青少女未婚懷孕已是我國重要的社會議題之一。多數的青少女在發現懷孕後，面臨一連串的抉擇，少女將思考是否生育，以及選擇將孩子留養、出養或寄養。然而，選擇留養後的青少女，多數面臨親職與經濟的壓力而無法持續就學。 本研究以質性研究深度訪談的方式，企圖瞭解青少女母親在留養後，回歸學校的校園生活，探討青少女母親的復學因素、復學適應，以及學校輔導系統提供的服務內涵。研究最終訪談九位青少女母親，研究結果發現： 1. 青少女母親的復學因素，包含主要因素與使能因素。主要因素為少女個人對於完成學業的想望；使能因素共有四項，包括：「家庭因素」、「學校因素」、「社會因素」及「其他因素」。此外，少女的復學因素與擔任親職及婚姻狀態(生活經驗)相關聯。 2. 青少女孕期的校園生活經驗，與物理空間環境、老師與同儕的態度有關。在復學適應部分，面臨「學習適應」與「人際關係適應」，少女復學適應與少女的生活經驗具有關聯性，少女亦隨著學校風氣規範及老師、同儕的態度不同，其適應的議題有所差異。 3. 青少女母親就學之學校輔導部分，包含懷孕與復學期間兩部分。孕期的學校輔導服務分為學校支持性措施、個人輔導與重要他人協談；復學之輔導服務將與學校的作法和少女接受輔導服務之意願具有關聯性，亦影響少女所接受的服務內涵。 研究結果證實青少女母親穩定就學原因，與少女不同的生活經驗、不同的就學歷程，再加上學校風氣與上課規範不同，少女所要適應的議題具有個別性。少女在就讀學校選擇的考量，包含上課路程近、上課時間短，以及選擇規範不嚴格的學校為主要。在學校部分，校方提供通融作法、學校輔導服務以及家庭支持程度是少女回歸校園的重要關鍵。研究者依據研究結果提出實務上與學術上的建議。 / “Unmarried pregnant adolescents” has become one of the important social issues in Taiwan. When most adolescent girls were found pregnant, they are facing a series of choices, they need consider whether to give birth, whether to keep and raise the baby, as well as the option to leave the baby to child support or foster care. However, when adolescent girls choose to keep and raise the babies, a majority of them are facing financial stress and the pressure of parenting. Thus their education can no longer sustained. In this qualitative research, we use in-depth interviews in order to understand the following aspects. First, when adolescent mothers choose to keep and raise the baby, what their campus lives are going to be like when they return to school. Second, to explore the factors of adolescent mothers’ re-enrolling, as well as the adaptation for continuing their education. Third, the counseling service content provided by the school counseling system. This study finally interviewed nine adolescent mothers, and the findings are as followed: 1. The factors for adolescent mothers to re-enroll include main factors and enabling factors. The main factors are teenage mothers’ personal desire to complete their studies. As for the enabling factors, there are a total of four prospects, including: "family factors", "school factors", "social factors" and "other factors." In addition to this, re-enrolling factors for teenage mothers are related to their roles in parenting and marital status (life experiences). 2. The campus life these adolescent mothers experiences during pregnancy, are related to the physical environment, as well as teachers and peers’ attitudes. In the aspect of “Re-enrolling Adaptation, these girls are facing “learning adaptation” and "interpersonal adaptation". Teenage mothers’ re-enrolling adaptation is related to their life experiences. Besides, with different school climate, teachers’ and peers’ attitudes, these influences can also affect teenage girls’ adaptations. 3. Teenage mothers’ enrolling school counseling service, includes two parts; the pregnancy part and the re-enrolling part. Pregnancy counseling services are divided into “school support measures”, “individual counseling” and “joint counselling with significant others”. Counselling service after their returns to school is related to school measures and the teenage mother’s willingness to accept counselling service. And these aspects would also affect the service content these adolescent mothers receive. The study results confirmed that, the reason for adolescent mothers to have a stable re-enrolling are related to their different life experiences, different school histories, coupled with the different school climates and regulations. Thus teenage girls’ adaptation issue is individualized. Their choices for attending school includes, distance from home to school, the length of school time, and a more tolerant school regulations. Beside, with the school offering accommodating standards, counseling services and also with family support; these are the key for adolescent mothers to re-enroll. The researcher has made the recommendations above, both in practical practice and academic fields, based on this research.

「未成年子女會面交往服務」乃是透過社工人員協助，在確保安全之前提下提供高衝突家庭親子會面。本研究旨探討家暴相對人進入未成年子女會面交往服務後，接受服務的經驗及改變內涵，並分析其中影響相對人改變之因素。本研究運用質性研究深度訪談法，採用半結構式訪談大綱，訪談了五位參與服務之家暴相對人及四位社工。運用主題分析法進行資料之分析，研究結果如下： 1.接受服務之經驗：相對人明確指出了會面服務的助益及社工協助的重要性，正向經驗的累積成為循環；負向經驗來自會面中的挫折，也看見相對人面對家暴指控及社工預設立場的掙扎與無奈。 2.家暴相對人的改變內涵：相對人自述的改變包含人際互動、復原力、自我成長及親子互動的提升；社工則觀察到親子關係提升、與同住方關係提昇、專業關係提昇、自我成長等改變內涵。子女和同住方也因會面而受益。 3.影響改變之因素：影響因素可分為兩大類：促進改變與阻礙改變。分析相對人訪談資料，促進因素為社工專業關係及維繫親情的動力；阻礙因素為聚焦於衝突及怨懟、父母雙方衝突及司法訴訟。社工則認為促進因素為社工專業關係、維繫親情的動力、相對人狀態的改變及支持資源；阻礙因素為過度聚焦於負面想法、同住方的阻礙、司法訴訟及自身侷限。 研究結果證實會面服務有助於相對人同理心及親子關係的促進且利於復原力的發展，形成正向循環。維繫親情的情感連結及身為父母的責任感是激發改變的基礎，社工的工作技巧運用在改變過程中佔有一定的影響力。過度聚焦於衝突及怨懟則阻礙改變動力的形成。最後，研究者依據本研究之結果提出實務與政策上之建議。 / The Supervised Visitation Program (SVP) provides parent-child meetings for high-conflict families with social workers’ help to ensure safety on the premises. This study addressed batterers’ experiences with SVP services and the changes they experienced because of the SVP services through an analysis of the factors that influenced those changes. In-depth qualitative interviews with five batterers and four social workers involved in SVP were conducted using a semi-structured interview schedule. This study analyzed the interview data in a thematic analysis. The research findings are summarized as follows. 1.Experiences receiving the SVP services. The batterers explicitly pointed out the helpfulness of the SVP services and the importance of the social workers’ assistance. Positive experiences were cyclically accumulated. The negative experiences were accumulated from the sense of frustration present during the meetings and their psychological struggles and helplessness related to the accusations of domestic violence and the perspectives and opinions of the social workers. 2.Changes experienced by the batterers: The batterers stated that the changes they experienced included improved interpersonal interactions, ability to recuperate, personal growth, and parent-child interactions. The changes observed by the social workers included the batterers’ personal growth and improvements in parent-child relationships, relationship with roommates, and professional relationships. The batterers’ children and roommates also benefited from the SVP. 3.Factors that influenced the changes: The influencing factors were classified as promotive factors or obstructive factors. The analysis of the batterer interview data found that the promotive factors included the social workers’ professionalism and motivational influences on maintaining family affections. The obstructive factors included overemphasis on conflicts and resentments, inter-parental conflicts, and judicial litigations. In the social workers’ opinions, the promotive factors included the social workers’ professionalism, their motivational influences on maintaining family affections, changes to the batterers’ states, and their supportive resources; the obstructive factors included excessive negativity, obstructions by roommates, judicial litigations, and the batterers’ personal limitations. The results found that SVP was beneficial for promoting the batterers’ sense of empathy, parent-child relationships, and for developing the ability to recuperate, thus creating a positive cycle. Family affections and a sense of parental responsibility were the basis of stimulating the batterers’ changes, and the social workers’ professional expertise exerted an influence on the process of the changes. In contrast, overemphasis on conflicts and resentments obstructed the formation of motivational influences for change. Suggestions for practice and policy are presented based on the study’s results.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

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兒童權利公約施行法自2014年11月20日實施至今已近三年，而依據該施行法之規定，政府已陸續展開國內法令與公約是否牴觸之檢視及以各級政府為對象之兒童權利教育宣導課程等工作，並於2017年11月完成兒童權利公約首次國家報告國際審查，施行法顯然已逐步將公約內涵國內法化而具重要之指標及實質意義。惟公約實踐之關鍵係公約規範能否確實成為檢視國內法律及政策之基準，以及得否為權利遭受侵害之兒少所具體主張；其中國家是否建置相關機制協助兒少行使其權利，確保兒少於未成年之際不因自身能力及發展尚未健全而無法行使其權利，對兒少權利之保障尤為重要。 儘管自2009年以來，除兒童權利公約外，立法院已先後透過施行法將其他四部聯合國人權公約轉換成為國內法律；然針對公約適用之若干核心議題，包括解釋及適用公約時應遵循之原則、公約與國內法律衝突時衍生之法律適用及權利遭受侵害之救濟機制等，皆有待闡釋及釐清。就此，本論文總結英國、德國、法國及美國等四國之實踐經驗而認為儘管公約之落實並「無一放諸四海皆準之方式」（no one right way），但以下公約國內法化之核心問題亟待確立：（一）施行法應明訂公約具直接適用效力條文之優位地位；（二）明確將「公約解釋模式」此一法院於個案審理中最強而有力、最能直接將公約標準導入國內法律體系之工具納入施行法；（三）透過公約解釋性文件資料庫之建置協助司法人員掌握公約規範之精神與內涵；（四）明文要求增修法律前應提出法案影響評估以確保增修內容與公約並未牴觸等，期使國內法制更能順利接軌國際人權公約。 本論文另以兒少被傾聽的權利為例，藉由與法官、律師、社工等17位兒少實務工作者進行深度訪談，彙整推導出兒少被傾聽的權利於司法程序中獲得實質實踐之效果不明（有權利但不一定有救濟）、兒少表意之環境未達「兒少友善」之標準，顯見國內兒少被傾聽權利之落實與公約標準確實存有相當之落差。此外，部分協助兒少行使其被傾聽權利之機制設計未確實掌握兒童權利之內涵、整體兒少司法環境未能以兒少為中心進行調整，以致於相關機制欠缺公約所強調之核心功能，無法使特定弱勢兒少享有與一般兒少同等之權利保障，亦有待補強及改善。。 本論文嘗試由實務面思考兒童權利公約於國內實踐之現況並導引出應更受重視之諸多面向及困境，期待法院及政府各級機關能更廣泛地採行及運用公約之規範及理念，在國內深化落實兒童權利公約之際，對於「兒童權利」精神所在及其可能為兒少所帶來之改變能有進一步之認知及體悟，並以此為基礎，在影響兒少甚鉅之司法及行政事件中建構一個更能鼓勵兒少參與及表達意見之友善環境。 / Following the coming into effect of the “Act to Implement Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)” on 20 November 2014, the Taiwan Government has adopted various initiatives to implement the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), demonstrating the Act’s steady, yet far-reaching influence in incorporating the CRC into domestic law. In addition to harmonizing national legislation for children with the standards contained within the CRC, it is also of crucial importance for the government to ensure that children whose rights are being violated or disregarded have access to remedies, and that an effective framework is available to children to assist in the exercise and enjoyment of their rights. Despite the fact that the Taiwan Government has promulgated four implementation acts to incorporate international human rights conventions into domestic law since 2009, several fundamental issues remain with regard to the interpretation and application of the convention. Drawing on the experiences of England, Germany, France and the United States, this thesis makes the following observations: (1) the ‘convention-compliant’ approach to legal interpretation is one of the most powerful tools by which convention rights are directly transposed into domestic legal norms and should be expressly provided for in the Act; (2) to resolve potential conflict(s) between domestic law and convention rights, the Act should explicitly state that the CRC shall prevail in cases of inconsistences; (3) the Act should provide for the establishment of a database of interpretative documents issued by United Nations treaty bodies, to aid the practice and understanding of the CRC; and (4) human rights impact assessments should be undertaken before passing any new laws or amendments. The observations in this thesis are also based on in-depth interviews conducted by the researcher with 17 children’s practitioners. Such interviews highlight that not all children enjoy the right to be heard in family proceedings and that there is a gap between law and practice. More specifically, they highlight that “for rights to have meaning, effective remedies must be available to redress violations”; and family proceedings should be more child-centred with child-friendly designs, so that children in such settings can exercise their right to be heard effectively. This thesis also attempts to demonstrate that when mechanisms set up by the government fail to accomplish their legislative purpose and act as a safeguard for children’s rights, it is the more vulnerable groups of children (for example, children in care) who suffer from being denied the same rights as other children.

我國家事事件法於2012年6月1日施行，新法基於家事事件妥適、迅速解決，與統合處理並促進程序經濟，以平衡家事事件當事人間實體利益與程序利益等目的，將向來適用關於家事事件所適用之法律，包括民事訴訟法、非訟事件法等法律，統合於一部法典，並將家事事件依各該事件之訟爭性強弱程度、當事人或利害關係人對程序標的所享有之處分權限範圍、需求法院職權裁量以迅速裁判程度之不同等要素區分為甲、乙、丙、丁、戊及家事事件法第3條第6項之其他應由家事法院處理之事件等六種事件類型，惟該事件類型區分之方式並無法妥適說明其與家事事件法、民事訴訟法等程序法間適用之關係，且亦無法適切回應各該家事事件所依據之民法親屬編及繼承編中，關於立法者已就實體法規範所設立之價值判斷。 　　本文自訴訟程序及非訟程序、訴訟事件及非訟事件間之異同及區別論，認為事件分類與各該事件應如何適用程序法理係屬二事，尤於家事事件所牽涉者係實體法與程序法、財產法與身分法交錯適用之領域，基於家事事件之特殊性與複雜性，更應有依各該不同事件類型而有適用不同程序法理之可能，始足以回應關於實體法上之價值判斷，故應放棄向來訴訟與非訟事件之區分概念，而應依各該家事事件之本質（實體法價值）量身打造其所應適用之程序法理（程序法規範）。藉由探討向來架構程序法理之重要原則，如處分權主義與職權主義、辯論主義與職權探知主義、嚴格證明與自由證明、直接審理與間接審理及公開審理與不公開審理等，此類程序原則如何在各該家事事件中妥適適用，且基於實體法觀察之立場，各該程序原則亦應有其適用之界限，而與向來以財產紛爭為對象所建構之民事訴訟程序法理應有所不同。 　　因現行家事事件法分類結果，將使實體法與程序法規範間有所扞格，且導致程序法理適用上之疑義，是以本文以為於家事事件應類型化程序法理適用，依各該家事事件之種類，先回歸各該事件實體法規範之體系與價值為何，再思考程序法理上應如何設計，始足以妥適回應各該家事事件之實體法上價值判斷。而基於類型化程序法理適用肯定論之前提下，本文以為，關於家事事件應如何適用程序法理，應各別自各該家事事件之實體法依據尋求其解釋適用之依據，亦即，基於家事事件之特殊性，各該事件程序應適用之程序法理尚未能均一而論，而自各該事件所適用之原則，大別可區分為應適用訴訟法理事件、應原則適用訴訟法理輔以非訟法理事件、應原則適用非訟法理輔以訴訟法理事件及應適用非訟法理事件等類型，而本文於第五章中亦就各家事事件應如何適用程序法理，亦按照各該事件類型名稱加以分類，並分別詳論各該家事事件應如何適用處分權主義或職權主義、辯論主義或職權探知主義、嚴格證明或自由證明、直接審理或間接審理及是否採取公開審理主義。