京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22523号 / 人博第926号 / 新制||人||221(附属図書館) / 2019||人博||926(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)准教授 塚原 信行, 教授 桂山 康司, 准教授 高橋 幸, 准教授 笹尾 洋介, 教授 田地野 彰 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第18015号 / 教博第156号 / 新制||教||144(附属図書館) / 30873 / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 佐藤 卓己, 教授 川崎 良孝, 教授 稲垣 恭子, 教授 山口 誠(関西大学) / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

由於國小新移民學童的逐年增加，研究新移民學童的學習情況有其必要性。本研究主旨在專門調查中台灣一所國民小學新移民學童的英語學習狀況。研究主要在探討：(1)新移民學童的英語學習成就；(2)新移民學童的英語學習態度；(3)新移民學童的英語學習成就與其英語學習態度之關係；(4)新移民學童學習英語所面臨的挑戰；(5)新移民學童對自己英語學習的看法；以及(6)教學現場的英語教師對新移民學童英語學習的看法。 本研究的研究對象為十四名五、六年級的新移民學童，並以六十名台灣學童做為比照。研究比較七十四名學童的英語成績，且所有七十四名學童完成一份英語學習態度量表。十四名新移民學童則參與一次訪談，兩名教學現場的英語教師也經歷一次訪談。研究所收集的資料經統計分析及質性分析後，所得的結果如下：(1)大部分新移民學童的英語學習成就不佳；(2)大部分新移民學童英語學習態度是正面的；(3) 新移民學童的英語學習成就與其英語學習態度並無相關性；(4)新移民學童面臨的英語學習挑戰不少，包括他們對不同英語老師的教學風格的適應能力、他們上英語課時產生的焦慮感及緊張感、他們不易牢記英語生字、他們不會寫英語作業、他們沒有辦法去上英語補習班等；(5)新移民學童大部分對自己的英語學習持樂觀看法；(6)英語教師對新移民學童的英語學習則持較悲觀看法。 根據本研究的發現，研究者在本研究報告最後提出數點建議及未來相關研究的研究方向。 / With the increasing of New Immigrant Children in elementary schools, studies to understand New Immigrant Children’s learning conditions become imperative. The purpose of this study was to investigate New Immigrant Children’s English learning conditions in an elementary school in central Taiwan. The study focused on exploring: (1) New Immigrant Children’s English learning achievement; (2) New Immigrant Children’s English learning attitudes; (3) The relationship between New Immigrant Children’s English learning achievement and their learning attitudes; (4) New Immigrant Children’s English learning challenges; (5) New Immigrant Children’s own perspectives about their English learning; (6) English teachers’ perspectives about New Immigrant Children’s English learning. The participants in this study included 14 New Immigrant Children in fifth and sixth grades, with 60 Taiwanese Children working as comparison. These 74 children’s English scores were compared, and they all responded to an English learning attitude scale. The 14 New Immigrant Children then underwent a group interview. Two English teachers were also interviewed. The data collected were then analyzed with statistical and qualitative analyses. The following results were drawn: (1) Most New Immigrant Children were English low-achievers; (2) New Immigrant Children’s English learning attitudes were generally positive; (3) No correlation was found between New Immigrant Children’s English learning achievement and their learning attitudes; (4) New Immigrant Children faced several challenges in learning English, including their adaption to different English teachers’ teaching styles, their feelings of anxiety and nervosity during English classes, their problems to memorize new words and do English homework, their not being able to go to English cram-schools, etc.; (5) New Immigrant Children in general were optimistic about their English learning; (6) English teachers in general were pessimistic about New Immigrant Children’s English learning. Based on the findings of this study, some implications were provided and several suggestions for further studies were offered at the end of the report.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

本研究基於字彙學習以及字彙學習策略的重要性，探討台灣國中學生使用字彙學習策略的情形。且加入其在字彙學習程度高低的因素，來探討台灣國中學生使用策略之情形。本研究問題有二：第一，台灣國中學生最常使用的字彙學習策略有哪些？最不常使用的字彙學習策略有哪些？第二，台灣國中學生字彙學習程度與字彙學習策略之間是否有關聯性？如果有，其關聯性又為何？本研究依據Oxford（1990）的語言學習策略分類標準，測驗某台北市立國中二年級的學生使用字彙學習策略的情形，同時也比較字彙學習程度不同的學生使用這些策略的頻率高低。結果顯示如下：(1)台灣國中學生最常使用的字彙學習策略為認知策略，最少使用的字彙學習策略為情意策略。(2)程度高的學生使用字彙學習策略的頻率高於程度低的學生。此研究結果可為英語教師和學習者在字彙教與學方面提供一些參考，讓英語字彙的教學變得更加有效率。 / The study investigates the usage of English vocabulary learning strategies by some junior high school students in Taiwan. The factor of the levels of the students is included. There are two research questions: (1) what are the most commonly used English vocabulary learning strategies among junior high school students in Taiwan? (2) whether the levels of the students are related to the types of vocabulary learning strategies they use? If the answer is “yes”, what relationship it is? The study is based on the language learning strategies in Oxford（1990）. The subjects are some second graders in a junior high school in Taipei. In the study, the researcher compares the usage of English vocabulary learning strategies among students at different vocabulary levels. The result shows that the most commonly used vocabulary strategy among the students is cognitive strategy, and the least commonly used one is affective strategy. Furthermore, the result also shows that higher level students use vocabulary learning strategies more often than lower level students. The researcher hopes that this study could give the English learners some suggestions to make vocabulary learning more effective.

本研究旨在探討台灣大學生英語被動語態的使用，並且探討台灣大學生是否理解英語被動語態在單句以及篇章的功能。本研究受試者為27位政大英語系大一作文班學生。受試者使用英語被動語態的語料則由三種不同類型的研究工具蒐集而來：中英單句翻譯，英文篇章選擇，與英文作文。 研究結果發現台灣大學生對於英語被動語態沒有完善的理解。受試者在單句翻譯的表現顯示當中文句子裡沒有中文被動提示詞時，受試者翻譯時容易使用錯誤的語態。此發現同時也點出受試者對於英語動詞種類以及英語語意角色這些和英語被動語態密切相關的概念相當陌生。在無法辨別句子裡動詞種類的情況下，受試者無法正確判斷句中名詞的語意角色，因而寫出錯誤的句子。然而，受試者在英文篇章選擇的表現顯示他們了解英語被動語態是一個能夠增進文章句子之間的連結以及一貫性的句型結構。而受試者在英文作文的表現也顯示了他們知道如何實際運用英語被動語態來建立自己文章中所要闡述的主題，並進一步強化文章整體結構。 為了進一步理解台灣大學生對於英語被動語態的知識如何形成，本研究也檢視了目前台灣國中以及高中所使用的英語教科書當中，對於英語被動語態的呈現方式以及介紹內容。本研究發現英語教科書對於英語被動語態的介紹多半侷限在此句型結構於單句以及句法的使用，而忽略了英語被動語態在篇章以及語意層面的功能。根據以上的研究發現，本研究亦提出了如何在英語被動語態的教學上加入篇章以及語意層面的介紹，以幫助台灣英語學習者學到更完整的英語被動語態的知識。 / The present study investigates the use of English passive voice by Taiwanese college students. The purpose is to see how Taiwanese college students use English passive voice on sentential and discourse level, and if they understand the functions of English passive voice from their performances. Twenty-seven college students participated in this study. And their uses of English passive voice were investigated with three different instruments, Single-sentence Translation, Passage Completion and English Compositions. The results of the analysis showed that Taiwanese college students do not have complete understanding on English passive voice. In Single-sentence Translation, the participants fail to recognize the correct voice in translating Chinese sentences when Chinese passive markers are removed. This finding points out that the participants do not have the knowledge of English verb types, their argument patterns, and semantic roles. Because they are unable to identify the type of English verbs in the sentences, they are not aware of the semantic roles of noun phrases accompanying the verbs in the sentences. As a result, they are unable to produce correct English passive sentences. In Passage Completion, however, the participants’ performances indicate they understand English passive voice is a useful device in facilitating the connections between the sentences and maintaining thematic progression of passages. In English Compositions, it is found that the participants demonstrated ways of using English passive voice that are not observed in the previous two research instruments. Their performances show that they know how to use this structure to facilitate the cohesion as well as coherence of their writings, and how to use English passive voice to establish the idea they want to elaborate on in the paragraph. To see how Taiwanese EFL learners build up their knowledge of English passive voice, English textbooks of junior high and senior high school are reviewed to see how this structure is presented. It is found that much emphasis is placed on the introduction of English passive voice on sentential and syntactic level, neglecting the introduction on discourse and semantic level. Based on the findings in the present study, it is suggested that the teaching of English passive voice include the introduction of this structure on discourse and semantic levels to help Taiwanese EFL learners gain a more comprehensive understanding of English passive voice.

本研究旨在瞭解台南市國小高年級學童英語補習現況與英語補習經驗及其英語學習態度。以台南市公立國小高年級學童為研究對象，進行叢集抽樣，抽取15所學校，30個班級為樣本，以研究者自行編製的「台南市國小高年級學童英語學習態度問卷」為研究工具，採問卷調查法取得443份有效問卷，將所得資料以描述統計、t檢定、單因子變異數分析等統計方法進行分析。獲致本研究結果如下： 一、 台南市國小高年級有七成學童參加英語補習，補習年數以3-4年者最多； 每週補習英語的時數，以4小時以下者最多；學童參加英語補習最主要的動機，以升學與課業需求者最多。 二、 台南市國小高年級學童在一般英語學習態度、學校英語課程學習態度、英語補習課程學習態度為普通偏中上。 三、不同性別之學童在英語學習態度上部分有顯著差異，女學童優於男學童。 四、不同主要照顧者之家長教育程度之學童在英語學習態度的三層面均未有顯著差異。 五、不同英語補習年數之學童，僅在對學校英語課程的看法有顯著差異，補習年數1-2 年者優於3-4年及7年以上者。 六、每週英語補習時數不同之學童在一般英語學習態度有顯著差異；學校英語課程的學 習態度則未有顯著差異；英語補習課程學習態度部分有顯著差異，每週英語補習時 數5小時以上者優於於4小時以下者。 七、不同英語補習動機之學童在一般英語學習態度、英語補習課程的學習態度有 顯著差異，學校英語課程的學習態度部分有顯著差異，英語補習動機為自己 興趣者優於於其他英語補習動機。 / This study aims to understand English cram status quo. cram school learning experience and English learning attitude of the fifth and sixth graders in Tainan City. Totally 443 participants are selected from the fifth and sixth graders in Tainan City. The data are analyzed through descriptive statistics, t-test and one way ANOVA. The major research findings are as follows: 1.Seventy percent of elementary high graders in Tainan City go to English cram schools, and most of them go there at least three to four years. Besides, most of them take English lessons everyweek under four hours. The main motivation is to enter a higher school and have better academic performance. 2. High graders students’ English learning attitude are above the average. 3. Different high graders genders have partly different attitude. Female students are better than male ones. 4. High graders with different primary caregivers of education have no significant difference on three levels. 5. High graders with different attending cram school years have significant difference partly. One to two English learning years are better than those with three to four years and more than seven years. 6. High graders with different English learning hours every week on general English learning attitude have significant differences.Students who learn English in cram school for more than five hours are better than students who learn English in cram school for less than four hours. 7. Significant difference of different motivations were found among general English learning attitude and English courses of going to cram schools. High graders with different motivation on the English courses have significant differences partly. Students who are interested in going to cram school get better grades than the other motivations. / 摘要 i Abstract ii 致 謝 iii 目 次 iv 表 次 vi 圖 次 vii 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的與研究問題 5 第三節 名詞釋義 5 第四節 研究範圍與限制 6 第二章 文獻探討 9 第一節 國小英語教學與英語補習的現況 9 第二節 英語學習態度 22 第三節 英語補習經驗與英語學習態度 27 第四節 英語學習態度的相關研究 37 第三章 研究方法 45 第一節 研究架構 45 第三節 研究工具 47 第四節 研究步驟 57 第五節 資料處理與分析 58 第四章 研究結果與討論 61 第一節 受試學童基本資料、參加英語補習經驗與英語學習態度之分析 61 第二節 不同背景變項的學童在英語學習態度的差異分析 65 第三節 不同英語補習經驗之學童的英語學習態度之差異分析 69 第四節 綜合討論 78 第五章 結論與建議 83 第一節 結論 83 第二節 建議 84 參考文獻 86 附錄一 96 附錄二 100

摘要 本研究主要在調查國中英語教師對於教學方面的意見，其內容包含以下六個部分：一、探討語言學的內涵與研究範圍。二、探討語言學習理論的基礎。三、介紹語言教學的發展。四、介紹語言測驗的重要性。五、了解教具與教學資源的種類。六、建議與結論。 本研究以台北市國民中學英語教師為調查對象，在學校方面抽出20所國民中學，發出200份問卷，回收167份，回收率83.5%，有效問卷151份。調查工具採自編之「國中英語教師教學意見調查」問卷。研究中所採用的統計方法包括次長分配、百分比統計以及卡方考驗等，問卷的處理則採SPSS for windows統計套裝軟體進行統計分析。 據此，本研究的研究結果如下： 一、 在英語教師應接受的專業訓練方面：超過90%的國中英語教師認為英語教師應接受語言學的訓練，而其中以語言發展史與語音學為最重要的範圍。 二、 在各種英語教學方法中以溝通、口說教學法最受國中英語教師的重視。值得注意的是默示教學法、暗示教學法這類新式的教學法只有不到六成的英語教師覺得重要，這有可能是因為有多數的英語教師不了解其意涵，且此兩種教學法在現行的國中英語教學上有其施行的困難。 三、 在教學技巧上，現行國中英語教師認為教導學生學習會話與造句的技巧最重要。 四、 在語言測驗方面，現行國中英語教師認為聽力與發音的測驗最重要。 五、 在教具與教學資源上，現行國中英語教師認為使用圖片與黑板、戲劇來教學是重要的。 再者，綜合文獻探討、研究過程及實證調查之分析結果，針對有關單位與 國中英語教師、未來研究提出以下建議： 對於有關單位的建議： 一、 釐清英語教學的目的及其在中學教育的地位。 二、 實施英語教學的內容，宜將聽、說、讀、寫四種技能列為平常地位來設計課程與教材。 三、 提供充分的教具與教學資源。 四、 採用合宜的入學測驗，導正正確的英語教學。 五、 具有彈性的英語課程內容與授課時數。 六、 籌劃真正實用的英語師資培養課程及提供足夠進修管道。 對於國中英語教師的建議： 一、 教師應建立終身學習的信念。 二、 授課時所採用的教學教法須與教學理論配合。 三、 採用合宜學習評量的方式。 對於未來研究的建議： 一、 本研究採量化之研究，未能再深入了解英語教學的現況，建議可再採深度訪談或觀察的方式來進行研究。 二、 研究對象方面，建議可將研究對象擴大至台灣省英語教師的研究。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的 第二節 研究問題與名詞釋義 第三節 研究範圍與研究限制 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 語言學的意義與研究範圍 第二節 語言習得理論 第三節 英語教學法的介紹 第四節 英語測驗的重要 第五節 英語教學與視聽教育工具 第三章 研究方法 第一節 調查研究的架構 第二節 調查對象與樣本之選取 第三節 調查研究工具的編製 第四節 調查研究的實施過程 第五節 調查研究資料的統計處理 第四章 調查結果的分析與討論 第一節 對於教師應接受的教學訓練的調查結果 第二節 對於各種英語教學法看法的調查結果 第三節 對於各種教學技巧看法的調查結果 第四節 對於英語測驗的看法的調查結果 第五節 對於使用教具看法的調查結果 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 結論 第二節 建議 / The study of the investigation of the teachers' opinions about teaching in Junior High School Abstract The main purpose of this study are to explore junior high school teachers' opinions about teaching. It contains six parts: First, the study explores the content of Linguistics. Second, the study explores the basic theories of language learning. Third, the study introduces the development of language teaching. Forth, the study introduces the importance of language exams. Fifth, the study wants to understand the kinds of teaching resources. Six, the conclusions and suggestions. Objectives of the study include public junior high school English teachers in Taipei City. 20 schools have been sampled and 200 copies of the questionnaires dispatched. 151 copies of effective samples are actually acquired. Data of questionnaires statistic packaging software "SPSS for windows". Based upon data of literature review and questionnaire, conclusions have been reached as follow: 1.The professional training about English teachers: Over than 90% of English teachers think that an English teacher should accept the training of linguistics. Most important parts of linguistics are Phonetics and the history of language development. 2.Most of the junior high school English teachers think that communicative language teaching method, and audio-lingual method are most important teaching methods to teach English in junior high school. 3.Most of the English teachers think that the most important teaching skills is how to teach conversation and sentence-making. 4.The junior high school English teachers think that the listening exam is the most important part of language exams. 5.The junior high school English teachers think it important to use blackboard, drama to teach English. According to the results of this study, following proposals are offered: 1. As to the educational authorities, they should (1) Make sure that status of English in junior high school education. (2) Design the textbook with the equality of four skills, the content contains: Listening, speaking, reading, and writing. (3) Offer enough teaching resources. (4) Adopt suitable entrance examination. (5) Design flexible class. 2. As to the teacher: (1) The teachers should have the faith to learn as old as one can. (2) The teachers should use suitable teaching method. (3) The teachers should adopt suitable exams. 3. As to further study: (1) They can enlarge the samples. (2) The can use another way understand the truth of English teaching in junior high schools.

本論文評量臺灣學生國中三年對英文重音與語調的學習成果，並探討造成學生學習困難的原因。五，名高一學生唸相同兩篇對話和十名母語為英語的外藉人士比較。結果顯示可暗示說話者態度的調型對學生最難，一些特殊句型的調型次之，而普通句型的升、降調最容易。重音方面則以牽涉到英文節奏和前後文的重音型較難。 　　經由對比分析，發現英文本身的問題和中英文的差異都對學習不利。英文本身的問題包括重音與語調的多變性和書面表示方式的不足。中英文的差異包括音調的範圍、語調對單字發音的影響、訊息焦點的表示方式、態度的表示方式、音調的高低度、以及中文調型的干擾。另外，由五十位國中老師和五十位學生所回答的問卷結果也顯示一些教學上的因素也會造成某種程度的干擾。 　　文末對教學方法、教材以及老師和學生的教學均有建議，期望對英語教學的更臻完善有所幫助。 / This thesis evaluates Taiwan junior high school students' performances in English stress and intonation and uncovers some reasons causing students' learning difficulties.　Compared against ten native speakers' performances, forty students' performances in reading two dialogues are evaluated.　The results show that the contours with attitudinal meanings are more difficult for students than the contours of special grammatical constructions, which in turn are more difficult than ordinary falling and rising contours.　And students have more difficulties in the stress patterns involving English rhythm and discourse knowledge than those that do not. 　　Through contrastive analysis, we find intralingual and interlingual factors interfering with students' learning. Intralingual factors include the variability of English stress and intonation, and the deficiency in their representation.　Interlingual factors include the scope of pitch, the influence of intonation on citation forms, expressions of focus, expressions of attitudes, ranges of pitch, and interference from Mandarin contours.　Moreover, the results of two sets of questionnaires answered by fifty teachers and fifty students show some pedagogical factors also come into play. 　　Suggestions for teaching methods, teaching materials, teachers, and students are also given with a view to helping improve English teaching and learning.

本研究旨在透過角色扮演融入英語繪本教學在台灣國小二年級英語課室的運用，探討其對於英語學習動機和態度及英文朗讀能力之影響，並了解國小低年級學童對於角色扮演融入英語繪本教學之回應。本研究之台北市某國小的二年級一個班級學生共22人為研究對象，研究面向在英語學習動機方面著重於了解年幼英語初學者生的學習動機在內在學習動機方面及社會因素方面影響的改變。在英文朗讀能力方面著重角色扮演融入英語繪本教學對於朗讀流暢性、朗讀清淅度及字彙認讀之影響。資料蒐集包括前後評量、前後問卷調查及學生訪談。資料分析顯示學生英文朗讀在朗讀流暢性、朗讀清淅度及字彙認讀的進步情形。資料分析且顯示學生英語學習動機在社會因素方面的轉變。本研究結果顯示：一、角色扮演融入英語繪本教學有助於提升國小低年級英語初學者在社會因素方面的英語學習動機，學生更喜歡和老師一起讀英文繪本，也更喜歡和同學一起完成英文閱讀課裡的角色扮演活動。二、角色扮演融入英語繪本教學對於國小低年級英語初學者英語朗讀在朗讀流暢性、朗讀清淅度及字彙認讀方面有正面的影響且低成就學生之進步較明顯。三、國小低年級英語初學者對於角色扮演融入英語繪本教學運用在英語課堂學習的評價是正面的。最後，研究者歸納出研究結果並對未來進一步的研究提出參考建議。 / The purpose of this three-set/eight-class action research was to explore the effects of integrating Role Play into English picture books on second graders’ motivation and attitudes and oral reading ability in a second grade EFL classroom. Three research questions are as follows: 1. Does integrating Role Play into picture books improve second graders’ motivation/attitudes toward learning English? 2. Does integrating Role Play into picture books improve second graders’ English reading ability? 3. What are the participants’ perceptions of the integrating Role Play into picture books? Twenty-two students were involved to participate in this study. Three kinds of instruments were used, composed of the MLE (Motivation for Learning English) questionnaire, oral reading ability test (ORAT) and interviews. Before giving instruction of integrating Role Play into picture books, the pre-MLE questionnaire and pre-ORAT were administrated to measure students’ previous motivation and oral reading ability. The teaching and interviews were recorded to the purpose of classroom observation, modifying the experiment and collecting the data to accompany the results from the MLE and ORAT. After integrating Role Play into picture books, the post- MLE questionnaire and post-ORAT were used to compare and explain how students’ motivation/attitudes changed and their oral reading ability improved. Furthermore, interviews were conducted to understand students’ perspective toward integrating Role Play into picture books. Based on the findings, integrating Role Play into picture books has created an interesting environment for young EFL learners to use the language. That is, young learners as second graders need peer group’s accompany and proper pressure from performance to create a safe and positive learning environment in language classroom. The major results are summarized as follows: 1. The comparison of results of oral reading ability showed that more than half of the participants have made an improvement in oral reading ability, in terms of fluency, correct reading (“read correctly”), and vocabulary recognition (“vocabulary”), after the instruction. 2. The results of the questionnaires showed an improvement on participants’ motivation of social aspects and a small percentage of improvement on the two constructs of intrinsic motivation, learning curiosity and importance of learning, but not on learning involvement of intrinsic motivation. 3. The instruction of integrating Role Play into picture books had improved participants’ motivation for learning English on social aspects in terms of the participants like to read English picture books with teacher and classmates and like to work with classmates to finish the task of role play in English reading classes. 4. Students have gained attitude change toward English learning from integrating Role Play into picture books. They liked English more, practiced English by listening to CD, and recited more English words than the adult asked, and etc. Besides, the eight students’ oral description showed that five out from them felt the pressure to perform on the stage but no one of them felt pressure in group practice. The results showed the importance of peer group practice to make them feel relaxed without pressure. Finally, it is hoped that this study will provide more insightful ideas for educators and teachers. Regarding young learners, they need more interesting activities and opportunities to use the language. Key words: role play, motivation and attitudes, oral reading ability, elementary English