中共對台工作組織研究是兩岸關係研究課題的核心，值得就此議題，投注心力予以關注。本論文旨在針對中共對台工作運作過程，透過理論的闡述和案例的實證，試圖掌握中共決策行為發生的規律、決策規則的選擇，以及政策的實施等過程，進一步找出影響中共對台決策績效的真實原因，為我國與中共交手尋求對策。因此，本論文以政府過程為研究途徑，關注下列問題：中共對台決策權由哪些組織及何人控制？哪些組織或人得以參與對台決策過程？有哪些因素、哪些人影響中共對台決策過程？台灣民眾的利益是如何輸入中共的決策中樞？對台政策如何制定？政策制定的法定程序如何？有哪些實際過程？制定出來的政策如何執行？哪些組織或人控制著對台政策的執行過程？對台政策能否得到有效的執行？影響政策執行的因素為何？政策制定與執行如何互動？ 政府過程（process of government）是對政府活動的行為、運轉、程序，和構成要素如政治利益團體之間，以及它們與政府之間的交互關係，進行實證性的分析、研究和闡述。政府過程研究，強調用一種動態的方法，對政府體系與制度進行觀察、分析。政府過程的核心功能是政府決策和決策實施。過程是指政治要求與支持的輸入，轉化成權威性政策輸出的過程，包括利益表達（interest articulation）、利益綜合（interest aggregation）、政策制定（policy making）、政策執行（policy implementation）等，其中政策制定或政策執行是政治過程的關鍵性階段。本文假設中共的對台政策的制定依據，都來自於聽到、看到、想到：聽到台灣領導人、朝野政黨、社會意見領袖、學者專家、大眾傳媒怎麼說，看到台灣平面媒體怎麼寫，民意調查怎麼反應，以及政治、經濟、社會如何變化，中共決策制定者進而思索如何據此制定適當的對台政策。因此，本論文以為中共對台工作的政府過程，始自訊息的蒐集、綜合研析。 本論文探討的中共政府，有四個層次：一是狹義的政府，這是指中央政府的國務院及各級地方人民政府；二是廣義的政府，除了國務院及各級地方人民政府，還包括全國人民代表大會及各級地方人民代表大會；三是更廣義的政府，也就是除了第二類，尚包括中國共產黨各級組織、軍隊組織，以及中國人民政治協商會議各級組織等；四是包含上述之外，同時涵蓋民主黨派、人民團體，甚至企業、社團等，也就是所謂的政府體系。就宏觀面來看，本論文其實就是在探討中共政府體系的對台工作。 中共對台工作機制的建立，與其對台認知有關，當認知改變，對台政策隨即跟著改變，對台工作的方法，以及組織和人員也接著改變。因此，中共慣稱，政治路線決定組織路線，組織路線又決定幹部路線。政治路線是總方針、總政策，政策決定後，就須從其本質和需求，考慮何種組織體系以達成目標。同時，就政府過程探討中共對台組織結構，並不只是從規範層面就結構談結構，而是從實務運作上可以觀察到的功能進行分析，也就是以哪些政治結構實際上介入政府過程為標準。基本上，中共對台工作已經形成一個龐大的網絡，是以台辦系統為主幹，再佐以黨、政、軍、群等其他相關部門，構成網絡關係結構。綜合而言，中共對台工作機制，是中共為進行國家統一過程而設置的一種制度安排，並具有下列特點：一、黨的領導；二、黨政共治模式；三、軍隊角色特別突出；四、領導與協調小組普遍設置；五、社群參與政府過程運作；六、多元、多層次的複雜工作體系。 關鍵字：中共對台工作、政府過程、利益表達、利益綜合、政策制定、政策執行 / The research over Leading Group of Taiwan Affairs has been an important issue in the study of Cross-Strait Relations. This thesis attempts to find out the pattern of China’s policy over Taiwan Affairs through the process of decision making within Leading Group. At least seven research questions can be listed in this thesis. 1) Who and which group control policy over Taiwan Affair in China? 2) Who is involved in the process of decision making? 3) Which element can influence the change of policy? 4) How does China consider the interest of Taiwan’s people? 5) How to implement Taiwan’s Policy in reality? 6) Who has power over the implementation of Taiwan’s Policy? Finally, 7) how does the interaction between policy implementation and policy making in China? The research over process of government can be considered as the behavior, performance, procedure and formation of government, as well as the interaction and empirical analysis of political interest groups and government. It is a dynamic process over the investigation of governmental system. Process is defined as the input of political request and demand, as well as the output of authoritative policy, including interest articulation, interest aggregation, policy making, and policy implementation. The last two elements, especially, are the essence of policy process. By assuming China’s policy on Taiwan is formed by hearing, listening and deliberating of Taiwan: hearing the voices of Taiwan’s leaders, scholar, media; listening to the poll of Taiwanese people; and deliberating the evolutions on Taiwan’s political, economic and social changes; China’s decisions making in terms of Taiwan Affairs can be molded. This thesis will focus on the Chinese governmental process on Taiwan Affairs and discuss four levels of central governments in terms of decision making over this issue. The first and most narrow-defined level of central government refers to the State Council and its national branches. The second and less narrow-defined of central government refers to the first level governmental organs plus the National People’s Congress and its national branches. The third level of government is defined as the first and second levels of governmental organ plus the Chinese Communist Party, military organization and National Committee of the Chinese People’s Consultative Conference. Whereas the fourth and widest-defined central government includes above organizations plus all kind of governmental bodies. From this aspect, this thesis aims to discuss Taiwan Affairs from all sorts of governmental bodies. The establishment of Policy on Taiwan Affairs is based on China’s perception on Taiwan issue. The change of perception will shift the direction of policy, which will also affect China’ attitude and arrangement of personnel. Therefore, China government used to argue—it is political direction determines organization direction, and it is organization direction decides cadre direction. Political direction is the mainstream of all kinds of principles and policies. When political direction is decided, organization direction should be adjusted in order to achieve political direction. In the meantime, the discussion over the process of government in terms of Taiwan Affairs should not be focused on the‘norm,’rather; it is the empirical analysis that matter. Basically, China’s affair on Taiwan Issue has formulated an enormous governmental network, which constitutes by the Chinese communist party, politic, military and many governmental divisions. All in all, six characteristics of Taiwan Affairs can be found in this thesis: 1) the dominate of the ruling party; 2) a model of join-governance; 3) the emphasis of the role on military; 4) a wide establishment of coordination committee; 5) various participations within governmental process; and 6) multi-variate and multi-levels working system. Key words: Taiwan affairs, Process of government, Interest articulation, Interest aggregation, Policy making, Policy implementation

肢體動作是情緒表達的方式之一，本研究旨在探討表達情緒時，表達者「動作特性」及「身體方向」對肢體動作情緒表達的影響，及其二者的關係。參考過去研究，本研究使用生氣、害怕、開心及悲傷四種情緒的肢體動作，並操弄平滑度、僵硬度、速度、力道及擴張度五種動作特性；0°、45°、90°三種身體方向，並且以正確率、反應時間及情緒強度作為指標，進行區辨作業及評分作業。本研究共分兩個實驗，每個實驗皆由兩個子實驗構成，兩個子實驗分別使用「一般動作」及「特殊動作」作為呈現刺激。實驗一目的在於探討「動作特性」對情緒表達的影響；實驗二目的在於探討「動作特性」和「身體方向」共同對情緒表達的影響。實驗一A使用一般動作並操弄五種動作特性，藉此得到各情緒的動作特性組合；實驗一B使用特殊動作並操弄動作特性相容性，結果顯示動作特性相容性確實有其效果，相容情況的情緒強度高於不相容情況。實驗二A、二B分別使用一般動作及特殊動作，並操弄五種動作特性及三種身體方向，結果顯示當身體方向符合情緒的趨避動機時，其正確率、反應時間及情緒強度的表現皆較好。综合而言，「動作特性」及「身體方向」在肢體動作表達情緒時確實有其效果，當動作特性相容時，可增進情緒表達力；當身體方向符合該情緒的趨避動機時，也可增進情緒表達力，但動作特性及身體方向二者間的關係為何，本研究仍無法下一定論。 關鍵字：情緒表達、趨避動機、肢體動作、動作特性、身體方向 / Abstract Body movement is one of the ways to express emotion. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of movement quality and body direction on the emotion expressiveness of body movement. Referring to some previous studies, four kinds of emotion (anger, fear, happiness and sadness) were included in the present study. Five movement qualities (smoothness, stiffness, speed, strength and expansion) and three body directions (0°, 45° and 90°) were manipulated as the independent variables. Response accuracy and reaction times of an identification task and rating scores of the emotion rating task were measured as the dependent variables. There are two experiments in this study which includes two sub-experiments each. One of the sub-experiments adopted non-propositional body movements as stimuli (Experiment 1A & 2A), and the other adopted propositional body movements as stimuli (Experiment 1B & 2B). Experiment 1 aimed to explore the effect of movement qualities. In Experiment 1A, movement quality combinations which can express each of the four emotions were found. Based on this result, in Experiment 1B, movement quality compatibility was manipulated. The results of Experiment 1B confirmed the effect of movement quality compatibility on emotion strength in non-propositional body movement. Experiment 2 manipulated five movement qualities and three body directions. The results showed that when body direction was compatible with the approach-avoidance motivation of the expressed emotion, participant’s performances on response accuracy, reaction times and rating scores were better than that of incompatible ones. In conclusion, both movement quality and body direction can influence the emotion expressiveness of body movement. When movement qualities and body directions are compatible with the expressed emotion, the strength of emotion can be increased. But the relative contributions and the interaction effect of movement qualities and body directions are still unclear. Keywords: emotion expression, approach-avoidance motivation, body movement, movement quality, body direction

在使用外國語言表達的時候，語言學習者經常會遇到不會說的單字。為了使溝通能夠繼續下去，語言學習者經常會採用溝通表達策略(C.S)來幫助自己表達意見。除了口語之外，人們還可以用書面語來溝通。但目前尚未有研究關於溝通表達策略在這兩種語言形式中有何異同之處。比較溝通表達策略在這兩種語言形式中有何不同之處是我們其中的一個目標。另外，我們還檢視受試者說的能力(speaking ability)與寫的能力(writing ability)如何影響兩種形式的溝通表達策略。結果顯示只有情境策略(situation strategy)和同義字策略(synonym strategy)在兩種語言形式中呈現顯著差異。受試者說的能力只會影響策略數量上(number)的使用，並不會影響到種類上(type)的選擇。而寫的能力則與策略數量上(number)的使用以及種類上(type)的選擇都沒有關聯。策略種類上(type)的選擇不會隨著說的能力或寫的能力增加的結果使我們提出英文老師應該加強學生溝通表達策略的概念與使用的建議，期使學生提升他們的溝通能力。 / Communication strategies (C.S.) are the strategies used by language learners to deal with lexical problems when they are using a target language for communication. In addition to oral language, people can also communicate in written language. However, no study has looked into the similarities and differences of the C.S. used in the two modes. An aim of our study is to compare the use of C.S. in the two modes. The second aim is to examine the use of C.S. in the two modes through speaking proficiency and writing proficiency respectively. Subjects were asked to express prompted words to the native English interlocutor and then to write down the same set of the prompted words without using the exact words. Results shows that only situation strategy and synonym strategy display significant differences in the two modes. Besides, speaking proficiency influences the number of C.S. but is unrelated to the types of C.S. Writing proficiency does not affect the number and the types of C.S. The result that the types of C.S. do not increase according to proficiency level makes us suggest English teachers to enhance learners’ awareness of C.S. with an aim to developing learners’ communicative competence.

本論文欲研究虛擬角色於既有智慧財產權法制下的保護途徑，並以商標法與著作權法為核心，探討與虛擬角色保護相關之智慧財產權議題；以及著作權與商標法併用於保護虛擬角色的趨勢之下，對公共領域可能造成的影響，並由此進一步討論利用人地位之保護。 漫畫、卡通等文化創意產業的繁榮，進一步帶動了消費者對於角色相關商品的喜愛與需求，近來隨著網路、智慧型手機的發展，不僅提升了角色人物的普及率，也使得角色的呈現方式更加多元，角色經濟所帶來經濟效益與日俱增，且儼然成為文創產業未來的產品競爭力來源。然而，諸如角色造型與其背景故事，這些藝術創作的心血結晶應如何透過既有智慧財產權法律體系加以保護? 又創作人在尋求智慧財產權保護的過程中會遭遇何等障礙?目前我國學界尚未有深入之研究探討，故為本論文所欲研究之重點。 本論文將以虛擬角色著作權保障之議題為始，從比較法角度探討虛擬角色著作權保護之不同判斷標準，以及各判斷標準下所衍生之問題；再探討虛擬角色取得商標權保護之可能性，以及權利人在取得商標保護過程中所可能面臨之阻礙，並進一步論述虛擬角色商標權保護範圍之問題。 此外，在探討如何以智慧財產權法保護角色之餘，如何平衡保護利用人的權益，更是智慧財產權法一個恆久而困難的問題。由於虛擬角色對其他創作人而言，亦是一個具有發展性的創作素材；如果過度保護虛擬角色，則可能對其他利用人的創作構成阻礙，造成創作火花熄滅的負面效應 。因此，本論文亦將虛擬角色保護的主題與思想表達合併原則的運用、保護商標戲謔仿作等議題相互結合，探討擴大角色智慧財產權保護的趨勢下，如何對利用人地位給予應有的保護。 最後，則冀望透過本論文所提出的歸納結果與淺見，能夠提供相關文創產業工作者參考，進而使國內文創產業重視虛擬角色相關智慧財產權的策略佈局，從而引領我國文化創意產業拓展商機。

過去研究發現，組織所制訂之情緒表達規則對於員工在服務顧客時所表現的情緒表達行為有正面的影響，然而，情緒表達規則究竟是透過何種管道傳遞給員工，目前文獻尚未提供明確的答案；且傳遞方式的不同是否會增強或削弱組織規範對員工行為的影響力，也是過去文獻所忽略的部分。本研究以主管的教導行為作為主要變項，探討其是否會影響員工在服務顧客時，所展現之正向情緒表達與失態行為；同時，本研究亦探討主管平時與員工互動時所展現的魅力領導行為與不當對待領導行為，是否會干擾主管教導行為與員工情緒表達之間的關係。 本研究以國內飯店業之櫃台服務人員為實證對象，蒐集了總共101家飯店、360位櫃台服務人員的資料。結果顯示，主管的教導行為對於員工正向情緒表達行為具有正面的影響；且當主管展現出高度的魅力領導行為時，會強化主管教導行為與員工正向情緒表達之間的正向關係。 / Although previous studies have found that organizations’ display rules have positive impacts on employee affective displays in the service industry, the issue of how these emotional display rules be conveyed to employees remains relatively unexplored so far; and it is also been neglected as to whether the way of conveying display rules can influence the effects of organizational norm on employee positive affective displays. Therefore, this study examined whether supervisory guidance can affect employee positive affective displays and breaking character. In addition, this study examined whether charismatic leadership and abusive supervision performed by supervisors will moderate the relationships between supervisory guidance and employee affective displays. Data were collected from 360 front desk clerks in 101 hotels in Taiwan. Results showed that supervisory guidance had a positive impact on employee positive affective displays. In addition, this study found that high level of charismatic leadership behaviors strengthened the positive relationship between supervisory guidance and employee positive displays.

本研究主要探討商標符碼消費行為的影響變數,試圖了解消費者進行商標符碼消費之動機及意圖,研究發現:消費者自我表達消費動機.消費者自我認同達成度.消費者社會化學習程度.品牌偏好度...對商標符碼消費行為有顯著影響.

本研究視理性思考與感性人格特質為多面向的結構，探討理性思考與感性人格特質各面向間的關係，並研究個人的性別、學科背景是否與其理性思考及感性人格特質有關。 　　本研究以台大、政大共386位學生為樣本，運用「修訂康乃爾批判思考測驗Z級」、「拓弄思語文創造思考測驗乙式」、「人際敏感性量表」、「美感追求量表」、「感情變異性量表」、「自發性量表」及「同理心量表」等工具收集資料，再以皮爾遜積差相關考驗及多變量變異數分析(MANOVA)進行統計分析。 　　研究結果發現： 　　1.理性思考與正面向感性人格特質有顯著正相關，與負面向感性人格特質沒有顯著相關。 　　2.在理性思考上，性別之間並無顯著差異；在感性人格特質上，女性在「美感傾向」、「同理心」、「情緒化」等三個面向上的分數都顯著高於男性，「情感表達」面向則是未達顯著水準，但是在「人際敏感」面向上卻是男性分數顯著高於女性。 　　3.不同學院學生的批判思考、創造思考及理性思考能力並未有顯著差異。文學院學生的感性人格特質則有「情緒化」面向顯著高於理學院學生及其他學院學生，「人際敏感」面向高於其他學院學生。 　　本研究建議，根據理性思考與感性人格特質之間的相輔相成互動關係，學校宜多鼓勵男學生培養感性人格特質，鼓勵女學生發揮理性思考的潛能，不受刻板印象所限；在大學的通識教育上亦有必要重新調整，提供學生培養經驗整合與整全判斷能力。 / The objectives of this study were to explore the relationship of rational thinking, consisted of critical thinking dimension and creative thinking dimension, and affective personality traits, consisted of four positive dimensions and one negative dimension, from a multidimensional perspective, and to examine if one's sex and major would have influence on his/her rational thinking and affective personality traits. Tests were administered to 386 college students, evaluating their levels of critical thinking, creative thinking, interpersonal sensitivity, aesthetic orientation, emotioanl expressivity, empathy and emotionality. Findings suggest that: (1) Subjects scoring high on Rational thinking have significant high scores in positive dimensions of affective personality traits, but it seems that rational thinking is not related to the negative dimension of affective personality traits. (2) There is no significant sex difference in rational thinking, meanwhile in affective personality traits, female score obviously higher in aesthetic orientation, empathy, and emotionality, and there is no significant sex difference in emotional expressivity, but male score higher in interpersonal sensitivity. (3) Students in different majors don't have significant differences in their critical thinking, creative thinking, and rational thinking abilities, but students majoring art and literature surely score higher in emotionality and aesthetic orientation dimensions than students majoring nature science or other subjects.

本研究旨在從社會認知觀點探討顧客衣著線索與顧客購買行為線索對員工正向情緒表達之影響，以及探討員工知覺顧客社會地位與前期購買意願之中介效果。過去在員工正向情緒表達相關研究上，雖有探討顧客衣著線索與購買行為線索對員工正向情緒表達之影響，但並未深入探討其中之歷程，本研究認為認知心理學領域中之基模概念，可以解釋過去在情緒表達研究中，顧客外表與行為線索對第一線服務員工正向情緒表達影響關係的研究發現。 本研究以百貨公司化妝品專櫃之櫃員與其互動之顧客為研究對象，共觀察及記錄93筆交易互動，以實地場域之觀察法進行研究，研究結果發現，如同預期，顧客之衣著線索及購買行為線索對員工正向情緒表達皆有顯著的正向影響，顯示顧客若穿著愈高貴或是展現越多購買行為線索，員工會表現得越親切，研究結果驗證了過去情緒表達相關之研究發現；然而，員工知覺顧客社會地位與員工知覺顧客前期購買意願之中介效果並不如預期達顯著，顯示顧客衣著線索與購買行為線索並非透過激發員工對顧客社會地位與前期購買意願之基模影響員工正向情緒表達，而可能透過激發了別的基模來影響員工之正向情緒表達。整體而言，本研究所提之研究假說部分符合預期，而研究結果可對情緒表達與社會認知基模理論相關研究提供理論貢獻與實務意涵。 / According to social cognitive psychology, targets’ cues can arouse perceivers’ schemas, and then help perceivers to form an impression on the target person. This point of view can help explain the past related research on employee’s positive affective displays. According to the past researches’ research findings, customers’ clothing and behaviors have obvious effects on employees’ positive affective displays. Moreover, base on schema theory, customers’ clothing and purchase behavior cues are believed to arouse employees’ social status schema and pre-purchase intention schemas respectively, and make employees to have a perception on customers’ social status and pre-purchase intention, and therefore have different positive emotional expressions on different customers. Employees’ perception on customers’ social status and pre-purchase intention are believed to play mediator roles in those processes. This study examined the 93 face-to-face interactions between employees and customers in the department store cosmetics section. Results showed customers’ clothing and purchase behavior cues are positively related to employees’ positive affective displays, as predicted. In other words, the more dignity the customer dressed or the more purchase behaviors he/she displayed, the more positive affective displays the employee showed. However, the mediator roles of employees’ perceptions on customers’ social status and pre-purchase intention were not found in the research. Over all, part of hypothesizes are predicted. The results have both theoretical and practical contributions to emotional expression research and social cognitive research.

在全球化的背景下，企業間的競爭變得愈加劇烈，需要員工提供寶貴的意見想法，方能幫助組織成長與發展，因此瞭解員工說與不說的背後原因，便顯得更加重要。本研究以社會情緒選擇理論（socioemotional selectivity theory, SST）理論為基礎，並以兩種未來時間觀：開放式未來時間觀（open-ended future time perspective）與限制式未來時間觀（limited future time perspective）分類方式進行探討，期望進一步瞭解其對兩種員工意見表達行為：建言行為（voice behavior）與沉默行為（silence behavior）的影響效果，以及兩種調節焦點：促進性焦點（promotion focus）、預防性焦點（prevention focus）在其中所扮演的中介角色。同時，本研究探討知覺心理安全氛圍（perceived psychological safety climate）對未來時間觀與意見表達行為間關係的調節效果。本研究採問卷調查法施測，共蒐集249對員工-同事對偶樣本。研究結果顯示：（一）開放式未來時間觀與促進性建言呈顯著正相關；開放式未來時間觀與抑制性建言未具有顯著相關；限制式未來時間觀與沉默行為呈顯著正相關；（二）調節焦點並未中介未來時間觀與意見表達行為間之關係；（三）知覺心理安全氛圍並未調節未來時間觀與意見表達行為間關係。最後，針對研究結果，進一步討論理論與實務意涵、研究限制與未來研究方向。 / This study is based on the socioemotional selectivity theory (SST), and has three objectives: First, to assess the effect of future time perspective (open-ended / limited) on opinion expression behavior (voice / silence). Second, to test the mediating role of regulatory focus (promotion / prevention) in the relationship between the future time perspective and the opinion expression behavior. Third, to examine the moderating role of perceived psychological safety climate on the relationship of future time perspective and opinion expression behavior. The results collected of 249 valid dyad (employee-colleague) pair showed that (1) open-ended future time perspective was positively related to promotive voice behavior, but not to prohibitive voice behavior; limited future time perspective was positively related to silence behavior. (2) regulatory focus did not mediate the relationship between future time perspective and opinion expression behavior. (3) no support was found for the expected moderating role of perceived psychological safety climate in the future time perspective—opinion expression behavior relationship. Finally, the study’s implications for theory and practice are discussed, its limitations are identified, and directions for future research are suggested.

「沒有標準化就沒有現代經濟。」在知識經濟時代，掌握制定規則權力者，就占有主宰市場的領導地位。由於絕大多數標準係由政府或私人組織所制定，因此，研究標準制定組織具有重要意義。此外，觀察當代立法趨勢，政府以採訂私人組織或非政府組織所擬定之產業標準的方式，擴增其管制功能，在此潮流下，採訂私人草撰標準成為法律規範一環，此舉一方面可能形成授權立法之漏洞，另一方面將迫使個人暴露於著作權侵權行為之刑事、民事以及行政制裁大帽。同時，政府將產品標準及認證之工作委由產業協會等私人組織承擔亦成主流，該項¬「公益性」作業即可能成為事實標準制定者用來限制競爭、不當逐利的手段。 本文便以上述爭議問題為出發點，討論標準制定組織所擬定之標準，特別是經過政府機關以法律規範形式採用後，是否仍該當著作權的保護客體？並將研究延伸到網路產業中標準著作權保護的適當性問題，以及針對標準這類事實編輯物的資料庫保護進行分析；其次，本文將針對一國之產業標準制定組織為研究重心，探討例如標準制定與認證中的限制競爭及獨占管制的法律問題，以及隱然成為事實標準的市場領導者涉及智慧財產權的拒絕交易紛爭等課題。然而，針對上述命題的前提要件是對標準的概念與應用有相當之瞭解，以導入標準制定組織之運作、不同層級標準制定過程之影響及其所涉及之智慧財產爭議問題研究。因此，本文將對國家標準以及行業標準制定及運用過程所涉及之著作權及競爭法問題作深入且廣泛之瞭解，以此為基礎，分析各層級標準制定體系的規範內涵，繼而詮釋一國保護行業標準之著作權與競爭法之法律規定；並提出建言作為我國標準化體系之發展、參與國際標準制定活動、標準著作權保護分析架構、事實編輯物（資料庫）保護模式、競爭法對標準與認證活動之適用以及切入拒絕交易案件等之參考。 / In a knowledge-based economy, whoever dominates rules-developing overpowers the market. Most of the standards are set by the government and private organizations; therefore, a study on standard-setting organizations is of essential value. The Government leverages its regulatory function by adopting law standards promulgated and copyrighted by non-governmental actors. Despite governmental ambitions, no one is responsible for evaluating the legitimacy of this approach ex ante and no framework exists to facilitate analysis. On the other hand, standard-developing and conformity assessment increasingly falls on the shoulders of industry associations and lead to impartiality concerns from the antitrust law perspective. Regarding standards that are generated and controlled by private actors exposing citizens to criminal, civil and administrative sanctions, this paper contributes an analytical framework and proposes institutional mechanisms to implement it in terms of copyright. This paper extends by questioning if copyright would be an appropriate form to protect standards in the Internet industry. Then, it explores ways to protect compilation of facts and databases once they are de facto standards. Following the antitrust concerns, this paper focuses on industry standard-setting organizations within a specific territory to explore the antitrust and unfair competition problems confronting the role of the de facto standard-setters or the certification performers and the refusal to deal involving intellectual property issues. As foundations, this paper initiates by a detailed study of concepts and applications surrounding standardization; then, it leads to how a standards is produced, how standard-developing organizations in various levels affect the market, and how the intellectual property problems involves in standardization. In conclusion, based upon in-depth coverage of copyright and antitrust predicaments facing applications of national standards and industry standards, this paper interprets how copyright and antitrust laws work to protect business standards. At the same time, it delivers suggestions for the development of our standardization system, involvement of international standard-setting activities, an analytical framework for standards in copyright, protection for compilation of facts and databases, and how antitrust laws works when it comes to non-governmental standard-setting actors.