本研究之目的為透過中國大陸A股、B股公司財務報表之比較，探討相對於中國大陸會計準則（PRC GAAP），國際財務報導準則（IFRS）是否更具審慎性。研究方法採Khan and Watts在2009年發展之C_Score來衡量財務報表審慎性。研究期間為2001年初至2006年底，研究標的為在上海或深圳證券交易所同時掛牌上市A、B股之公司（意即同時按PRC GAAP及IFRS編製兩套財務報表之公司）。實證結果如下： 1.A股市場之C_Score小於B股市場之C_Score，顯示相對於依照PRC GAAP編製之財務報表，依照IFRS編製之財務報表其審慎性較高。 2.無論是針對個別產業進行A股、B股之比較，或是針對A股或B股市場進行跨產業比較，均證實產業因素會對財務報表之審慎性造成影響。 3.無論是針對A股或B股市場進行事務所規模之比較，均顯示在中國大陸，四大事務所查核之財務報表，其審慎性不但不如非四大事務所，而且在A股市場甚至不具審慎性。 / Using C_Score developed by Khan Watts(2009) to test the financial statements of Chinese companies which have both the A-Share and B-Share listed on the stock exchange marke of Shanghai and Shenzhen during 2001 to 2006, this study aims to examime whether International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS) are more conservative than People’s Republic of China’s generally accepted accounting principles(PRC GAAP). The empirical results are as follows: 1.The average C_Score of A-Share companies is smaller than B-Share Companies, which means that, as compared to PRC GAAP-based financial statements, IFRS-based financial statements are more conservative. 2.Regardless of whether the comparison is between A-Share and B-Share companies in a specific industry, or between industries in a specific stock market, the results show some industry effect on the conservatism of financial statements. 3.Regardless of whether the stock is traded on the A-Share or B-Share market, the results show that in China, financial statements audited by Big 4 are not more conservative than non Big 4. In fact, for stocks traded on the A-Share stock market, financial statements audited by Big 4 are not conservative at all.

因應全球化時代之來臨，為提升會計資訊的透明度及跨國間之可比較性，國際財務報導準則(IFRS)已然成為全球資本市場共通的會計語言。我國為提升企業與資本市場國際競爭力及降低企業赴海外籌資成本，將自2013年起分階段直接採用（Adoption）IFRS。 針對無活絡市場公開報價之權益商品公允價值衡量議題，本研究目的擬以投資者的立場，透過IFRS與我國現行財務會計準則間之主要會計原則差異，探討對自由現金流量折現法評價模型及評價步驟之影響，以提供未來投資者於應用自由現金流量折現法進行企業評價時之參考。 本研究顯示在IFRS與我國現行財務會計準則並存適用下，不論於進行同公司跨期間或不同公司同期間之分析比較時，需先辨識重大會計差異所帶來之潛在影響，並掌握因衡量方法的改變、IFRS 1各項豁免選擇、抑或表達上的重分類等，對財務報表資訊內涵所產生之影響，進而衡酌對自由現金流量評價模式的參數設定調整，以及可能改變對未來現金流量金額、時點及不確定性之預期，如此，方能獲致IFRS所帶來之提升財務資訊可比較性及高透明度等效益。 / With economic globalization, International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS) is becoming the single set of globally accepted accounting principles to increase the transparency and comparative of financial statements. In keeping with international trends and to increase competitiveness, companies as the 1st phase in Taiwan will adopt IFRS in 2013. In this study, from the investor point of view, discussed the major differences between IFRS and ROC GAAP, which impact on the discounted free cash flow model and the evaluation steps. To provide the reference for investors when evaluating the company with the discounted free cash flow model. This study shows that under IFRS and ROC GAAP coexist, it must recognize the potential impact of the significant accounting differences firstly whether in the analysis of the inter-period of the same company or different companies during the same period. Due to control the impact of the information content of financial statements from the change of measurement、how to use exemptions provided by IFRS1 or expression on the re-classification, in consideration of adjusting the parameters of the discounted free cash flow model, and may change the expected amount of future cash flows , point and uncertainties. And then, we will attain the benefit such as enhance comparative and transparency of financial information from adopting IFRS.

在政府財政困難之際，究竟引進民間資金挹注政府公共建設，為一政策良方，抑或民間融資創建 (Private Finance Initiative，簡稱 PFI) 已成為執政者窗飾公共債務數據的途徑，此一議題，近年來在英國廣為爭議，因此，「PFI之未來給付是否應認列為負債？」成為本文探討之重點。 臺灣PFI制度尚在萌芽階段，相關研究多以政策之運用為主，較少著墨於PFI可能帶來的缺失。本文藉由參考英國官方及民間出版品及訪談我國政府官員，進一步分析比較目前國際財務報導準則 (International Financial Reporting Standards，簡稱IFRS) 和1995版歐洲帳戶體系 (European System of Accounts 1995，簡稱ESA 95) 規範的差異。 經本文分析後得到，第一個結論是兩者對資產分類基礎的差異。英國政府活動有兩種不同類型的會計方法：第一種為財務報導，即現在的IFRS；另一種為國民帳戶，以ESA 95為指導規則。依財務報導的目的，係根據何者對使用基礎設施，服務規則和基礎設施於協議期間屆滿的重大剩餘權益有控制權，由於政府對PFI資產大多具有控制權，故大多數的PFI資產及相關負債將表達在公共部門的資產負債表上。若依國民帳戶，為統計的目的，則根據風險和報酬可否移轉判斷，因為政府已把風險移轉予民間，所以PFI資產及相關負債將不會在公共部門的資產負債表上表達。 本文第二個結論是英國提出政府整體帳戶 (Whole Government Accounts，簡稱WGA) 補充國民帳戶的不足。WGA根據歐盟採取IFRS，將民間部門國際通用的帳戶制度，應用或詮釋於公共部門，並補充了國民帳戶的數據。 站在財政部的立場，債限問題仍像是緊箍咒，PFI債務以不計入公共部門淨債務 (Public Sector Net Debt，簡稱PSND) 為佳。然而，為了提升財務的透明度，另外編製報表揭露PFI債務，不失為兩全之方法。反之，站在政府預算機關監督的立場，PFI債務遵循IFRS的處理規範，認列於公共部門資產負債表，乃是大勢所趨，也可替納稅人的荷包把關。

沙氏法是美國在經歷一連串包括安隆、世界通訊等知名企業在內的財報不實醜聞後，為重建投資大眾對公開發行公司財報及美國證券市場的信心，迅速於2002年7月30日頒佈之一項企業革新法。綜觀其中66項條款，引發最多爭議、且對所有公司影響最大的首推404條款。該條款要求管理階層與簽證會計師評估公司與財務報導有關之內部控制制度其有效性，而爭議的重點主要在其實施方式和高遵循成本。 本研究透過個案研究，以深度訪談與問卷調查的方式，瞭解個案公司為遵循沙氏法404條款而推動之專案其組織架構與施行程序，同時蒐集公司主管及員工之意見，以分析實施效益並提出建議。 研究發現，33.34%的受訪者認同公司遵循沙氏法404條款所獲得的效益大於成本，17.34%反對，49.33%持中性看法。受訪者除認為實施沙氏法專案有助於強化同仁的風險意識、引導公司重新檢視與財務報導有關之內部控制制度，並將作業程序標準化、提升內控品質與財報可信度、遵循集團政策外，同時認為沙氏法專案有改善的空間，尤其在整合公司現有的風險控管機制、簡化測試流程及對測試文件的要求等方面。 誠如個案公司財務長所重視的“塑造企業文化”，沙氏法404條款強調的是“由上到下、以風險為基礎”，因此，樹立正確的在上位者之語調與表態極為重要，尤其是董事會、執行長和財務長，必須全力支持，建構具成本效益且符合沙氏法404條款的測試架構，以評估與財務報導有關之內部控制，進而確保財務報導之可靠性。 / After a whole series of financial scandals, such as Enron and WorldCom frauds, the US government swiftly declared the Corporate Reform Law on July 30, 2002, i.e. the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”), aiming to restore investors’ confidence in financial statements of the public companies and the US security market, as well. Among 66 sections in total in SOX, the most contentious aspect, which has also made significant impacts on companies, is Section 404 (“SOX 404”) requiring management and the external auditors to assess the effectiveness of Internal Control over Financial Reporting (“ICFR”). The key point of contention is its stringent implementation and high compliance cost. In-depth interview and questionnaire survey methods were adopted in this case study to explore how the researched company (“the Company”) implemented its project in response to SOX 404 and then to have a detailed analysis based upon the answers and comments obtained from the interviewees and the questionnaire respondents. Suggestions are made at the end of the study. The study finds that 33.34% of the respondents agreed with the view that compliance with SOX 404 generates greater benefit than cost to the Company, while 17.34% were against it, and 49.33% remained neutral. Despite the fact that abiding by SOX may enhance the employees’ risk awareness, guide the company to reexamine its ICFR, add more credibility of financial reports, and conform to Group policy etc., both the interviewees and the respondents consider that there is room for improvement as far as SOX 404 project is concerned. For example, a full integration of the existing risk management mechanisms and also a great simplification of testing procedures and documentation requirements. Just as the CFO of the Company highlights the importance of molding enterprise culture, SOX 404 is also top-down, risk-based oriented. As a result, it is essential to set the right tone at the top. The Board of Directors, CEO, and CFO must give their full support for building a testing framework, which is cost-effective and keeps to SOX 404. By doing so, ICFR can be accurately assessed, and the reliability of financial reports can be virtually assured.

政府為雇主之公務人員退休撫卹計劃，依據現行退撫法規設立公務人員退休撫卹基金管理委員會及監理委員會負責業務執行，屬於雇主〈即政府〉責任之退休基金提撥政策依法由公務人員退休撫卹基金管理委員會釐定，定期依照精算評估報告規劃年度提撥率與基金負債，由於公務人員退休撫卹制度之健全與否攸關國家行政效能，依歐美先進國家之作法，均依據精算原理擬定合適之退休金提撥原則，並將財務資訊透過政府單位之財務報導予以認列與揭露，本研究鑑於公務人員退休撫卹計劃之特殊性與重要性，以美國政府會計準則第27號公報為參考依據，探討政府採用退休金提撥原則之合理性，如何正確揭露於相關之財務報導，適度認列公務人員退休基金之負債，同時清楚呈現基金之提撥歷程，建立完整之精算揭露準則與方法。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機和目的 第二節 研究範圍和限制 第三節 研究架構和內容 第二章 公務人員退休撫卹計劃 第一節 退休撫卹計劃的類型 第二節 公務人員退休撫卹計劃之角色 第三章 退休基金之提撥原則 第一節 前言 第二節 確立提撥所依據的精算負債 第三節 確立基金提撥的方法與目標 第四節 建立財務分析模式 第五節 確定目標成本提撥的穩定度 第六節 檢驗基金提撥是否符合法律與會計規範 第四章 公務人員退休撫卹計劃之財務報導 第一節 不同退撫計劃財務報導之差異 第二節 我國公務人員退撫計劃之種類 第三節 公務人員退撫計劃財務報導之基本概念 第四節 公務人員退撫計劃資訊之揭露 第五章 結論與建議 第一節 結論 第二節 建議 第三節 後續研究之建議 附錄一 名詞解釋 附錄二 各種精算成本法之數學公式及說明 附錄三 公務人員退撫計劃退休金相關精算資訊財務報導之範例說明 附錄四 中華民國精算學會「退休辦法一般公認精算評估準則」 附錄五 財務會計準則公報第十八號精算評估中針對具有共同性精算假設所應採用之基礎 參考書目 / According to enact public employees pension regulations, the Taiwan public employee management board and supervisory board was established to perform the administration for the government employees pension plan. The management board is required by law to set up the funding policy and disclose the plan liabilities to the plan members annually. Since the financial soundness and compensation suitability of the pension scheme is directly related to the government productivity and competency, the funding schedule need to be guided carefully based on the sounded actuarial principle. In this study, statement No.27 of the government standard accounting board (GASB) employed in United States is examined to investigate the substantive funding policy and financial reporting. The financial reporting of the funding schedule for the public and the accrued liabilities disclosed in the balance sheet of the pevsion fund are also scrutinized. Finally explicit requirements for actuarial reporting and general actuarial principle for government employees pension plan are proposed.

為改善資訊揭露環境，並增進上市公司的資訊透明度，上海證券交易所在2004年起對所有上市公司強制實施XBRL財務報導格式，本研究檢驗強制實施XBRL財務報導格式對於公司經營績效之影響，以上海證券交易所上市公司為研究對象，研究期間為2003年至2010年，並考慮中國國有企業的特色，將樣本公司分為國有企業與民營企業，分別檢視強制實施XBRL財務報導格式對其經營績效之影響。基於中國國有企業之組織特性，本研究假設僅有民營企業可獲益於強制實施XBRL財務報導格式，並因此提升經營績效。實證結果顯示，確實僅有民營企業獲得XBRL財務報導的效益，在強制實施XBRL財務報導格式後經營績效提升，但由於組織特性的關係，強制實施XBRL財務報導格式的預期效益並未顯現在國有企業，對中國國有企業來說，資訊透明度與外部監督的提升不足以解決其經營上之代理問題。

本文透過比較分析我國收入認列會計準則、現行IFRSs收入認列規定、顧客合約收入草案規定及現行稅務法令規定之差異，對企業在會計及稅務上之影響進行研究分析。研究結果分為兩部分：會計影響方面，在ROC GAAP轉換為IFRSs時有影響者為委託人和代理人之判斷；在IFRSs轉換為顧客合約收入草案時有影響者為信用風險、附退貨權之銷貨、保固、再買回協議、開帳並代管之銷售等五個部分；轉換為IFRSs及顧客合約收入草案時皆有影響者為客戶忠誠計劃、客戶移轉之資產及建造合約三個部分。在稅務影響方面，在ROC GAAP轉換為IFRSs實有影響者為多元要素合約、委託人和代理人之判斷、客戶忠誠計劃、分期付款銷貨、商品或勞務交換、授權費和權利金及客戶移轉之資產七個部分；在IFRSs轉換為顧客合約收入草案時有影響者為信用風險、附退貨權之銷貨及保固；轉換為IFRSs及顧客合約收入草案時皆有影響者為建造合約。 / This study compares the differences between Taiwanese revenue recognition standards, existing IFRSs revenue recognition requirements, IFRS exposure draft “Revenue from contract with customer” and the current tax laws regulation and analyzes the impacts of adopting IFRSs on Taiwanese entities’ accounting and tax practices. The conclusions of this study are divided into two parts. The first part is for accounting. The issue of principal versus agent consideration will have an impact on accounting only when ROC GAAP conversion with IFRSs. The issues of credit risk, sale with a right of return, warranties, repurchase agreements and bill-and-hold arrangements will have impact on accounting only when the exposure draft becomes effective. The issues of customer loyalty program, transfers of assets from customers and construction contracts will have impacts on accounting both when first time adopting IFRSs and subsequently applying the exposure draft. The second part is for taxation. The issues of multiple-element arrangement, principal versus agent consideration, customer loyalty program, installment sales, exchange for goods or services, royalties and transfers of assets from customers will have impacts on taxation only when first-time adopting IFRSs. The issues of credit risk, sale with right of returns and warranties will have impacts on tax only when the exposure draft becomes effective. The issue of construction contracts will have an impact on taxation both when first time adopting IFRSs and subsequently applying the exposure draft.