an important issue of the independence of valuation. In the past, more of the relevant research by questionnaire, experiment or interview, but it is difficult to verify the real situation of the client influence. This paper collected the cases of same real estate that both the buyer and the seller commissioned the valuation and the transaction price from MOPS, under the premise that both parties have the motivation to influence the valuation, to examine the valuation premium ratio and valuation difference ratio with the independent sample t test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. The results show that the real estate valuation is significantly different from clients, and experienced clients will make the real estate valuation differences more widened. However, the valuation difference ratio of the transactions by auction is much higher than the valuation difference ratio of the transactions by bargain.

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