本論文試圖探討哈林頓共和思想中，如何由神學意涵的「天啟」如何導向共和主義意涵的「自由」，也就是由神學的角度證成共和主義之過程。由《大洋國》來看，哈林頓追求的是由上帝的啟示而來的共和國。因為這個共和國基於上帝的啟示，與自身對於上帝啟示的尊崇和信奉而得以永久存在。從這點可以延伸出哈林頓的政治神學概念------透過福音化的共和主義建立起天啟與自由的共和國。再者，哈林頓經由對當時英國政治、經濟、歷史的觀察，期望透過縝密的制度來維持共和國長久穩定。故哈林頓在《大洋國》中提出得以兼顧「理性」與「利益」，由「均分」與「選擇」組成的「共和國原則」，體現於人民大會、元老院。

護理專業對護病關係義涵的建構承襲南丁格爾時代的護理典範，以及Hildegard E. Peplau 的<護理的人際關係>，將護理的功能位置定義在理解與協助病患的需求，因此護病關係實屬<療癒性>的人際關係。 護士在不容質疑的護理價值中形構自己的護士角色，那是不自覺與缺乏自我省察的護病關係。事實上，護病關係是不對等關係，專業化的助人功能與角色本身蘊含權力關係的互動。本研究參照傅柯的觀點，對權力的體認其實大部分是正面或構成面；傅柯本身並不斥責權力的社會關係，權力的正面效應是構成與塑造人類生活的運作機制，而真理也是人類建構與塑造而成為實際人類生活的「真理」。護士身為照顧者必須提供助人的角色，但是自己也是醫療技術宰制的受困者，面對病患的需求召喚，護士如何承擔被他者喚起的主體，而自我情緒察覺是啟動自身照顧倫理的動能。 人的知識建構與變化受到體制一連串新的權力技術的演變所控制，病房常態的護理活動是受到醫療制度與社會文化的歷史因素的影響。台灣醫療生態在經濟與效用的實務趨向中，護病關係的事實內涵產生形變與爭議。而護士在照護決策中的權力運作展現，同時也承受臨床機構影響護士照護工作的權力因素。 本研究以批判民俗誌的知識論與方法學進行臨床護病關係現象的田野觀察，揭露臨床結構所習以為常且不自覺的權力關係中，以及護士的面對這權力現象的認同政治。研究場域為精神專科療養院的急性病房，進行近半年時期間斷的護理現場觀察，並訪談15位病房護士，透過敘述訪談對話歷程，協助護士自我察覺在護病關係中的權力互動與消長。發現從醫療專業、醫療空間與病房管理等架構脈絡，理解護士被賦予理所當然的權力地位；闡述醫療生態受到健保制度、機構評鑑與精神衛生法等脈絡影響，護病關係也走向經濟成本與價值效率的考驗；從對病患主體的關懷，轉向為配合醫療體制的經濟價值互動，因此病患主體的照護已經被現有體制邊緣化。 本研究的結果企圖啟動護士反思護病關係的質變化與工具化，護士的自覺可以實踐與再構以人文關懷為主的護病關係，並提供給學校護理教育在實務訓練的參照教材。 / Nurse-patient relationship in nursing takes on Florence Nightingale age , as well as Hildegard E. Peplau’s therapeutic relationship, defines the function of care in understanding and contributing to the patient's needs. Nurses in the nursing care of unquestionable value formulation in their nursing role; it is not self-consciousness and lack of self-examination of nurse-patient relations. In fact, the nurse-patient relationship is unequal relationship, as professional help functionality roles and power relations embedded interaction This study based on Foucault's power and knowledge view, recognition of power largely positive composition; Foucault does not rebuke the social relations of power, power is the positive effect of composition and operation mechanism of shaping human lives, and truth is the construction and shaping of mankind became the actual human life "truth". Nurse role as helper must be provided need for patient, but medical institute dominate self of nurse, then face to patients’ needs calling, nurses how to assume he associated with herself subject, and emotions awareness is self-care for nurse. Construction and changes of human knowledge are controlled by the institutional evolution of a series of new power technologies, Ward nursing routine and activity are under the influence of medical systems and factors of socio-cultural history. Taiwan medical ecology trends of eco-economy and effectiveness, nurse-patient relations is deformation and disputes. Power of nurses is in care decisions making, but also is coercion under the factors of clinical institutions. This research with epistemology and methodology of critical ethnography, observed nurse-patient relations of nursing field, discovered habit and unconsciously power of NPR, and identified politics for power relationship. Research field of mental acute ward of Psychiatry, observation and collection on the half-year, and interviewed 15-Ward nurse, through narrative interviews with dialogue process to help nurse self-awareness flowing power of nurse-patient relations. The outcomes are to be owned power of NPR from the medical profession, medical space and ward management routines.；and elaborated that medical ecology was challenged by health insurance system, the evaluation of medical and mental health law , nurse-patient relationship to economic cost and value efficiency tests; From the subjects care of patient turn to tie in with the economic value of health care system interactions, the subject of patient care has been marginalization of existing institutions. The results of the research attempts to start reflection on nursing quality for variation and tools of nurse-patient relations, the consciousness of power in NPR and active humanistic concern nurse-patient relations, and made available to schools of nursing education in the practical training of reference materials.

No description available.

学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-09-25 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2865号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1421 ; 整理番号: 25550 / Many conventional methods have been used to modify the wettability of the polymeric surfaces for the biomedical applications of the artificial bionic organ. Those methods are the chemical treatment, the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the plasma process and the ion implantation. Many artificial bionic organs, for example, an artificial heart, an artificial blood vessel, a device for prevention of thrombosis stent and an artificial endocranium have been developed for the physical or mental disability. For development of the high function of an artificial bionic organ, the data transmission between the brain neuron cells and the external electrical circuit, and the high biocompatible materials for the interface between brain and electrode are required. It is related to the technology of brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface. In case of the brain-controlled devices, the study of the brain memory is necessary. Then, the artificial pattern network of the brain cells cultured on the surface in vitro for simulation of the brain function is the concerned issue. The arrangement of a lot of neuron on a detection electrode is required. So, a formation method of the artificial neural network that arranged a neuron as technology for this purpose is demanded As for the neuron arrangement, there were the reports about the immobilization of neuron by fabrication of the three-dimension structure, and they could be divided into two methods from their manipulation. One is the arrangement with one-by-one manipulation and the other is the arrangement with self-assembly. The former method is the fabrication of many micro-structures and then arranged a neuron in a desired position with one-by-one manipulation to for a neuron network. For the brain memory stimulation, however, the neuron network from more than 10 millions of neurons is required. So, this method is not suitable. The latter is the fabrication of the carbon nanotube pillar to immobilize the neurosphere with self-assembly adhesion. Although this method could be formed the large neuron network, the neurosphere consists of several 1, 000 cells. So, it is very difficult to analyze the mechanism of data transformation. In contrast, by surface modification even if on the same surface to modify a geometric pattern, the cells can adhere along the modified pattern by using single culture on such surface. The neuron will migrate itself to adhere on the pattern. The self-assembly adhesion occur. This method is very useful for the neuron arrangement method. The surface modification of the polymeric materials to pattern the cell adhesion area as a network has been taken place by using many techniques such as the plasma process, the irradiations of UV and X-ray and the ion implantation. The ion implantation technique into the polymeric-material surface has more advantage than the other techniques since its abilities to control the micro-area, and to break down the tight bonding of polymer material. The ion implantation with positive ion without charge neutralization results in a charge-up problem due to the insulating properties of most polymers. This charge-up problem exerts a bad influence on the implantation control of ion dose and ion energy. The negative-ion implantation occurs almost “charge-up free” even if no external charge compensation. Then, the negative-ion implantation into polymeric surface has a very precise control to obtain very fine pattern. So, it is expected to control the adhesion size of about single cells (about several 10 μm). Since this study will be used for the application in the biomedical fields, the ion element should be considered to be harmless for the living body. Then, carbon is selected since it is main component of polymer materials and more familiar to cells. As above described, in this thesis, I use the carbon negative-ion implantation to modify the polymeric surface to obtain the pattern of the neuron with self-assembly-adhesion. As for the polymeric material in the biomedical fields, I selected polystyrene (PS) and silicone rubber (SR). In this research, the fundamental parameters for cell adhesion on the modified surface by carbon negative-ion implantation were described (Chapters 3, 4 and 5). As for the fundamental issue, the wettability relating to the atomic bonding state of the new functional group and the surface morphology (Chapter 3), the protein adsorption (Chapter 4), and also the adhesion of nerve-like cells on the pattern (Chapter 5) were examined. In these chapters, I clarified the relationship among them and the negative-ion implantation. Then, based on these phenomena, I have developed the new application techniques by negative-ion implantation for the adhesion patterning of neuron (Chapters 6 and 7). In the development of these techniques, I have proposed two methods since the neuronal cells required the special base surface to adhere. One is degradation method of the special base surface by which I tried to make an artificial neuron network (Chapter 6). The other is the patterning of the stem cell adhesion and differentiation into neuron with maintaining the adhesion position. So, the neuron patterns were formed on the pattern (Chapter 7). The obtained results are summarized as the following. In Chapter 3, the surfaces of the PS and SR were implanted by carbon negative ions at the energies of 5 – 20 keV and the doses of 1×1013 – 3×1016 ions/cm2. After the implantation, the change in the physical surface properties, relating to the adsorption properties of adhesive proteins, was described. The new atomic bonding, the surface morphology and the wettability were studied by XPS analysis, AFM and contact angle measurement, respectively. XPS analysis showed the formation of new oxygen function groups of hydroxyl and carbonyl on the implanted surfaces from the adsorption of the oxygen in the residual gas and in the moisture in the air on the ion-induced defects. These new bonds refer to the hydrophilicity for the wettability. The ion implantation sputtered and changed the surface morphology of surface roughness in order of several nm that dose not interfere to the protein adsorption and to cell culture. The wettability properties of the C¯-implanted surfaces of SCPS and SR were evaluated by measuring the change in contact angle. At first, the angles were measured by the water drop method. The contact angles of PS measured by water drop method decreased from 91° to 86° for the non-implantation to the implantation, respectively. Those of SR also decreased from 100° to 86°for the non-implantation to the implantation, respectively, even if the main chain bonds in SR are stronger than that in PS. The hydrophilic surfaces of PS and SR were obtained by carbon negative-ion implantation. Then, the contact angles were measured by the air bubble method. The sample was dipped in the water and the bubbles were injected on the surface. Then, the angle was evaluated from the arc circular of the bubble. After dipping in the water for 24 h, the average value of the angles decreased to 64° and to 52° for PS and SR, respectively. The more clearly hydrophilic properties were observed. In Chapter 4, I checked the adsorption properties of the adhesive protein and the poly-D-lysine (PDL) on the implanted surface. Generally, in the cell adhesion, the adhesive proteins exist between the cell surface and the surface. On the cell membrane, cells have specific receptors that anchor to the specific protein. So, the adsorptions of the adhesive proteins are necessary for the cell adhesion. In nature, protein has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Thus, the ultra hydrophobic and ultra hydrophilic surfaces are not suitable for protein adsorption. The adhesive proteins for the cell adhesion generally prefer to be adsorbed on the hydrophilic surface, which the contact angle is in the range of 40° – 80°. I evaluated the adsorption properties of adhesive protein such as type-I collagen, fibronectin and laminin and that of PDL on the modified surfaces of PS and SR by detecting the nitrogen atom with using XPS analysis. As a result, the adsorptions of the adhesive protein were almost improved with 1.2 – 3.3 times by carbon negative-ion implantation. In Chapter 5, the nerve-like cells of PC12h (rat adrenal pheochromocytoma) were cultured on the C¯-implanted surfaces of PS and SR to find out the fundamental condition for the neuron network formation. As a results, PC12h cells and their neurite outgrowth showed the self-assembly adhesion along the implanted pattern on both of PS and SR. The suitable condition of the ion implantation for the adhesion patterning of PC12h cells was about 1×1015 – 3×1015 ions/cm2. Almost no effect of energy in the range of 5 – 20 keV on the cell adhesion was observed. The effective minimum line width of the implanted region for the adhesion of single cell-body and single neurite outgrowth were about 5 and 2 μm, respectively. In Chapter 6, the brain neuronal cells require the specific surface culture, such as PDL. So, in this chapter, I used PDL coating on the PS and degraded it by the carbon negative-ion implantation. Two kinds of brain neuronal cells were used. One is newborn mouse brain neuronal cells (1 day) and the other is rat embryo brain cortex neuronal cells (16 – 18 days). As a result, obtained the effective ion dose for degradation of the adhesion at 1×1014 ions/cm2. The adhesion patterning of brain neuronal cells on the unmodified pattern of PDL could be achieved by carbon negative-ion implantation. In Chapter 7, I cultured the adult stem cells of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which has the multipotential to differentiation into many kinds of cell lines, especially into neuron, on the pattern region of the C¯-implanted surfaces of PS and SR. As a results, MSCs showed the self-assembly adhesion along the implanted pattern of PS and SR. Comparing to the adhesion patterning of PC12h cells, the adhesion patterning of MSCs required a lower ion dose to implant on the polymeric surfaces. By culturing with the culture medium supplementing withβ-Mercaptoethanol (BME) at concentration of 1 mM, the MSCs were induced to differentiate into neuronal cells. The adhesion patterning of the neuron-differentiated cells maintained on the implanted region was observed. By staining with anti-neuron-specific enolase, these differentiated cells were neurons. From all investigation, I clarified the change in the physical surface properties after the carbon negative-ion implantation into the polymeric surface and the mechanisms mentioned above. I showed the surface modification to obtain the hydrophilic surface by the ion-induced effect. This hydrophilic surface improved the protein adsorption properties. By using nerve-like cells, the ion implantation affecting to the cell adhesion were clarified. By the implantation through the micro-pattern mask, the cells adhered along the implanted pattern. The cells could adhere on the implanted area that was smaller than the cell size and their neurite also could adhere on the narrowed implanted area. So, I can obtain the self-assembly separation pattern of cell body adhesion and neurite outgrowth. For the application of patterning of real neuron, I coated the special surface with PDL and degraded it from patterning the negative-charge site on it by using carbon negative-ion implantation through a micro-pattern mask. I could pattern and form the neuron network of the brain neuron on the unmodified PDL. On the other hand, for the MSC, I also achieved the adhesion patterning by using carbon negative-ion implantation through a micro-pattern mask, and I succeeded the patterning of the neuron-differentiated cells from the adhered MSC with maintaining their adhesion pattern. As a conclusion, from all these researches, I achieved the cell-self-assembly adhesion and the patterning of the neuron network formation on the polymeric surfaces by using carbon negative-ion implantation. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13394号 / 工博第2865号 / 新制||工||1421(附属図書館) / 25550 / UT51-2007-Q795 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 石川 順三, 教授 髙岡 義寛, 教授 小林 哲生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17597号 / 工博第3756号 / 新制||工||1573(附属図書館) / 30363 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 岩田 博夫, 教授 田畑 泰彦, 教授 木村 俊作 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

水為維繫、茁壯生命之根源，亦能帶來毀滅性災難，是世界各地創世神話中的神聖元素，不論是以農業為主要生計的中國社會，亦或是與航運密切關聯的臺灣早期社會，水皆具有再生與死亡之兩面性。在歷來大禹神話中，「水」為反覆出現的原型，相關事蹟多圍繞著水昇發，透過比較神話學的視野，檢視水與大禹神話之相關材料，可見水之象徵與大禹定位密切關聯，於不同文本上有其相異意涵。大禹神話並非僅止於文本上的記載，承傳千年之大禹神話，於今亦為活著的信仰，惟在時代背景之更替下，因著人們心靈之需求呈現不同面貌，然而，「水」始終為不變之核心。本文即以先秦兩漢傳世文獻為主要研究材料，探討水於大禹神話中的象徵意涵，進而梳理其中之神話類型，並透過田野考察與資料蒐集，以嘉義縣笨港水仙宮為例，檢視臺灣當代大禹信仰實踐中，水與大禹關係之變化內涵。

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬学) / 甲第21721号 / 薬博第837号 / 新制||薬||241(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬学専攻 / (主査)教授 金子 周司, 教授 小野 正博, 教授 髙倉 喜信 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第21922号 / 生博第407号 / 新制||生||53(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 垣塚 彰, 教授 豊島 文子, 教授 松本 智裕 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22530号 / 人博第933号 / 新制||人||223(附属図書館) / 2019||人博||933(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)准教授 武田 宙也, 教授 岡田 温司, 教授 多賀 茂, 准教授 亀井 大輔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第22834号 / 医科博第118号 / 新制||医科||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 渡邉 大, 教授 井上 治久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM