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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

信用狀項下假單據問題之研究

蕭乾祥, Xiao, Qian-Xiang Unknown Date (has links)
第一章為緒論,簡述寫作動機,信用狀基本功能乃所可能面臨之危機─假單據。第二 章為信用狀基本性質與銀行對單據的處理,主要論述信用狀之文義與獨立抽象性,及 此基本原則之例外使用。又銀行於處理正常單據所應盡之義務與應享之權利。第三章 為假單據與銀行之責任。首先對於假單據(詐欺)之範圍與定義做一概述,再次討論 銀行於處理假單據時,學者所持的看法與判例之支持。第四章為當事人基於詐欺等違 法行為之救濟。主要介紹英美法系之禁制令(injunction)及運用上之效力,並兼論 大陸法系之保全程序是否在詐欺行為上亦有適用性,最後為結論與建議、附論應如何 預防不實之交易行為,以期對從事實務者有所俾益。
2

技術標準必要專利與禁制令救濟之研究 / A Study of Injunctive Relief and Standard Essential Patent Infringement

王柏翔, Wang, Bo-Hsiang Unknown Date (has links)
技術標準化與相關智慧財產權保護,一直以來為智慧財產權法與競爭法的交集與爭議的話題。其中又以標準必要專利侵權糾紛為主。基於標準必要專利權人與前在被授權人雙方的立場,其中目前最具爭議的問題應該涉及禁制令救濟的適用性或以F/RAND授權原則為基礎的抗辯來排除侵權。 標準制訂組織(Standard Setting Organization, SSO)訂定F/RAND授權原則承諾(Fair, Reasonable And Non-Discriminatory)於其智慧財產權政策,要求標準專利權人應以公平、合理且無歧視的授權條件,向所有標準實施者提供授權。F/RAND授權原則承諾之發展,目前趨向於強調專利權人的契約義務,以第三方受益人的立場來平衡授權當事人的談判地位;如何「符合F/RAND授權原則之授權」,目前各國尚未有明文法律解釋,對於F/RAND授權原則承諾之清楚定義與規範,目前僅有法院及競爭法主管機關之見解。 在標準必要專利訴訟中,台灣廠商處於被告之身分的狀況居多。面對禁制令的威脅,如何更清楚地了解目前各管轄法院的看法以決定訴訟或談判策略更是重要。本文整理美國、歐洲及亞洲國家之管轄法院案例,加上對競爭法架構下的標準專利授權規範的分析,最後整理如何讓F/RAND授權原則承諾成為對抗禁制令有效抗辯。希望本文能為涉及標準專利訴訟之台灣廠商提供有價值的參考意見。 / Technology standardization and intellectual property protection has been an overlapping and controversial issue between Intellectual Property laws and Competition Law, particularly when it comes to infringement on F/RAND encumbered Standard Essential Patent, SEP. From both standard essential patent owner and potential licensee’ perspectives, the most questionable issue is whether injunctive relief should be available to the holder of F/RAND encumbered SEP who committed to license on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (F/RAND) terms, in order to prevent a third-party implementer from practicing a standard reading on that SEP, when such implementer is willing to take a license but the parties disagree on the terms of the license. Furthermore, the definition of F/RAND has never been clearly defined by statutes or interpreted by any judiciary; interested parties could only refer to decisions or guidelines made by the judiciaries or competition authorities in different countries. It is rather common for Taiwanese companies to face F/RAND encumbered SEP law suits as the defendants. Given the even severer threat of injunctive relief, it becomes more important to understand the position each judiciary takes on this issue to have appropriate strategies on law suits and negotiation. This thesis is accordingly written on the following perspectives: firstly, starting with discussion about F/RAND-encumbered SEP law suits in the United States, Europe and Asia; secondly, bringing in SEP encumbered disputes or investigations into framework of Competition Law from competition authorities among different countries and lastly trying to present possibilities that F/RAND commitment as a cause of action under Contract Law can be applied as defense to overcome injunctive relief sought by F/RAND-encumbered SEP licensors. Meanwhile, this thesis is expected to provide Taiwanese companies valuable strategies to law suits or disputes involving F/RAND-encumbered SEPs.
3

專利地痞與企業因應策略 / Patent Trolls and Responding Strategies for Industries

黃紫旻 Unknown Date (has links)
知識經濟時代,智慧財產權已經成為公司經營的策略重點,不再只是著重於法律與科技等構面,觸角更擴張為經營管理、商業競爭、企業併購、財務規劃與驅策新事業的重要工具。新的專利侵權原告(The New Breed of Patent Infringement Plaintiffs)便趁此一熱潮悄然誕生,美國稱之為「Patent Troll」,其不為營運研發、純粹在全球購買專利,以創造利潤與策略佈局考量為主,挾著專利持有人的地位大張旗鼓尋找「交易」對象,以訴訟為手段作為談判的籌碼,到處發警告函以獲取權利金。「Patent Troll」不僅在法律制度上引發爭議,更提高企業在智財管理方面的困難度,其對專利體系上的影響是全面性的。 本文第一章主要說明本論文之研究動機,包含專利訴訟新趨勢、新的商業營運模式,以及順應而生的「Patent Troll」之情形,闡述其所造成與被授權人間議價能力失衡之現象,接著闡述其對交易關係的影響以及美國法上相應適用的法律原則之變化,最後針對台灣的現況做一說明並向企業提出策略上之建議。 第二章蒐集並整理國內外與「Patent Troll」相關問題的爭議及探討。首先針對智慧財產服務業(IP Service Corporation)及智財控股公司(IP Holding Company)等名詞作一基本介紹。次對「Patent Troll」之名詞、定義、由來及分類做一整理介紹,接著說明「Patent Troll」之特徵、功能及商業模式。最後則針對各方文獻對於專利管理流程以及企業營運策略等建議做一整理分析。 第三章針對「Patent Troll」此一名詞做全面性的介紹與探討。首先對「Patent Troll」的定義、名詞爭議、發展歷史及與類似名詞的區辨為一概括式的介紹,本文將「Patent Troll」定名為「專利地痞」,並認為分析特徵可歸納為下列七項,只有當七項特徵都符合時才是本文所指涉之專利地痞:(一)為專利權人的個人、獨立發明人或公司;(二)藉由購買專利(如MercExchange)或進行技術創新(如Lemelson);(三)不製造生產產品;(四)非提供專利服務;(五)鎖定目標公司(Target Company):該目標公司必須是獨立發明製造技術,真正使用該專利,欠缺專利授權,在商業上成功,並且出現且已投入不可回復的損害;(六)以訴訟與禁制令作為要脅;(七)以達和解授權以獲取權利金等創造利潤及策略布局。接著說明「Patent Troll」的分類,以掌握其可能存在的不同態樣,本文將專利地痞分類為「發明型」專利地痞」,以及「購買型」專利地痞。然後就其特徵、優勢及商業模式加以闡述,歸納出一些共通的特徵,本文認為專利地痞的商業模式可以分成下列幾個步驟,第一階段為累積專利期,第二階段為授權協商期,第三階段則為專利訴訟期。各階段之間有其前後順序,並且環環相扣,除了第一階段需投入成本外,另外兩個階段均以創造利益為最終目的。最後再就全球各主要國家關於「Patent Troll」的現況進行討論並提出結論,以此部分的撰寫與結論作為第四張及第五章關於法律面與管理面相關議題批評檢討的基礎。 第四章探討「Patent Troll」在美國法上涉及的相關法律爭議問題,期以此觀察緣起環境變遷的方式了解國內外法制環境的差異,並定位台灣在此一進程中所處之發展位置,以解析台灣關於「Patent Troll」此議題重視之必要與否以及應該採取的態度與方法。首先以美國法上針對「Patent Troll」此一議題在行政、立法和司法的變革為引,帶出此一議題影響層面的全面性。次專注於美國法上關於立法上「專利改革法案」對於解決「Patent Troll」問題所做的努力,如前已提及之專利先申請原則、專利侵權損害賠償計算基礎、惡意侵權損害賠償、專利核可後非經訴訟程序的異議制度(Post-Grant Opposition)和專利侵權訴訟管轄權等。接著以法院判決的變化演進,如前述主要提及之2006年eBay v. MercExchange一案中對於禁制令核發原則的確立、2007年KSR v. Teleflex一案中對於可專利性原則(Patentability)的解釋運用,2007年MedImmune,Inc. v. Genentech一案對於確認判決(Declaratory Judgment)行使範圍的解釋。2007年Microsoft v. AT&T 針對域外效力(Extraterritorial Impact)的確立,以及2007年In re Seagate一案對於惡意侵權(Willful Infringement)的認定等。最後針對個別修正法案或法院判決的變遷對專利地痞的影響做一說明。 第五章提出企業面對「Patent Troll」此一威脅時所能採取的因應策略。將以第三章所分析之專利地痞商業模式三步驟為本,針對專利地痞行使各該步驟時,企業可能採取的因應策略。第一階段的累積專利期,包含有專利資訊管理、專利購買與公司併購、延攬IP專業人才、保險分擔機制與提撥準備金、技術創新設計、專利交叉授權、專利策略聯盟、契約條款規劃和其他新型態的因應策略等;第二階段的授權協商期,包含有專利評估、和解授權,確認訴訟;第三階段的侵權訴訟期,則有專利訴訟程序、侵權認定程序、善用迴避設計、提出異議制度、提出專利再審查、慎選繫屬法院,以及採取團體訴訟以資因應等。期以一相關流程使企業得以瞭解其現階段落在何種情況時應採取何策略始得降低風險並妥善因應。 第六章為本論文之結論建議,結論部份,將前述第三章、第四章和第五章所提出之觀點作一概括性的總結。建議部分,即就我國產官學各界及現行法制面對「Patent Troll」問題可能適用之解決方式加以檢討並提出建議。 / In the knowledge-based economy era, intellectual property has become the focus of business management strategy. The concerns of intellectual property management extend from law and technology to management, market competitions, mergers and acquisitions, financial plans, and start-ups. The trends also bring forth a new breed of patent infringement plaintiffs, Patent Troll, who do not undertake R&D and purchase patents worldwide as their main profit and business strategy. Those patentees utilize litigation as measures to bargain with their “clients” to obtain loyalties. The issue of Patent Troll is influential in the Patent system. It rouses controversy in legal system and increase difficulty for industry in intellectual property management. Chapter I describes the main concern of this thesis, including new trends of patent litigation, new business model, and “Patent Troll.” The chapter will elaborate an imbalance of bargaining power between licensors and licensees cause by patent troll, the influences of patent troll to IP transactions, and the changes of legal principles under U.S. patent law and judicial decisions. The chapter will outline the current situation in Taiwan and propose some strategy to industries. Chapter II involves relating issues on "Patent Troll" in Taiwan and abroad. First, the chapter will introduce the definition of IP Service Corporation and IP Holding Company. Then the chapter will elaborates and discuss patent troll from the name, definition, classification, origin, features, functions and business models. At last, this chapter will analyze the patent managerial process and operating strategies for the industries. Chapter III focuses on a comprehensive introduction towards patent troll. First, the article elaborates the disputes on the definition, the term, the history and the differences between similar terms of patent troll. A Patent troll should meet all the following seven characteristics, (a) patent owner/independent inventor/company; (b) Compare purchase of rights (MercExchange for example) vs. invention (Lemelson for example); (c) Does not Make, Use, Sell, Offer to Sell, Or Import Patented Article/ Does not Use/Practice Patented Method; (d) no IP Service; (e) Target company (infringer): The target company must be an independent inventor of the technology, has real use of the patent, lacks of patent license, has successful business and devotes substantial investments; (f)Threat of litigation & Injunction; (g) Demand for licensing fee. Then the article describes the classification of patent troll in order to grasp the potential types of it. Patent troll in this chapter will be classified as "inventor" one and "purchaser" one. The business model of patent troll can be divided into three stages: (a) cumulative period ;(b) licensing and consolation period and (c) patent litigation period. The three stages are of time sequence and closely linked together. The “Patent Troll” needs to invest money only in the first stage and take profit creation as the ultimate goal in the other two stages. Finally, the chapter describes and discusses the developments and current status of patent troll in some major countries in the world. The observation and discussion will be served as the foundation for further discussion in the following chapters. Chapter IV focuses on the legal principle changes under U.S. patent system in three dimensions: administration, legislation and jurisdiction and illustrates the effects that occur to patent troll. The changes of administration focus on three parts: the limitation of continuation application, the limitation of divisional application and the limitation of claims. In legislation, the changes focus on “Patent Law Reform Act”, including the first-to-invent to first-to-file principle, the calculation basis of damages, enhanced damages, post grant review procedure, and venue and jurisdiction. The changes of jurisdiction focus on five verdicts and cases, eBay v. MercExchange, KSR v. Teleflex, MedImmune, Inc. V. Genentech, Microsoft v. AT & T, and In re Seagate. The chapter will elaborate the influences of those changes and decisions on the business model of patent troll. Chapter V proposes some possible solutions and strategies to industries when they are confronted with the threats of patent troll. This thesis takes the three stages of patent troll’s business model as a foundation and proposes the strategies for industries against patent troll during different stages. The strategies for first stage are IP information management, patent purchase, mergers and acquisitions of companies, IP professionals recruitment, insurance mechanism, technology R&D, patent cross-licensing, patent alliances, contract planning and other new types of strategies and so on. The strategies for the second stage include patent evaluation, authorization of reconciliation and declaratory judgment. The strategies in the third stage are patent litigation, infringement procedures, patent design around, patent re-examination, choose of venue and jurisdiction and group litigation. The thesis expect to enable industries to understand what stage they fall on and what strategies they can adopt, with the proposal of management procedure. Chapter VI will be the conclusions of this thesis and will include suggestions on the issue of patent troll to industries, government and academia.
4

從Patent Trolls議題看美台專利改革與解決之道 / The Solution of Patent Trolls Issues in Light of Patent Reform and Cases in the U.S. and Taiwan

李明峻, Lee, James Unknown Date (has links)
近年來在美國有一種”新興產業”崛起,部份非專利權實施者NPE,專門尋找實際生產商品或提供服務的知名企業為對象,以提出專利侵權訴訟的方式,加上持有法院核發之禁制令,威脅被告以達到強迫授權或合解的目的,一般稱之為「Patent Trolls」。 按專利制度的二大政策目標,一為提供發明人發明的誘因,一為鼓勵發明人揭露其發明技術內容,而Patent Trolls投機性授權模式所造成的問題,是否會破壞專利法之立法目的,而降低企業投資創新研發的誘因,乃值得觀注且為有待解決的議題。 故本文之主要目的乃從美國與台灣之專利改革與實務判決,探討Patent Trolls之解決之道。 / Recently there is a “new industry” in the U.S., some NPEs brought patent infringement suits against famous enterprises, which manufacture product or supply service and threatened with injunction, commonly called “Patent Trolls”. Among the two policy objects of patent law, one is giving the inducement to invent, the other is encourage inventors to disclose their inventions. Whether the problems caused by the opportunistic licensing models of Patent Trolls would cause damage to the object of patent law and decrease the driving force to invent of the enterprises is an issue worth observing and solving. Consequently, the object of this thesis is to discuss the solution of the Patent Trolls issues in light of Patent Reform and cases in the U.S. and Taiwan.
5

海上保險人進行對物訴訟理論與程序之研究--主論英國法 / The theories and procedural of admiralty action in rem- especially English law and practice

鄭深元, Cheng, Sun-Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
無論我國航運公司所屬船舶有無「權宜船籍」的問題,於船舶航經英國法權或間接繼受英國法學之區域(如美國、澳洲、紐西蘭、新加坡、香港與加拿大等),皆有受該海事法系統管轄之可能。海上犯罪之行為地管轄固勿論,即使英國非行為地,英國海事法向來均允許對航經英國法權之船舶、運費或貨載等財產(res;property)進行扣押(arrest)以取得對財產之管轄權,俾迫使財產之利害關係人提供擔保或出庭應訊,故即使位居東南亞的我國航運公司亦有了解英國海事法程序特殊性之必要,此不僅可事先規避可能遭受司法扣押的風險,於受扣押之後,亦可即使採取適當行為減少損害進而保護應有權利。因此,對我國航運公司而言,對英國海事程序,特別是對物訴訟(action in rem)的研究不啻為一種法律上的「風險管理」(Risk Management)。 本文第二章介紹以複雜著稱的英國法院系統,並將重心置於海事法院之地位與其管轄權之發展,並分類逐條論述海事法院之對物訴訟管轄權(即何種性質之請求權得提海事對物訴訟)。第三章為本文重心,介紹英國對物訴訟理論之發展,並對其理論形成之歷史景、本質理論(程序說(procedural theory)或人格化說(personification theory)等)、與國際公約及普通法間如何取得平衡?財產所有權人或利害關係人出庭應訴與否之責任差異何在等,並於最後對容易致生混淆的相關概念一併釐清。第四章論述現行對物訴訟「程序」問題,從對物訴訟令狀(writ in rem)之聲請、簽發與送達、扣押裁定之聲請與船舶扣押之執行、各種特別聲請(caveat)、財產利害關係人之承認送達(acknowledgment of service)、保釋金(bail)或擔保等之提出、財產之放行(release)、船舶之鑑價與變價、對物訴訟缺席判決(default judgment)、聲請法院付出(payment out)與準備程序行為(preliminary acts)等。第五章討論瑪瑞發禁制令(Mareva Injunction)之最新發展,其可補充對物訴訟船舶扣押效力不足之部分,且其現於海事及商事訴訟上頗為盛行,其可避免被告惡意所為之脫產行為,可禁制大於一艘以上之被告船舶,有特予介紹論述的必要。 於民事訴訟法中增訂一編海事程序之草案,以為本文結論。
6

跨國專利侵權訴訟之管理

陳郁婷, Chen,Yu-Ting Unknown Date (has links)
自1980年以來,台灣企業逐漸於國際商業競爭上嶄露頭角的同時,也開始面臨智慧財產保護課題。 2003年3月,聯發科為全球獲利最高的IC設計公司,美商DVD播放機控制晶片供應商ESS正向系統客戶送樣(預計4月開始出貨),以增加客戶採用之可能性的同時,在美國北加州聯邦法院向聯發科提起專利侵權訴訟,禁止聯發科使用DVDPlayer單晶片(SoC)播放機銷往美國;6月初,傳出ESS與聯發科達成和解,金額從數千萬美元到1億美元,消息傳出,聯發科股價一度下滑近10%,市場與法人同步傳出聯發科將面臨官司敗訴,需賠償1億美元,據悉聯發科高層對消息提前曝光相當震怒,傳出對消息外露人員處以解職。6月中,聯發科宣布與美商ESS簽訂技術授權合約,未來2年內,聯發科將支付9,000萬美元的權利金。 2004年3月,美商Zoran向美國國際貿易委員會(ITC)控告,聯發科侵犯CD/DVD控制器設計架構,以及直接連結IDE/ATA資料埠的主端界面控制器等相關三項專利權,隨後又向美國洛杉磯地方法院提起專利侵權訴訟,除請求賠償金以外,亦要求美國法院發出禁制令,命令聯發科之侵權相關產品不得輸往美國;聯發科則回應,因尚未收到任何正式文件,委由美國律師了解,俟收到正式文件後再對外說明;同年7月,聯發科也在美國德拉瓦聯邦地方法院對Zoran提起專利侵權訴訟,2005年9月ITC判定聯發科敗訴,市場傳聞聯發科已提列準備金8億元;2006年1月,雙方達成和解,聯發科支付8,500萬美元權利金給Zoran,侵蝕聯發科該年獲利約10%。 而跨國專利侵權訴訟有別於傳統訴訟的特殊性在於(1)跨國性:涉及於不同國家企業、不同國之涉訟地、不同國之市場與生產。因在跨國企業之布局運籌下,訴訟地必定尋求最有影響力之地點,通常為美國及中國,案例中由於ESS及Zoran均為美商,因此在美國提起對聯發科之訴訟;(2)計畫性:為達成商業目的而規劃之訴訟,案例中,ESS對聯發科基於競爭關係而提出訴訟,目的在於增加訂單、減少競爭;Zoran對聯發科則基於增加營收之目的,要求侵權損害賠償,作為過去一年之營運虧損。換言之,為自己或客戶增加營收及訂單、減少競爭,為其訴訟計畫之最終目的;(3)規模性:為了增加影響力與壓力,往往在許多國家同時提起,對象從侵權者擴及其下游客戶,攻擊點既廣且深;(4)繼續性:訴訟期間,影響客戶對其之信任及訴訟管理能力形象;案例中,聯發科雖有傲人之獲利能力,然而在與ESS一案中,卻顯出訴訟管理能力之薄弱,導致Zoran效而尤之,此形象一旦形成,勢必將為聯發科帶來更多不必要之侵權訴訟紛爭;(5)組織性:將訴訟工具與企業組織做連結,融入組織文化以全面改善,並由此發展一套標準作業流程,案例中Zoran習慣性地在提起訴訟前,先於市場發放消息,造成市場恐慌以形成其客戶之壓力,並使該壓力轉嫁至侵權對象,使其容易屈服;(6)資源性:跨國專利侵權訴訟必須具備以下基本要件,「錢多」因需支付龐大之訴訟費、律師費、專家費、賠償金及權利金、並有能力迴避設計及改變模具,並需有喪失市場及流失營收之心理準備。「人多」因訴訟之故,需具備詳盡之專利資料庫建立、調查產業/技術/產品/競爭者分析等資料為因應,並有訴訟規劃人員、應訴人員、支援人員等龐大後勤單位。「命長」因企業必須有能力支撐營運,不致在訴訟過程之謠言紛擾中倒下,案例中,均有市場傳言紛擾之問題,足以說明。 自1980年以來,台灣廠商歷經歐洲、美國、日本等大廠商之專利侵權訴訟逼迫下,付出了昂貴的代價,因此開始投入鉅額資金為研發、申請專利,近十年來台灣企業在美國、台灣、中國所申請的專利申請費用便高達了一千九百多億台幣,加上遭受了至少一百多件跨國專利訴訟的訴訟費用,便高達兩千億之多,尚不包括每年支付的權利金也高達台幣一千五百多億台幣,足以養活台積電兩萬名員工及影響四十七萬名股東生活長達兩年之久,足見台灣廠商在研發及專利申請方面之投入程度及所花費心血之鉅。 然而,審視台灣企業近十年在專利侵權訴訟方面之表現,發現:(1)每年均有影響台灣產業發展的專利侵權訴訟發生;(2)遍及每個產業;(3)以被告居多;(4)和解的以付出鉅額權利金居多;(5)打完訴訟的以敗訴居多。 由此可見,台灣企業付出昂貴的研發費用、專利申請費用之後,並沒有改善台灣企業年年被告、年年支付鉅額權利金、損害賠償金的宿命,在高度的付出之下,卻沒有改善在國際研發方面的地位,顯然付出與獲得顯不成比例。 智慧財產的創造、保護、管理,其中的費用包括研發費用、專利申請費用、訴訟費用、權利金及損害賠償等,美國企業是在研發、專利申請支出了龐大的費用,然而可以在訴訟費用、權利金及損害賠償中賺回來,亦即至少符合投資報酬率,然而,反觀台灣企業,不但在研發、專利申請時支出了龐大的費用,在訴訟費用及權利金、損害賠償方面,不但沒有賺回來,反而必需支付更多的金錢,顯然的,台灣企業在跨國專利侵權訴訟管理的方法論上出了極大的問題,而有立即改變之必要! 有別於過去文獻侷限於「文獻與法規的翻譯」、「片段案例的選擇討論」、「過多理論的探討」、更幾乎沒有人探討重要的「中國專利侵權訴訟」,以致於見樹不見林,徒有理論而不會操作,消耗過多精力與資源於繁瑣而不重要的法律細節,卻無法猜透國際企業專利侵權訴訟背後的策略運籌,導致不能真正打贏過一場戰爭。 因此,本文提出一套跨國專利侵權訴訟管理之機制,橫跨最重要的兩個世界市場—美國、中國為主,法律面提供詳盡完整的如警告信發送、起訴、審前會議、馬克曼聽證會、發現程序、審判程序、專利無效程序、訴前救濟、保全措施等訴訟程序、制度規定與流程架構;企業管理面提供包含研發、生產製造、市場行銷、財務、會計、租稅、外部律師、專家、公證人等全面性管理策略,以大量實證的方式分析整理、以豐富的跨國專利侵權訴訟實戰經驗寫成,期望能使台灣產業真正打贏一場戰爭。 / Since 1980, Taiwan companies had been sued by European, U.S.A., Japan companies for patent infringements and forced to pay out enormously. Therefore, they started to invest tremendous amount of money and resources in research & development (R&D), as well as in patent prosecution. Last decade, Taiwan companies had already spent up to 190 billions New Taiwan Dollar (NTD) in U.S.A., Taiwan, and China patent prosecution and maintenance fee. Yet, if added up the cost of hundreds of transnational patent litigations, the total amount was up to 200 billions NTD and it did not include Taiwan companies had to pay out 150 billons NTD royalty yearly. 190 billions NTD for example could provide for twenty thousand employees and influence 470 thousand shareholders in Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). This certainly exhibited that Taiwan companies had been invested magnificently in R&D and patent prosecution. However, examining the outcome of patent infringement litigations of Taiwan companies in last decade, it shows: (1) every year there are critical patent infringement litigations which influence the development of Taiwan industry; (2) litigations are throughout all important Taiwan industries; (3) in most of time, Taiwan companies are defendant , not plaintiff; (4) Taiwan companies reach the settlement with paying a great sum of indemnification and royalty mostly; (5) most Taiwan companies lose in the litigation. As the above described, although Taiwan companies have invested enormous resources in R&D and patent prosecution, it does not change the situation which every year Taiwan companies are sued for patent infringement, have to pay out a great sum of indemnification and royalty, and certainly still stand in indifferent position of the R&D value chains. After all, what Taiwan companies obtain is not what they expect from their investments. The cost of creation, protection, management of intellectual property include R&D, patent prosecution, patent litigation, royalty, and indemnification. Although U.S.A. companies invest a lot in R&D and patent prosecution, they usually earn back from patent litigation, royalty, and indemnification. However, Taiwan companies not only invest tremendous money and resources in R&D and patent prosecution, but also pay out much for royalty or the outcome of patent litigation. Obviously, Taiwan companies have some serious problems in their methodology of management transnational patent infringement litigations, thus it is very crucial to change their methodology immediately! Taiwan theses and studies usually fall into “translating foreign papers, laws and regulations ”, “discussing the choice of some parts of cases”, or “studying theories excessively”, also almost no inquires into patent litigations in China. Consequently, the discussions and studies of patent litigations in Taiwan have never brought out the whole picture and practical actions of strategic management of patent litigations. Obviously, most studies spend too much efforts and resources on legal details and ignore the most important matter which is how international companies control and manage transnational patent litigation. As a result, Taiwan companies never learn how to win a patent litigation war. Therefore, this thesis is different from other Taiwan theses because this thesis provides a mechanism of managing transnational patent infringement litigations. Prominently, this thesis covers patent litigation procedures and management in the most significant markets in the world—U.S.A. and China. In the legal aspect, this thesis provides information on the complete litigation procedure in U.S.A. and China which includes cease and desist letter , service, pre-trial conference, markman hearing, discovery, trial, patent validity procedure, pre-trial injunction, protective injunction; in the management aspect, this thesis provides complete management strategies which shall be carried out as the regular basis and during a patent litigation while managing R&D, manufacture, marketing, finance, accounting, taxing, law firm and lawyer, expert, judge performing notarization. Most importantly, this thesis analyzes enormous patent litigation cases and industrial information, therefore this thesis is able to provide the first and never-seen practical structure for Taiwan companies to win a patent litigation war.
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美國母子公司合併子公司少數股東保護之研究—兼評台灣實務案例與相關規範設計之缺憾

盧曉彥, Lu, Hsiao-Yen Unknown Date (has links)
本文研究重點係母子公司合併時子公司少數股東權益保障的爭議問題,並嘗試從美國法之觀點檢討我國母子公司合併案例與相關之規範設計。 從美國德拉瓦州法院對於母子公司合併規範模式之演變,應可察覺一國法制總體面因素的變化,以及合併基礎法制變遷,對於母子公司合併規範設計之影響。總體面因素諸如當代公共政策的游移、投資人與市場周邊機制之成熟度、公司內部治理機制的健全、社會思潮的偏向等;合併基礎法制幾個重大變遷,包括可決合併門檻多數決原則之確立、簡易以及制式現金逐出合併之陸續完成立法等,在在都影響了法院對於母子公司合併之規範態度。法院的態度變化,也顯現在子公司少數股東所擁有之兩項救濟,亦即股份收買請求權以及違反受任人義務訴訟救濟,在近一世紀以來,其起初係平行發展、繼而相互競爭至目前走向調和之變遷過程。而在過程中,違反受任人義務的內涵與課責標準一直持續變化,連帶地也影響股份收買請求權理論基礎的汰換、調整與新生。 德拉瓦州法院對於母子公司合併的處理方式,是區分簡易合併與制式合併而適用不同的規範模式。制式合併係適用「財產法則」概念下之常規交易審查模式,違反常規交易標準即屬違反受任人義務;簡易合併則因為協商成本太高,所以適用「補償法則」,以股份收買請求權為唯一救濟。此項規範模式,很顯然地是一種妥協之處理方式。尤其股份收買請求權之相關配套設計,包括評價得否採計合併綜效、救濟成本之負擔方式以及程序障礙設計猶存諸多問題,採取「補償法則」背後的考量因素或許正是為便利母公司執行合併。 從美國德拉瓦州公司法母子公司合併規範設計之歷史演變,比較我國目前現階段的母子公司合併規範之設計,大體說來,由於我國公司法與企業併購法之規範設計不利於子公司與母公司進行協商、再加上董事以及控制股東(亦即母公司)對於子公司之股東並無直接負受任人義務,在子公司股東無法對於不公平的合併對價,直接請求董事或母公司負擔損害賠償責任的情況下,將很難期待子公司的董事會盡力為子公司少數股東,向母公司爭取公平的合併對價。 換言之,由於我國受任人義務體系之不完備,少數股東縱然認為合併對價涉及不公情事,似乎也祇能依照民法侵權行為之規定,向董事或母公司請求損害賠償。按照民法第一八四條之規定,其舉證責任門檻事實上即相當於美國法對於簡易合併場合之規範。亦即是說,我國法似乎並無特別針對母子公司合併此項具有利益衝突之重大交易,提出任何有別於常規交易之差異規範,此即導致子公司少數股東僅能按照一般侵權行為之規範,請求母公司或董事負擔損害賠償責任,這對於少數股東而言,自是甚為不利。 短期而言,從經濟政策上係鼓勵合併,抑或從我國公司內部治理機制以及市場機制尚未健全發展至足以提供子公司相當之協商力量以與母公司抗衡的角度,我國似乎都無法在仿效美國於制式合併場合,建立偏向「財產法則」概念下之「近似常規交易協商模式」。因此,現階段或應思考從改善我國股份收買請求權設計開始著手。對此,ALI Principles與RMBCA有關股份收買請求權設計之立法例,我國應擇其優而加以援用。 長期而言,按照我國現階段的規範趨勢,似乎係在仿效美國法制,逐漸朝向市場導向之公司治理機制(market-oriented style of corporate governance),因此持續開拓我國資本市場的深度與廣度,以及建立適合於我國公司生態的公司內部治理機制,都將是繼續努力的目標。倘若未來我國市場之周邊機制與公司內部治理機制皆能發揮適當的治理功能,前述偏重於「補償法則」概念下規範模式之股份收買請求權設計,即有必要加以調整,以避免美國現階段在現金逐出合併場合所發生之「規範重疊」(regulation overlap)問題。

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