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應用共同邊界投入距離函數探討西歐國家銀行業之生產力變動林思樺 Unknown Date (has links)
過去十幾年間歐洲金融市場經歷了一系列的變革,歐盟的形成促使歐洲市場朝一元化方向邁進。透過歐盟的整合,在1990年間,可以發現歐洲金融市場已經和過去大不相同了,各成員國金融市場的特徵越來越相近。因此各國的生產技術、技術效率及其變動便成為一有趣且重要的議題。
在進行跨國生產效率比較時,當廠商面對不同的技術集合,將因衡量基準不一致,而無法相互比較。無論是在各國邊界或共有邊界(common frontier)基礎下進行比較,都可能會高估或低估個別廠商的效率值。故本研究使用Rao(2006)共同邊界 (metafrontier)的概念,使用共同邊界生產函數的估計架構。並引入麥氏生產力指數,即可衡量各廠商生產力之跨期動態變動過程,且引用陳谷劦與楊浩彥(2008)拆解共同邊界麥氏生產力指數,以了解生產力變動的來源。
實證結果發現多數環境變數都達到顯著水準,然而,各國環境變數的係數符號沒有一致為正或為負,故無法明確推論這五項環境變數對於技術無效率一致的影響方向。TE*於樣本期間下滑的速度更甚於TEK,顯示TGR下降的趨勢加速了共同邊界下技術效率的退步。平均RTS值各年皆很接近一,也就是已很接近固定 (最適) 規模報酬。研究期間GMPI與MMPI於多數年間變動方向不一致,從GMPI與MMPI的歧異性,說明忽略各群組技術水準的差異對效率比較影響的嚴重性。因為潛在技術變動上升幅度剛好抵銷技術追趕下降幅度,使得技術缺口比率變動全部樣本期間的平均值恰等於一。綜而言之,各國技術變動均呈現穩定成長或平穩的走勢,顯示西歐銀行業的技術改變是較穩定漸進的。亦可看出各年生產力變動是來自於各要素微幅的波動,沒有哪一項成份強烈得支配著生產力變動的現象。若以MMPI平均值作為西歐國家的分組依據,發現這15個樣本國家可分成六個組,其中一組包含歐洲北部的六個國家,另一組則為法國與德國,由此可見地域與經貿關係在生產技術交流扮演了重要的角色。
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應用方向距離函數估計台灣銀行業效率與生產力 / Estimation of efficiency and productivity change of Taiwanese banking industry by using directional distance function李宜謙 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究利用方向距離函數與Luenberger生產力指標,估計台灣銀行業2000年至2009年的無效率值與生產力變動情形,並利用Ray and Desli (1997)生產技術內部一致的分解法將Luenberger生產力分解為純技術效率變動、規模效率變動、技術變動三個部分,最後根據方向距離函數具備的可加性,將個別銀行的無效率值與生產力變動作一致性的整體銀行業加總。
主要的研究結果為:以2000-2009年投入產出樣本平均數為效率評估方向,全程樣本平均無效率值為0.0209,平均無效率值最高的銀行分別為台北富邦銀行、萬通銀行、新光銀行;平均生產力變動為0.2615,進步最多的銀行為國泰世華銀行,退步最多的銀行為華僑銀行,且台灣的生產力變動的來源最主要來自於技術變動,其次源自於規模效率變動。另外,金控子銀行在規模效率變動與技術變動方面顯著優於非金控子銀行;泛公股銀行在無效率值、規模效率變動、技術變動部分顯著優於民營銀行。 / In this study, we estimate inefficiency and productivity changes of Taiwanese banks for period 2000-2009 using directional distance function and Luenberger productivity indicator. In addition, we decompose the Luenberger productivity indicator into pure efficiency change, scale efficiency change and technical change utilizing internal consistency approach of Ray and Desli (1997). At the end, we make the consistent aggregation across firms to industry level according to additive structure of directional distance function.
Main results are as follows: setting the sample mean during 2000-2009 for the directional vector, the average inefficiency is 0.0209,and the most inefficient banks are Taipei Fubon Bank, Grand Commercial Bank and Shin Kong Commercial Bank; the average productivity change is 0.2615, the most progressive bank is Cathay United Bank, and the most regressive bank is OCBC Bank. Besides, the sources of productivity change are mainly attributed to technical change, then from the scale efficiency change. Moreover, financial holding banks are significantly better in scale efficiency change and technical change; pan-public banks are significantly better in inefficiency, scale efficiency change and technical change.
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兩岸壽險業之共同邊界效率分析 / The meta-frontier efficiency analysis of life insurance industry in Taiwan and mainland China謝宜蓁 Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在探討台灣和大陸壽險公司的經營效率。由於台灣和大陸的環境背景、金融體制、經營理念等不同,使得兩岸壽險公司的生產技術水準也有所差異。本研究選擇25家台灣壽險公司和23家大陸壽險公司為研究對象,樣本期間為2003年到2008年。
迴歸模型為translog型式的投入距離函數,將模型中的隨機干擾項給予適當假定,並放入環境變數作為影響技術無效率的因子,採用最大概似法進行估計。其次,利用Battese et al. (2004)的共同邊界生產模型,將共同邊界生產函數定義為,依據不同技術組別間的隨機邊界生產函數,包絡各組別隨機邊界的確定性部份,形成具包絡性質的共同邊界,並藉此估計出屬於兩岸壽險業的共同邊界,比較台灣和大陸壽險公司在技術缺口比及共同技術效率上是否有顯著差異。
研究結果顯示:1. 台灣與大陸壽險公司的組別隨機邊界中,兩個組別在技術效率的表現上無顯著的差異。2. 台灣壽險公司的技術缺口比顯著的高於大陸,表示台灣壽險公司整體而言比較靠近共同生產邊界,隱含台灣的生產技術顯著優於中國大陸。3. 在共同邊界的技術效率中,台灣壽險公司的技術效率顯著的優於大陸壽險公司。
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應用共同邊界隨機方向距離函數探討中東歐國家銀行業生產效率 / A study of banking efficiency of Central-East European countries under the framework of the metafrontier directional distance function蔡釗旻, Tsai, Chao Min Unknown Date (has links)
本文欲利用方向距離函數 (DDF) 來驗證中東歐國家銀行業之效率。不同的國家之銀行業者會由於不同的文化、資源稟賦和環境而採取不同的經營模式。因此,本文藉由共同邊界方向距離函數,其允許我們在跨國間不同的技術下,得以估計出銀行的技術效率並加以比較。使用方向距離函數,得以讓我們的模型中納入非意欲產出,此外,其亦允許銀行廠商同時增加產出與縮減投入和非意欲產出,相較於傳統模型,方向距離函數屬於較有彈性之模型。重要的是,不良貸款被視為是貸款過程中之副產品,其可能會降低銀行的利潤和績效。因此,為了減少不良貸款之產生,銀行管理者必須花費額外的成本,以確保借貸者是否有良好的信用,此舉亦可能影響銀行的績效。
本文試圖發展新的共同邊界隨機方向距離函數,其不同於Battese et al. (2004) 所提出的方法,該方法是屬於線性規畫法。此數理規畫法是屬於確定邊界,其無法針對有興趣之參數估計出該標準誤,因此,無法做有效地統計推論。因為本文提出的新共同邊界方向距離函數是隨機的,所以參數之標準誤可以被估計,其亦允許我們建造信賴區間和假設檢定。此外,共同邊界方向距離函數之無效率項可以被進一步設定成環境變數之函數,即Battese and Coelli (1995)所提出之模型。 / This study plans to employ directional technology distance function (DDF) to examine bank efficiency of Central-East European countries. Banks from different countries choose to operate under distinct technologies due to their differences in culture, endowments, and environments. A metafrontier directional distance function will be established, which allows for calculating comparable technical efficiencies for banks under different technologies relative to the potential technology available to the industry across nations. The salient feature of the DDF is its ability to include undesirable outputs into the model. In addition, it allows for a bank to simultaneously expand outputs and contract inputs, as well as undesirable outputs.
It is important to note that the non-performing loans (NPL) can be regarded as a by-product of various loans granted, which lowers a bank’s profitability and performance. To reduce the occurrence of NPL bank managers have to spend extra costs to confirm whether the potential applicants for loans have good credit before granting loans to them. This may also affect the bank’s performance.
This study attempts to develop a new metafrontier DDF in the context of the stochastic frontier approach, which differs from the one proposed by Battese et al. (2004) who suggest the use of a linear and/or a quadratic programming technique. The mathematical programming technique is known as deterministic, which is unable to estimate the standard errors for the parameters of interest. Hence, no statistical inference can be made. As our new metafrontier DDF is stochastic, the standard errors of the parameters are estimable, which permits establishing confidence intervals and hypotheses testing for the parameters. Moreover, the inefficiency term of the metafrontier DDF can be further specified as a function of several environmental variables of the form proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995).
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考慮固定效果的隨機邊界模型概似函數之推導: Copula Functions之應用 / The derivation of maximum likelihood function in fixed effect stochastic frontier model:an application of copula function陳奕淙 Unknown Date (has links)
Greene (2005) 在縱橫資料型態下提出真實固定效果隨機邊界模型 (true fixed effect stochastic frontier analysis, TFESFA),該模型保留了傳統隨機邊界法之架構並考量到廠商間之異質性問題,同時設定廠商之無效率項可隨時間改變。但此模型假定不同廠商皆有特定之固定效果參數,當廠商家數多而資料觀察期間較少時,會因待估參數過多而導致模型存在擾攘參數問題,產生估計偏誤 。
本研究利用Tsay et al. (2009) 提出之方法,以錯誤函數 (error function) 之非線性近似函數以及關聯結構函數 (copula function) 推導得到TFESFA模型經一階差分轉換後組合誤差項之近似概似函數,成為本研究提出之差分隨機邊界模型(difference stochastic frontier model, DSFA) 模型,透過模擬過程生成平衡縱橫樣本及不平衡縱橫樣本,發現本研究提出之DSFA模型的確能在觀察期間較少時消除擾攘參數問題之影響。最後,本研究使用TFESFA模型及DSFA模型,配合投入面距離函數來衡量俄羅斯銀行之技術效率,而DSFA模型亦能達到更良好之估計效果。
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台灣銀行業效率與生產力分析─方向距離函數之應用 / Efficiency and productivity change of Taiwanese banking Industry- An application of directional distance function范雅鈞, Fan, Ya Jyun Unknown Date (has links)
本文利用可以同時捕捉到銀行增加意欲產出、減少投入與減少非意欲產出的方向距離函數,評估台灣銀行業與個別銀行在民國93年至97年的無效率值與生產力變化。設定逾期放款為銀行生產放款時的非意欲產出,以考量銀行的放款品質,也考慮到銀行都會付出成本來提供服務給存戶,因此以交易性存款作為銀行提供服務的替代變數,使銀行的服務包含在效率評估內,並以固定的方向向量作為無效率值加總的基礎,來衡量台灣整體銀行業的無效率。實證結果是台灣銀行業的無效率值隨著雙卡風暴的遠去,有逐年遞減的趨勢,生產力的變化則是退步的情況較多。 / In this paper we estimate Taiwanese banks’ efficiency and productivity change during 2004-2008. The estimates are derived from the directional distance function. We treat non-performing loans as an undesirable output arising from the production of loans to measure the quality of loans. Considering every bank would make costs to serve customers, we choose transaction deposits as an alternative variable to capture the service provided by banks. The way we set the directional vector allows the aggregation of individual bank inefficiency and productivity change to the industry level. Our findings indicate that inefficiencies of Taiwanese banking industry were decreasing after the over of credit and cash card debts. And Taiwanese banking industry experienced productivity regress during this period.
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運用隨機方向距離函數法探討非意欲產出對銀行經營效率之影響 / Do Undesirables Matter on the Examination of Banking Efficiency Using Stochastic Directional Distance Functions鍾銘泰, Chung, Ming Tai Unknown Date (has links)
本文採取隨機方向距離函數方法,探討制度變革前、後(第一次金融改革)對台灣銀行業技術效率的影響。資料期間涵蓋1999年至2012年。相較傳統Shephard距離函數,隨機方向距離函數方法最大優點係可同時考量增加意欲產出、減少投入與非意欲產出。本文依循Koutsomanoli-Filippaki et al. (2009a) 模型,並納入考慮非意欲產出。本文採取隨機邊界法進行實證估計,以最大概似法估計方向距離函數,依據Battese and Coelli (1995)的模型將環境變數納入實證模型 (主要模型),並考量未包含環境變數之模型,與主要模型比較。此外,為凸顯非意欲產出之重要性,本文亦估計未考慮非意欲產出之模型以及傳統距離函數,以茲比較。
實證結果顯示,考慮非意欲產出與環境變數的主要模型,其估計結果相較其他模型之無效率明顯高估。2002年以前,技術無效率逐漸攀升。一次金改期間,技術無效率明顯下降,證明制度變革下,銀行效率獲得改善。惟2004年後反轉向上,尤其在雙卡風暴與次貸風暴期間,技術無效率明顯惡化。此外,本文將資料分群進行分析,發現公營銀行或是金控銀行較有效率。 / This paper aims to gain further insights into whether the policy of First Financial Restructuring (FFR) does improve the technical efficiency of banks in Taiwan during the period 1999-2012 by using the directional technology distance function (DDF). Compared to the conventional distance function, DDF simultaneously allows for the expansion of the desirables and the contraction of the undesirables. We follow Koutsomanoli-Filippaki et al. (2009a), and differing from them, we include undesirable outputs in DDF to depict a bank’s true production activities.
We find on average that the banks have a lower technical inefficiency with the main model compared to the other models. However, prior to 2002, the technical inefficiency exhibits a gradual upward trend and then posts a downward trend during the FFR period. These results suggest that the improved efficiency in the FFR period is possibly due to enhanced banking and benefits obtained from compliance with FFR. After the FFR period, the inefficiency scores deteriorate sharply, especially during the “credit card and cash card crisis” in 2006 and “the subprime mortgage crisis” in 2008. Public banks are more efficient than private banks. Banks belonging to a financial holding company (FHC) may operate more efficiently than those belonging to a non-FHC.
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碳排放管制對臺灣工業部門生產效率及汙染減量成本之分析 / Analysis of production efficiency and pollution abatement cost of Taiwan's industrial sector under CO2 regulation蒲嵩杰, Pu, Song Jie Unknown Date (has links)
全球暖化已成為大多數國家近幾年所關心的議題。雖然臺灣政府於2010年5月所核定的「國家節能減碳總計畫」之中,儘管減量目標及原則業已確立,但未充分探討各別產業的面臨碳排放管制時所造成的影響,因此,臺灣各產業或次部門究竟應承擔多大的減量責任仍是混沌不明。
為了更清楚瞭解碳排放管制對於臺灣工業部門之各產業的影響,本文以方向性距離函數,估算工業部門中14個產業367家上市櫃、興櫃和公開發行公司於2005年至2010年,在不同電力消費所產生的CO2之責任歸屬情況下之生產效率及汙染減量成本,以反映各產業於管制下的機會成本,便於鎖定某些產業或公司,來賦予減量責任。結果發現,各產業在實施碳排放管制後的效率水準,會高於未實施碳排放管制時的效率水準,且各產業的平均總汙染減量成本與每噸二氧化碳減量成本相差甚大。而臺灣尚未通過相關法規以規範各產業二氧化碳排放水準,若各產業節能技術或政府相關配套政策未改善,倉促實施碳排放管制,除了對管制對象的產生影響外,也可能間接衝擊未管制對象。政府除了加強輔導各種產業從事節能技術外,也需要適當的公布各產業各公司的各種汙染排放量資訊,以供各界研究碳排放管制或其他汙染排放管制對社會的影響。 / Global warming has become the topic of most countries which concerns things in recent years. Government sets up CO2 reduction objectives and principle in “General National Plan for Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction” in 2010, but the plan doesn’t probe effect of CO2 regulation which different industries. Therefore, it is unknown that different industries should be responsible for the abatement of CO2.
In order to clearly understand effect of CO2 regulation for Taiwan industrial sector, this paper use directional distance function to estimate production efficiency and pollution abatement cost of 367 public companies in 14 industries in industrial sector from 2005 to 2010, and to reflect different industries’ opportunity cost under CO2 regulation. Production efficiency of different industries after the implementation of CO2 regulation will be higher than before the implementation of CO2 regulation. On the other hand, different industries have a variety of average pollution abatement cost and pollution abatement cost of CO2 per ton. However, Taiwan has not yet adopted the environment laws to set up industrial CO2 emission level, if the government hurriedly implemented CO2 regulation for Taiwan industrial sector, may be indirectly influence other sectors. Hence, the government should not only urge that industries must be engaged in energy-saving technologies, but also announce companies’ various pollution emission information which provides research institutes to analyze effect of social welfare under CO2 regulation.
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運用貝氏方法估計方向距離函數─考慮環境變數、單調性與曲度限制下之效率分析 / A Bayesian Approach to Imposing Monotonicity and Curvature on Directional Distance Function with Environmental Variables林嘉偉, Lin, Chia-Wei Unknown Date (has links)
本文以貝氏方法估計方向距離函數,加入單調性與曲度限制,同時考慮環境變數於模型中。為了凸顯考慮非意欲產出方向距離函數的優點,本文同時估計產出面射線距離函數,並與方向距離函數模型比較。實證分析資料為1970至2010年間各國總體經濟變數,分別在有無加入限制條件與環境變數的狀況下,估計兩種距離函數,從無效率值、效率分數與技術進步率等角度分析彼此間的差異。發現射線距離函數模型由於忽略非意欲產出,傾向高估生產單位的技術效率。另一方面,其係數估計值容易違反射線距離函數的先天性質,較不具參考性。而方向距離函數模型當中,有無加入限制條件與有無考慮環境變數的模型結果各不相同,其中同時加入限制條件與環境變數的模型結果最為合理。
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使用方向距離函數探討我國銀行業技術效率 —非貝氏方法考慮函數的單調與曲度性質 / Technical Efficiency of Commercial Banks in Taiwan on Directional Distance Function - A Non-Bayesian Approach Imposing Monotonicity and Curvature Conditions毛芝瑩, Mao, Chih Ying Unknown Date (has links)
本研究發展新的計量方法,運用隨機邊界法將單調性和曲度條件等性質納入迴歸模型,使用聯立迴歸模型進行估計,藉此讓係數估計值不易出現違反經濟理論的情況。
採用台灣2002年至2015年,51家商業銀行進行實證分析,發現本研究方法估計產出方向距離函數時,僅有5%以下的樣本點不符合單調和曲度等性質,用於估計產出面距離函數時,僅有2%以下的樣本點不符合。進一步探討台灣銀行業之非意欲產出--逾期放款--對估計技術效率的影響,顯示不考慮此非意欲產出造成整體銀行業、非金控本國銀行與外商銀行的技術效率被高估,而金控本國銀行的技術效率則被低估,此外,分析2007年金融風暴前後銀行業經營效率變化,顯示考慮非意欲產出銀行業經營效率顯著提升,然而,未考慮非意欲產出銀行業經營效率卻下降,兩者結果有著極大的差異。 / The aim of the paper is to develop a new approach, which is stochastic frontier analysis imposing monotonicity and curvature conditions, then using simultaneous regression model to estimate. By the approach, it can solve the problem of most of the coefficient estimates violating the economic theory.
The study uses the data of 51 commercial banks in Taiwan from 2002 to 2015 to conduct the empirical analysis. It indicates that by output directional distance function, less than 5% sample points violate the monotonicity and curvature conditions; by output distance function, less than 2% sample points don’t obey the restricted conditions. Further, the paper discusses the effect of commercial banks’ undesirable output- non-performing loan- on estimating technical efficiency. The results show that ignoring the undesirable output cause the technical efficiency of overall banks, non-finance holding banks and foreign banks are overvalued, and the technical efficiency of finance holding banks are undervalued. Furthermore, analyze the change of business efficiency after financial crisis in 2007. It points out that using the model consider the undesirable output, the banks’ efficiency rises. However, using the model no consider the undesirable output, the banks’ efficiency decreases. There is an extremely conflict between two approach.
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